Management of disease as a threat to amphibian conservation

International Zoo Yearbook

Volumn 42, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 30-39

  Pessier, A P ^a  

^a ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF SAN DIEGO   (United States)

Author keywords

Amphibian; Chytridiomycosis; Decline; Disease; Frog; Nutrition; Quarantine; Ranavirus; Reintroduction

Indexed keywords

AMPHIBIA; ANIMALIA; ANURA; IRIDOVIRUS; NEMATODA; RANAVIRUS;

EID: 41849151145     PISSN: 00749664     EISSN: 17481090     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1090.2008.00047.x     Document Type: Review

References (63)

1. Alford, R. A., Bradfield, K. S. Richards, S. J. (2007 Global warming and amphibian losses. Nature 447 : E3 E4.
2. Amphibian Research Centre (2007 ARC containers: on the inside. Werribee, Vic., Australia : Amphibian Research Centre.
3. Annis, S. L., Dastoor, F. P., Ziel, H., Daszak, P. Longcore, J. E. (2004 A DNA-based assay identifies Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in amphibians. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 40 : 420 428.
4. Barker, D., Fitzpatrick, M. P. Dierenfeld, E. S. (1998 Nutrient composition of selected whole invertebrates. Zoo Biology 17 : 123 134.
5. Berger, L., Speare, R., Hines, H. B., Marantelli, G., Hyatt, A. D., McDonald, K. R., Skerratt, L. F., Olsen, V., Clarke, J. M., Gillespie, G., Mahony, M., Sheppard, N., Williams, C. Tyler, M. J. (2004 Effect of season and temperature on mortality in amphibians due to chytridiomycosis. Australian Veterinary Journal 82 : 31 36.
6. Berger, L., Marantelli, G., Skerratt, L. F. Speare, R. (2005 Virulence of the amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis varies with the strain. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 68 : 47 50.
7. Blumer, C., Zimmermann, D. R., Weilenmann, R., Vaughan, L. Pospischil, A. (2007 Chlamydiae in free-ranging and captive frogs in Switzerland. Veterinary Pathology 44 : 144 150.
8. Boyle, D. G., Boyle, D. B., Olsen, V., Morgan, J. A. T. Hyatt, A. D. (2004 Rapid quantitative detection of chytridiomycosis (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) in amphibian samples using real-time Taqman PCR assay. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 60 : 141 148.
9. Brunner, J. L., Schock, D. M., Davidson, E. W. Collins, J. P. (2004 Intraspecific reservoirs: complex life history and the persistence of a lethal Ranavirus. Ecology 85 : 560 566.
10. Carey, C., Bruzgul, J. E., Livo, L. J., Walling, M. L., Kuehl, K. A., Dixon, B. F., Pessier, A. P., Alford, R. A. Rogers, K. B. (2006 Experimental exposures of boreal toads (Bufo boreas) to a pathogenic chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis). EcoHealth 3 : 5 21.
11. Chinchar, V. G. Mao, J. (2000 Molecular diagnosis of iridovirus infections in cold-blooded animals. Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine 9 : 27 35.
12. Cunningham, A. A. (1996 Disease risks of wildlife translocations. Conservation Biology 10 : 349 353.
13. Cunningham, A. A., Hyatt, A. D., Russell, P. Bennett, P. M. (2006 Emerging epidemic diseases of frogs in Britain are dependent on the source of Ranavirus agent and the route of exposure. Epidemiology and Infection 21 : 1 13.
14. Daszak, P., Cunningham, A. A. Hyatt, A. D. (2003 Infectious disease and amphibian population declines. Diversity and Distributions 9 : 141 150.
15. Daszak, P., Strieby, A., Cunningham, A. A., Longcore, J. E., Brown, C. C. Porter, D. (2004 Experimental evidence that the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) is a potential carrier of chytridiomycosis, an emerging fungal disease of amphibians. Herpetological Journal 14 : 201 207.
16. Davidson, E. W., Parris, M., Collins, J. P., Longcore, J. E., Pessier, A. P. Brunner, J. (2003 Pathogenicity and transmission of chytridiomycosis in tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum). Copeia 2003 : 601 607.
17. DeVoe, R. Krebs, J. (2007 Developing new amphibian quarantine standards and pre-release screening protocols. Connect February: 26-29.
18. DiGiacomo, R. F. Koepsell, T. D. (1986 Sampling for detection of infection or disease in animal populations. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 189 : 22 23.
19. Donelly, T. M., Davidson, E. W., Jancovich, J. K., Borland, S., Newberry, M. Gresens, J. (2003 What's your diagnosis? Ranavirus infection. Laboratory Animal 32 : 23 25.
20. Duncan, A. E., Garner, M. M., Bartholomew, J. L., Reichard, T. A. Nordhausen, R. W. (2004 Renal myxosporidiasis in Asian horned frogs (Megophrys nasuta). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 35 : 381 386.
21. Finke, M. D. (2003 Gut loading to enhance the nutrient content of insects as food for reptiles: a mathematical approach. Zoo Biology 22 : 147 162.
22. Garner, M. M., Raymond, J. T., Shellabarger, W., Reichard, T., Ridgley, F., Duncan, A. E., Howerth, E., Lee, S. Nordhausen, R. W. (2005 Intravascular ciliated protozoa: an important cause of mortality in captive reared Kihansi spray toads (Nectophrynoides asperginis). In Proceedings of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, American Association of Wildlife Veterinarians and the American Zoo and Aquarium Association Nutrition Advisory Group : 274 275. Baer, C. K. (Ed.). Yulee, FL : American Association of Zoo Veterinarians.
23. Garner, T. W. J., Perkins, M. W., Govindarajulu, P., Seglie, D., Walker, S., Cunningham, A. A. Fisher, M. C. (2006 The emerging amphibian pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis globally infects introduced populations of the North American bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana. Biology Letters 2 : 455 459.
24. Green, D. E., Converse, K. A. Schrader, A. K. (2002 Epizootiology of sixty-four amphibian mortality events in the USA, 1996-2001. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 969 : 323 339.
25. Green, D. E., Feldman, S. H. Wimsatt, J. (2003 Emergence of a Perkinsus-like agent in anuran liver during die-offs of local populations: PCR detection and phylogenetic characterization. In Proceedings of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians : 120 121. Baer, C. K. (Ed.). Yulee, FL : American Association of Zoo Veterinarians.
26. Harris, R. N., James, T. Y., Lauer, A., Simon, M. A. Patel, A. (2006 Amphibian pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis is inhibited by the cutaneous bacteria of amphibian species. EcoHealth 3 : 53 56.
27. Hyatt, A. D., Boyle, D. G., Olsen, V., Boyle, D. B., Berger, L., Obendorf, D., Dalton, A., Kriger, K., Hero, M., Hines, H., Phillott, R., Campbell, R., Marantelli, G., Gleason, F. Colling, A. (2007 Diagnostic assays and sampling protocols for the detection of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 73 : 175 192.
28. Jancovich, J. K., Davidson, E. W., Seiler, A., Jacobs, B. L. Collins, J. P. (2001 Transmission of the Ambystoma tigrinum virus to alternative hosts. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 46 : 159 163.
29. Jancovich, J. K., Davidson, E. W., Parameswaran, N., Mao, J., Chinchar, V. G., Collins, J. P., Jacobs, B. L. Storfer, A. (2005 Evidence for emergence of an amphibian iridoviral disease because of human-enhanced spread. Molecular Ecology 14 : 213 224.
30. Johnson, A. J., Pessier, A. P. Jacobson, E. R. (2007 Experimental transmission and induction of ranaviral disease in western ornate box turtles (Terrepene ornata ornata) and red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans). Veterinary Pathology 44 : 285 297.
31. Johnson, M. L., Berger, L., Phillips, L. Speare, R. (2003 Fungicidal effects of chemical disinfectants, UV light, desiccation and heat on the amphibian chytrid Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 57 : 255 260.
32. Lee, S., Zippel, K., Ramos, L. Searle, J. (2006 Captive breeding programme for the Kihansi spray toad at the Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York. International Zoo Yearbook 40 : 241 253.
33. Lips, K. R., Brem, F., Brenes, R., Reeve, J. D., Alford, R. A., Voyles, J., Carey, C., Livo, L., Pessier, A. P. Collins, J. P. (2006 Emerging infectious disease and the loss of biodiversity in a Neotropical amphibian community. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103 : 3165 3170.
34. Longcore, J. R., Longcore, J. E., Pessier, A. P. Halteman, W. A. (2007 Chytridiomycosis widespread in anurans of northeastern United States. The Journal of Wildlife Management 71 : 435 444.
35. Lyles, A. M. Dobson, A. P. (1993 Infectious disease and intensive management: population dynamics, threatened hosts, and their parasites. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 24 : 315 326.
36. Majji, S., LaPatra, S., Long, S. M., Sample, R., Bryan, L., Sinning, A. Chinchar, V. G. (2006 Rana catesbeiana virus Z (RCV-Z): a novel pathogenic ranavirus. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 73 : 1 11.
37. McKenna, P., van der Groen, G., Hoofd, G., Beelaert, G., Leirs, H., Verhagen, R., Kints, J. P., Cormont, F., Nisol, F. Bazin, H. (1992 Eradication of hantavirus infection among laboratory rats by application of caesarian section and a foster mother technique. Journal of Infection 25 : 181 190.
38. Mendelson III., J. R., Lips, K. R., Gagliardo, R. W., Rabb, G. B., Collins, J. P., Diffendorfer, J. E., Daszak, P., Roberto Ibanez, D., Zippel, K. C., Lawson, D. P., Wright, K. M., Stuart, S. N., Gascon, C., da Silva, H. R., Burrowes, P. A., Joglar, R. L., La Marca, E., Lotters, S., du Preez, L. H., Weldon, C., Hyatt, A., Rodriguez-Mahecha, J. V., Hunt, S., Robertson, H., Lock, B., Raxworthy, C. J., Frost, D. R., Lacy, R. C., Alford, R. A., Campbell, J. A., Parra-Olea, G., Bolanos, F., Domingo, J. J., Halliday, T., Murphy, J. B., Wake, M. H., Coloma, L. A., Kuzmin, S. L., Price, M. S., Howell, K. M., Lau, M., Pethiyagoda, R., Boone, M., Lannoo, M. J., Blaustein, A. R., Dobson, A., Griffiths, R. A., Crump, M. L., Wake, D. B. Brodie Jr., E. (2006 Confronting amphibian declines and extinctions. Science 313 : 48.
39. Mendelson, J. R., Gagliardo, R., Andreone, F., Buley, K. R., Coloma, L., Garcia, G., Gibson, R., Lacy, R., Lau, M. W., Murphy, J., Pethiyagoda, R., Pelican, K., Pukazhenthi, B. S., Rabb, G., Raffaelli, J., Weissgold, B., Wildt, D. Feng, X. (2007 Captive programs. In Amphibian Conservation Action Plan : 36 39. Gascon, C., Collins, J. P., Moore, R. D., Church, D. R., McKay, J. E. Mendelson, J. R. (Eds). Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK : IUCN/SSC Amphibian Specialist Group.
40. Mutschmann, F., Berger, L., Marantelli, G., Mutschmann, C. Hyatt, A. (2002 Microsporidia in amphibians, occurrence and pathology. In Proceedings of the sixth international symposium on pathology of reptiles and amphibians : 153 158. McKinnell, R. G. Carlson, D. L. (Eds). Minneapolis, MN : University of Minnesota Printing Services.
41. Nichols, D. K., Lamirande, E. W. Pessier, A. P. (2000 Experimental transmission and treatment of cutaneous chytridiomycosis in poison dart frogs (Dendrobates azureus and Dendrobates tinctorius). In Joint proceedings American Association of Zoo Veterinarians and the International Association for Aquatic Animal Medicine : 42 44. Baer, C. K. (Ed.). Yulee, FL : American Association of Zoo Veterinarians.
42. Nichols, D. K., Lamirande, E. W., Pessier, A. P. Longcore, J. E. (2001 Experimental transmission of cutaneous chytridiomycosis in dendrobatid frogs. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 37 : 1 11.
43. Ouellet, M., Mikaelian, I., Pauli, B. D., Rodrigue, J. Green, D. M. (2005 Historical evidence of widespread chytrid infection in North American amphibian populations. Conservation Biology 19 : 1431 1440.
44. Parker, J. M., Mikaelian, I., Hahn, N. Diggs, H. E. (2002 Clinical diagnosis and treatment of epidermal chytridiomycosis in African clawed frogs (Xenopus tropicalis). Comparative Medicine 52 : 265 268.
45. Pasmans, F., Blahak, S., Martel, A., Pantchev, N. Zwart, P. (in press Ranavirus-associated mass mortality in imported red tailed knobby newts (Tylototriton kweichowensis): a case report. The Veterinary Journal. DOI :.
46. Pessier, A. P. (2002 An overview of amphibian skin disease. Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine 11 : 162 174.
47. Pessier, A. P., Linn, M., Garner, M. M., Raymond, J. T., Dierenfeld, E. S. Graffam, W. (2005 Suspected hypovitaminosis A in captive toads (Bufo sp.). In Proceedings of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, American Association of Wildlife Veterinarians and the American Zoo and Aquarium Association Nutrition Advisory Group : 57. Baer, C. K. (Ed.). Yulee, FL : American Association of Zoo Veterinarians.
48. Piotrowski, J. S., Annis, S. L. Longcore, J. E. (2004 Physiology of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, a chytrid pathogen of amphibians. Mycologia 96 : 9 15.
49. Pounds, J. A., Bustamante, M. R., Coloma, L. A., Consuegra, J. A., Fogden, M. P., Foster, P. N., LaMarca, E., Masters, K. L., Merino-Viteri, A., Puschendorf, R., Ron, S. R., Sanchez-Azofeifa, G. A., Still, C. J. Young, B. E. (2006 Widespread amphibian extinctions from epidemic disease driven by global warming. Nature 439 : 161 167.
50. Poynton, S. L. Whitaker, B. R. (2001 Protozoa and metazoa infecting amphibians. In Amphibian medicine and captive husbandry : 193 221. Wright, K. M. Whitaker, B. R. (Eds). Malabar, FL : Kreiger Publishing Company.
51. Rachowicz, L. J., Hero, J., Alford, R. A., Taylor, J. W., Morgan, J. A. T., Vrendenberg, V. T., Collins, J. P. Briggs, C. J. (2005 The novel and endemic pathogen hypotheses: competing explanations for the origin of emerging infectious diseases of wildlife. Conservation Biology 19 : 1441 1448.
52. Retallick, R. Miera, V. (2007 Strain differences in the amphibian chytrid Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and non-permanent, sub-lethal effects of infection. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 75 : 201 207.
53. Retallick, R. W. R., McCallum, H. Speare, R. (2004 Endemic infection of the amphibian chytrid fungus in a frog community post-decline. PLoS Biology 2 : 1965 1971.
54. Skerratt, L. F., Berger, L., Speare, R., Cashins, S., McDonald, K. R., Phillott, A. D., Hines, H. B. Kenyon, N. (2007 Spread of chytridiomycosis has caused the rapid global decline and extinction of frogs. EcoHealth 4 : 125 134.
55. Stuart, S. N., Chanson, J. S., Cox, N. A., Young, B. E., Rodrigues, A. S. L., Fischman, D. L. Waller, R. W. (2004 Status and trends of amphibian declines and extinctions worldwide. Science 306 : 1783 1786.
56. Tucker, A. W., McNeilly, F., Meehan, B., Galbraith, D., McArdle, P. D., Allan, G. Patience, C. (2003 Methods for the exclusion of circoviruses and gammaherpesviruses from pigs. Xenotransplantation 10 : 343 348.
57. Webb, R., Mendez, D., Berger, L. Speare, R. (2007 Additional disinfectants effective against the amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 74 : 13 16.
58. Weldon, C., du Preez, L. H., Hyatt, A. D., Muller, R. Speare, R. (2004 Origin of the amphibian chytrid fungus. Emerging Infectious Diseases 10 : 2100 2105.
59. Woodhams, D. C., Alford, R. A. Marantelli, G. (2003 Emerging disease of amphibians cured by elevated body temperature. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 55 : 65 67.
60. Woodhams, D. C., Rollins-Smith, L. A., Carey, C., Reinert, L. K., Tyler, M. J. Alford, R. A. (2006 Predicted disease susceptibility in a Panamanian amphibian assemblage based on skin peptide defenses. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 42 : 207 218.
61. Woodhams, D. C., Vrendenberg, V. T., Simon, M., Billheimer, D., Shakhtour, B., Shyr, Y., Briggs, C., Rollins-Smith, L. Harris, R. (2007 Symbiotic bacteria contribute to innate immune defenses of the threatened mountain yellow-legged frog, Rana muscosa. Biological Conservation 138 : 390 398.
62. Young, S., Berger, L. Speare, R. (2007 Amphibian chytridiomycosis: strategies for captive management and conservation. International Zoo Yearbook 41 : 85 95.
63. Zippel, K., Lacy, R. Byers, O. (Eds) 2006 CBSG/WAZA Amphibian Ex Situ Conservation Planning Workshop Final Report. Apple Valley, MN : IUCN/SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group.