Perhaps oil and water can mix: The workplace religious freedom act of 2005

Employee Relations Law Journal

Volumn 31, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 27-47

  Morgan, James F ^a  

^a CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

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EID: 41849137592     PISSN: 00988898     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. S. 677, 109th Cong. (2005). An identical measure was introduced in the House. H. R. 1445, 109th Cong. (2005) is co-sponsored by Democratic members Carolyn McCarthy, David Price, Chris Van Hollen, and Anthony Weiner, along with Republican representatives Eric Cantor, Bobby Jindal, and Mark Souder.
2. Press Release, Office of Senator Santorum, "Santorum, Kerry Introduce Legislation to Protect Religious Freedom in the Workplace" (March 17, 2005) (on file with author).
3. Press Release, Office of Representative Carolyn McCarthy, "McCarthy Pushes for Workplace Religious Freedom Act" (March 22, 2005) (on file with author).
4. Civil Rights Act of 1964, Pub. L. No. 88-352, 703, 78 Stat. 241, 255-57 (1964) (codified as amended at 42 U.S.C. § 2000e).
5. Pub. L. No. 101-336, 104 Stat. 327 (1990) (codified as amended 42 U.S.C. §§ 12101-12213).
6. S. 677, 109th Cong. § 2 (2005).
7. Id. § 3.
8. Will Herberg, Protestant-Catbolic-Jeu): An Essay in American Religious Sociology (1955).
9. Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972, Pub. L. No. 92-261, 86 Stat. 103 (codified as amended at 42 U.S.C. § 2000e(j)).
10. 432 U.S. 63 (1977).
11. 479 U.S. 60 (1986).
12. David L. Gregory, "Religious Harassment in the Workplace: An Analysis of the EEOC's Proposed Guidelines," 56 Mont. L. Rev. 119, 127 (1995).
13. Alan D. Schuchman, "The Holy and the Handicapped: An Examination of the Different Applications of the Reasonable Accommodation Clauses in Title VII and the ADA," 73 Ind. L.J. 745, 761 (1998).
14. 2 F.3d 214 (7th Cir. 1993), cert. denied, 510 U.S. 1121 (1994).
15. 981 F.2d 336 (8th Cir. 1992), cert. denied, 508 U.S. 973 (1993).
16. 29 C.F.R. § 1605.1.
17. See Brown v. Pena, 441 F. Supp. 1382 (S.D. Fla. 1977), aff'd, 589 F.2d 1113 (5th Cir. 1979).
18. James J. McDonald, Jr., "What's God Got to Do with It?," 29 Employee Relations L.J. 87, 88 (2003).
19. Rebecca French, "Shopping for Religion: The Change in Everyday Religious Practice and its Importance to the Law," 51 Buffalo L. Rev. 127 (2003).
20. See id.
21. Pub. L. No. 89-236, 79 Stat. 911 (1966).
22. Georgette F. Bennett, "Religious Diversity in the Workplace...an Emerging Issue," Diversity Factor, Winter 2001, at 15.
23. Id.
24. Jennifer J. Laabs, "Balancing Spirituality and Work," Personnel J., Sept. 1995, at 60, 64.
25. See French, supra n.19, at 148.
26. Ian I. Mitroff & Elizabeth A. Denton, "A Study of Spirituality in the Workplace," Sloan Mgmt. Rev., Summer 1999, at 83.
27. J. Gordon Melton, "Religious Pluralism: Problems and Prospects," 2001 BYU L. Rev. 619, 620.
28. French, supra n.19, at 160-161 (citations omitted).
29. Pew Research Center, "Among Wealthy Nations . . . U.S. Stands Alone in its "Embrace of Religion," available at http://people-press.org/ reports/display.php3?ReportID=167 (posted Dec. 19, 2002).
30. Marc Gunther, "God & Business," Fortune, July 9, 2001, at 59.
31. Lisa Miller, "After their Checkup for the Body, Some get One for the Soul," Wall St. J., July 20, 1998, at A1;
32. Timothy D. Schellhardt, "Workplace: In a Factory Schedule, Where Does Religion Fit In?," Wall St. J., Mar. 4, 1999, at B1;
33. Rachel Emma Silverman, "More Chaplains Take Ministering Into Workplace," Wall St. J., Nov. 27, 2001, at B1.
34. Gunther, supra n.30.
35. Mitroff & Denton, supra n.26.
36. Karen C. Cash and George R., Gray, "A Framework for Accommodating Religion and Spirituality in the Workplace," Acad. Mgmt. Executive, Aug. 2000, at 124.
37. EEOC, "Religion-based Charges FY 1992-2003" (2004), available at http://www.eeoc.gov/stats/religion.html.
38. EEOC, "Sex-based Charges FY 1992-2003" (2004), available at http://www.eeoc.gov/stats/sex.html.
39. See EEOC, supra n.35.
40. 42 U.S.C § 12111(8).
41. S. 677, 109th Cong. § 2(a)(4) (2005).
42. Id.
43. Id.
44. Id. § 2(b).
45. Chrysler v. Mann, 561 F.2d 1282, 1285 (8th Cir. 1977), cert. denied, 434 U.S. 1039 (1978).
46. Philbrook, 479 U.S. at 69, quoting Brener v. Diagnostic Center Hospital, 671 F.2d 141, 145-146 (5th Cir. 1982).
47. S. 677, 109th Cong. § 2(a)(4) (2005).
48. Id.
49. Marianne C. DelPo, "Never on Sunday: Workplace Religious Freedom in the New Millennium," 51 Me. L. Rev. 341, 345 (1999).
50. Schuchman, supra n.13, at 755 (citations omitted).
51. S. 677, 109th Cong. § 2(a)(4) (2005).
52. Barbara L. Kramer, "Reconciling Religious Rights & Responsibilities," 30 Loy. U. Chi. L.J. 439, 469 (1999) (citations omitted).
53. Hardison, 432 U.S. at 87 (Marshall, J., dissenting).