Isoprene as a tool for plant protection against abiotic stresses

Journal of Plant Interactions

Volumn 3, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 1-15

  Velikova, Violeta B ^a  

^a INSTITUTE OF PHYSIOLOGY   (Bulgaria)

Author keywords

Abiotic stresses; Isoprene; Plant protection

Indexed keywords

EID: 41849090758     PISSN: 17429145     EISSN: 17429153     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/17429140701858327     Document Type: Review

References (128)

1. Affek HP, Yakir D. 2002. Protection by isoprene against singlet oxygen in leaves. Plant Physiol. 129:269-277.
2. Affek HP, Yakir D. 2003. Natural abundance carbon isotope composition of isoprene reflects incomplete coupling between isoprene synthesis and photosynthetic carbon flow. Plant Physiol. 131:1727-1736.
3. Apel EC, Riemer DD, Hills A, Baugh W, Orlando J, Faloona I, Tan D, Brune W, Lamb B, Westberg H, Carroll MA, Thornberry T, Geron CD. 2002. Measurement and interpretation of isoprene fluxes and isoprene, methacrolein, and methyl vinyl ketone mixing ratios at the PROPHETsite during the 1998 Intensive. J Geophys Res. 107 (D3):4034. DOI:10.1029/2000JD000225.
4. 2-isoprene interaction. Atmospher Chem Physics. 7:32-53.
5. 2 concentration and climate on isoprene emissions from European forests. Plant Biol. DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-965247
6. Barta C, Loreto F. 2006. The relationship between the methylerythritol phosphate pathway leading to emission of volatile isoprenoids and abscisic acid content in leaves. Plant Physiol. 141:1676-1683.
7. Behnke K, Ehlting B, Teuber M, Bauerfeind M, Louis S, Hänsch R, Polle A, Bohlmann J, Schnitzler JP. 2007. Transgenic, non-isoprene-emitting poplars don't like it hot. Plant J. 51:485-499.
8. Berry J, Björkman O. 1980. Photosynthetic response and adaptation to temperature in higher plants. Ann Rev Plant Physiol. 31:491-543.
9. Brilli F, Barta C, Fortunati A, Lerdau M, Loreto F, Centritto M. 2007. Response of isoprene emission and carbon metabolism to drought in white poplar (Populus alba) saplings. New Phytologist. 175:244-254.
10. Brüggemann N, Schnitzler J-P. 2002. Comparison of isoprene emission, intercellular isoprene concentration and photosynthetic performance in water-limited oak (Quercus pubescens Willd. and Quercus robur L.) saplings. Plant Biol. 4(456):463.
11. Bukhov NG, Wiese C, Neimanis S, Heber U. 1999. Heat sensitivity of chloroplasts and leaves: Leakage of protons from thylakoids and reversible activation of cyclic electron transport. Photosynth Res. 59:81-93.
12. 2 (FACE) in field-grown aspen trees. Plant. Cell Environ. 30:654-661.
13. 2 enrichment. Plant. Cell Environ. 27:403-412.
14. Ciccioli P, Brancaleoni E, Frattoni M, Marta S, Brachetti A, Vitullo M, Tirone G, Valentini R. 2003. Relaxed eddy accumulation, a new technique for measuring emission and deposition fluxes of volatile organic compounds by capillary gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A. 985:283-296.
15. Claeys M, Wang W, Ion AC, Kourtchev I, Gelencsérb A, Maenhaut W. 2004. Formation of secondary organic aerosols from isoprene and its gas-phase oxidation products through reaction with hydrogen peroxide. Atmospher Environ. 38:4093-4098.
16. Collins WD, Rasch PJ, Eaton BE, Fillmore DW, Kiehl JT, Beck CT, Zender CS. 2002. Simulation of aerosol distributions and radiative forcing for INDOEX: Regional climate impacts. J Geophys Res 107 (D19):8028. DOI: 10.1029/2000JD000032.
17. 2 is fed to intact leaves. Plant Cell Environ 16:587-591.
18. Edreva A. 2005. Generation and scavenging of reactive oxygen species in chloroplasts: A submolecular approach. Agric. Ecosyst Environ 106:119-133.
19. Emani I, Kitamura M, Tomo T, Ohta H, Katoh S. 1994. Is the primary cause of thermal inactivation of oxygen evolution in spinach PSII membranes release of the extrinsic 33 kDa protein or of Mn? Biochimica at Biophysica Acta. 1186:52-58.
20. Fall R, Monson RK. 1992. Isoprene emission rate and intercellular isoprene concentration as influenced by stomatal distribution and conductance. Plant Physiol. 100:987-992.
21. Fall R, Wildermuth MC. 1998. Isoprene synthase: From biochemical mechanism to emission algorithm. J Geophys Res. 103:25599-25609.
22. Fang C, Monson RK, Cowling EB. 1996. Isoprene emission, photosynthesis, and growth in sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) seedlings exposed to short- and long-term drying cycles. Tree Physiol. 16:441-446.
23. Fares S, Barta C, Brilli F, Centritto M, Ederli L, Ferranti F, Pasqualini S, Reale L, Tricoli D, Loreto F. 2006. Impact of high ozone on isoprene emission, photosynthesis and hystology of developing Populus alba leaves directly or indirectly exposed to the pollutant. Physiologia Plantarum. 128:456-465.
24. Fehsenfeld F, Calvert J, Fall R, Goldan P, Guenther AB, Hewitt CN, Lamb B, Liu S, Trainer M, Westberg H, Zimmerman P. 1992. Emissions of volatile organic components from vegetation and the implications for atmospheric chemistry. Global Biogeochem Cycles. 6:389-430.
25. Fuentes JD, Lerdau M, Atkinson R, Baldocchi D, Bottenheim JW, Ciccioli P, Lamb B, Geron C, Gu L, Guenther A, Sharkey TD, Stockwell W. 2000. Biogenic hydrocarbons in the atmospheric boundary layer:A review. Bull Am Meteorolog Soc. 81:1537-1575.
26. Fuentes JD, Wang D. 1999. On the seasonality of isoprene emissions from a mixed temperate forest. Ecolog Applicat. 9:1118-1131.
27. Funk JL, Jones CG, Baker CJ, Fuller HM, Giardina CP, Lerdau MT. 2003. Diurnal variation in the basal emission rate of isoprene. Ecolog Applicat. 13(1):269-278.
28. Funk JL, Mak JE, Lerdau MT. 2004. Stress-induced changes in carbon sources for isoprene production in Populus deltoides. Plant Cell Environ. 27:747-755.
29. Geron C, Guenther A, Sharkey T, Arnts RR. 2000. Temporal variability in basal isoprene emission factor. Tree Physiol. 20:799-805.
30. Goldstein AH, Goulden ML, Munger JW, Wofsy SC, Geron CD. 1998. Seasonal course of isoprene emissions from a midlatitude deciduous forest. J Geophys Res - Atmospheres. 103:31045-31056.
31. Grassmann J, Hippeli S, Elstner EF. 2002. Plant's defence and its benefits for animals and medicine: role of phenolics and terpenoids in avoiding oxygen stress. Plant Physiol Biochem. 40:471-478.
32. Guenther A, Hewitt CN, Erickson D, Fall R, Geron C, Graedel T, Harley P, Klinger L, Lerdau M, McKay W, Pierce T, Scholes B, Steinbrecher R, Tallamraju R, Taylor J, Zimmerman P. 1995. A global model of natural volatile organic compound emissions. J Geophys Res - Atmospheres. 100:8873-8892.
33. Guenther A, Karl T, Harley P, Wiedinmyer C, Palmer PI, Geron C. 2006. Estimates of global terrestrial isoprene emissions using MEGAN (Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature). Atmospher Chem Physics Disc. 6:107-173.
34. Guenther A. 2002. The contribution of reactive carbon emissions from vegetation to the carbon 10 balance of terrestrial ecosystems. Chemosphere. 49:837-844.
35. Guenther AB, Monson RK, Fall RR. 1991. Isoprene and monoterpene emission rate variability - observations with Eucalyptus and emission rate algorithm development. J Geophys Res - Atmospheres. 96:10799-10808.
36. Hanson DT, Sharkey TD. 2001. Rate of acclimation of the capacity for isoprene emission in response to light and temperature. Plant. Cell Environ. 24:937-946.
37. Hanson DT, Swanson S, Graham LE, Sharkey TD. 1999. Evolutionary significance of isoprene emission from mosses. Am J Botany. 86:634-639.
38. Harley P, Guenther A, Zimmerman P. 1996. Effects of light, temperature and canopy position on net photosynthesis and isoprene emission from sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) leaves. Tree Physiol. 16:25-32.
39. Harley P, Guenther A, Zimmerman P. 1997. Environmental controls over isoprene emission in deciduous oak canopies. Tree Physiol. 17:705-714.
40. Harley PC, Litvak ME, Sharkey TD, Monson RK. 1994. Isoprene emission from velvet bean leaves - interactions among nitrogen availability, growth photon fluxdensity, and leaf development. Plant Physiol. 105:279-285.
41. Hayward S, Tani A, Owen SM, Hewitt CN. 2004. On-line analysis of volatile organic compound emissions from Sitka spuce (Picea sitchensis). Tree Physiol. 24:721-728.
42. 2 labeling of leaf isoprene suggests multiple subcellular origins of isoprene precursors. Planta. 215:894-905.
43. Kempf K, Allwine E, Westberg H, Claiborn C, Lamb B. 1996. Hydrocarbon emissions from spruce species using environmental chamber and branch enclosure methods. Atmospher Environ. 30:1381-1389.
44. Kesselmeier J, Ciccioli P, Kuhn U, Stefani P, Biesenthal T, Rottenberger S, Wolf A, Vitullo M, Valentini R, Nobre A, Kabat P, Andreae MO. 2002. Volatile organic compound emissions in relation to plant carbon fixation and the terrestrial carbon budget. Global Biogeochem Cycles. 16(4):1126.
45. Kesselmeier J, Staudt M. 1999. Biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOC): An overview on emission, physiology and ecology. J Atmospher Chem. 33:23-88.
46. Kuhn U, Rottenberger S, Biesenthal T, Wolf A, Schebeske G, Ciccioli P, Brancaleoni E, Frattoni M, Tavaresz TM, Kesselmeier J. 2004. Seasonal differences in isoprene and light-dependent monoterpene emission by Amazonian tree species. Global Change Biol. 10:663-682.
47. Kuzma J, Fall R. 1993. Leaf isoprene emission rate is dependent on leaf development and the leve of isoprene synthase. Plant Physiol. 101:435-440.
48. Laule O, Fürholz A, Chang H-S, Zhu T, Wang X, Heifetz PB, Gruissem W, Lange BM. 2003. Crosstalk between cytosolic and plastidial pathways of isoprenoid biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 100:6866-6871.
49. Lehning A, Zimmer I, Steinbrecher R, Brüggemann N, Schnitzler J-P. 1999. Isoprene synthase activity and its relation to isoprene emission in Quercus robur L. leaves. Plant. Cell Environ. 22:495-504.
50. Lerdau M, Keller M. 1997. Controls on isoprene emission from trees in a subtropical dry forest. Plant. Cell Environ 20:569-578.
51. Lerdau M, Throop HL. 2000. Sources of variability in isoprene emission and photosynthesis in two species of tropical wet forest trees. Biotropica. 32:670-676.
52. Lerdau M. 2007. A positive feedback with negative consequences. Science. 316:212-213.
53. Lichtenthaler HK. 2007. Biosynthesis, accumulation and emission of carotenoids, a-tocopherol, plastoquinone, and isoprene in leaves under high photosynthetic irradiance. Photosynth Res. 92:163-179.
54. Logan BA, Monson RK, Potosnak MJ. 2000. Biochemistry and physiology of foliar isoprene production. Trends Plant Sci. 5:477-481.
55. Logan BA, Monson RK. 1999. Thermotolerance of leaf-discs from four isoprene-emitting species is not enhanced by exposure to exogenous isoprene. Plant Physiol. 120:821-825.
56. Logan BA, Anchordoquy TJ, Monson RK, Pan RS. 1999. The effect of isoprene on the properties of spinach thylakoids and phosphatidylcholine liposomes. Plant Biol. 6:602-606.
57. Loivamäki M, Gilmer F, Fischbach RJ, Sörgel C, Bachl A, Walter A, Schnitzler J-P. 2007b. Arabidopsis, a model to study biological functions of isoprene emission? Plant Physiol. 144:1066-1078.
58. Loivamäki M, Louis S, Cinege G, Zimmer I, Fischbach RJ, Schnitzler J-P. 2007a. Circadian rhythms of isoprene biosynthesis in grey poplar leaves. Plant Physiol. 143:540-551.
59. Loreto F, Centritto M, Barta C, Calfapietra C, Fares S, Monson RK. 2007. The relationship between isoprene emission rate and dark respiration rate in white poplar (Populus alba L.) leaves. Plant. Cell Environ. 30:662-669.
60. 13C labeling. Plant Physiol. 110:1317-1322.
61. Loreto F, Delfine S. 2000. Emission of isoprene from saltstressed Eucalyptus globulus leaves. Plant Physiol. 123:1605-1610.
62. Loreto F, Fares S. 2007. Is ozone flux inside leaves only a damage indicator? Clues from volatile isoprenoid studies. Plant Physiol. 143:1096-1100.
63. Loreto F, Mannozzi M, Maris C, Nascetti P, Ferranti F, Pasqualini S. 2001. Ozone quenching properties of isoprene and its antioxidant role in plants. Plant Physiol. 126:993-1000.
64. Loreto F, Sharkey TD. 1990. A gas-exchange study of photosynthesis and isoprene emission in Quercus rubra L. Planta. 182:523-531.
65. Loreto F, Velikova V. 2001. Isoprene produced by leaves protects the photosynthetic apparatus against ozone damage, quenches ozone products, and reduces lipid peroxidation of cellular membranes. Plant Physiol. 127:1781-1787.
66. Matsunaga SN, Wiedinmyer C, Guenther AB, Orlando JJ, Karl T, Toohey DW, Greenberg JP, Kajii Y. 2005. Isoprene oxidation products are a significant atmospheric aerosol component. Atmospher Chem Physics Disc. 5:11143-11156.
67. Mayrhofer S, Teuber M, Zimmer I, Louis S, Fischbach RJ, Schnitzler J-P. 2005. Diurnal and seasonal variation of isoprene biosynthesis-related genes in grey poplar leaves. Plant Physiol. 139:474-484.
68. Mittler R. 2002. Oxidative stress, antioxidants and stress tolerance. Trends Plant Sci. 9:405-410.
69. Monson RK, Fall RR. 1989. Isoprene emission from aspen leaves - influence of environment and relation to photosynthesis and photorespiration. Plant Physiol. 90:267-274.
70. Monson RK, Harley PC, Litvak ME, Wildermuth M, Guenther AB, Zimmerman PR, Fall R. 1994. Environmental and developmental controls over the seasonal pattern of isoprene emission from aspen leaves. Oecologia. 99:260-270.
71. Monson RK, Hills AJ, Zimmerman PR, Fall R. 1991. Studies of the relationship between photosynthesis and isoprene emissions using an on-line isoprene analyzer. Plant. Cell Environ. 14:517-523.
72. Monson RK, Jaeger CH, Adams WW III, Driggers EM, Silver GM, Fall R. 1992. Relationships among isoprene emission rate, photosynthesis, and isoprene synthase activity as influenced by temperature. Plant Physiol. 98:1175-1180.
73. Mueller C, Schwender J, Zeidler J, Lichtenthaler HK. 2000. Properties and inhibition of the first two enzymes of the non-mevalonate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis. Biochem Soc Transact. 28:772-773.
74. Niinemets Ü, Hauff K, Bertin N, Tenhunen JD, Steinbrecher R, Seufert G. 2002. Monoterpene emissions in relation to foliar photosynthetic and structural variables in Mediterranean evergreen Quercus species. New Phytologist. 153:243-256.
75. Niinemets Ü, Tenhunen JD, Harley PC, Steinbrecher R. 1999. A model of isoprene emission based on energetic requirements for isoprene synthesis and leaf photosynthetic properties for Liquidambar and Quercus. Plant Cell Environ. 22:1319-1335.
76. Noctor G, Foyer C. 1998. Ascorbate and glutathione: Keeping active oxygen under control. Ann Rev Plant Physiol Plant Molec Biol. 49:249-279.
77. Nogués I, Brilli F, Loreto F. 2006. Dimethylallyl diphosphate and geranyl diphosphate pools of plant species characterized by different isoprenoid emissions. Plant Physiol. 141:721-730.
78. O'Brien J M, Shepson PB, Muthuramu K, Hao C, Niki H, Hastie DR, Taylor R, Roussel PB. 1995. Measurements of alkyl and multifunctional organic nitrates at a rural site in Ontario. J Geophys Res. 100:22795-22804.
79. Pastenes C, Horton P. 1996. Effect of high temperature on photosynthesis in beans: I. Oxygen evolution and chlorophyll fluorescence. Plant Physiol. 112:1245-1251.
80. 2 and drought on sources and sinks of isoprene in a temperate and tropical rainforest mesocosm. Global Change Biol. 11:1234-1246.
81. 2 concentration, drought and leaf-toair vapour pressure deficit on ecosystem isoprene fluxes. Oecologia. 146:120-129.
82. 2 concentration and vapour pressure deficit on isoprene emission from leaves of Populus deltoids during drought. Function Plant Biol. 31:1137-1147.
83. Pegoraro E, Rey A, Greenberg J, Harley P, Grace J, Malhi Y, Guenther A. 2004a. Effect of drought on isoprene emission rates from leaves of Quercus virginiana Mill. Atmospher Environ. 38:6149-6156.
84. Peñuelas J, Llusià J, Asensio D, Munné-Bosch S. 2005. Linking isoprene with plant thermotolerance, antioxidants and monoterpene emissions. Plant, Cell Environ. 28:278-286.
85. Peñuelas J, Llusia J. 2001. The complexity of factors driving volatile organic compound emissions by plants. Biologia Plantarum. 44:481-487.
86. Pétron G, Harley P, Greenberg J, Guenther A. 2001. Seasonal temperature variations influence isoprene emission. Atmospher Environ. 28:1707-1710.
87. Pinelli P, Tricoli D. 2004. A new approach to ozone plant fumigation: The Web-O3-fumigation. Isoprene response to a gradient of ozone stress in leaves of Quercus pubescens. Forest@ 1(2):100-108.
88. 2 concentrations and climate on isoprene emissions by vascular plants. Global Change Biol. 11:60-69.
89. 2 environment. Plant, Cell Environ. 27:381-391.
90. Rosenstiel TN, Ebbets AL, Khatri WC, Fall R, Monson RK. 2004. Induction of poplar leaf nitrate reductase: A test of extrachloroplastic control of isoprene emission rate. Plant Biol. 6:12-21.
91. Rosenstiel TN, Fisher AJ, Fall R, Monson RK. 2002. Differential accumulation of dimethylallyl diphosphate in leaves and needles of isoprene- and methylbutenol-emitting and nonemitting species. Plant Physiol. 129:1276-1284.
92. 2 uncouples growth from isoprene emission in an agriforest ecosystem. Nature. 421:256-259.
93. Sanadze GA. 1991. Isoprene effect ( light-dependent emission of isoprene by green parts of plants. In: Sharkey TD, Holland EA, Mooney HA, editors. Trace gas emissions by plants. San Diego (CA): Academic Press. p. 135-152.
94. Sasaki K, Saito T, Lämsä M, Oksman-Caldentey K-M, Suzuki M, Ohyama K, Muranaka T, Ohara K, Yazaki K. 2007. Plants utilize isoprene emission as a thermotolerance mechanism. Plant Cell Physiol. 48:1254-1262.
95. Schnitzler J-P, Arenz R, Steinbrecher R, Lehning A. 1996. Characterization of an isoprene synthase from leaves of Quercus petraea (Mattuschka) Liebl. Botanica Acta. 109:216-221.
96. Schnitzler J-P, Graus M, Kreuzwieser J, Heizmann U, Rennenberg H, Wisthaler A, Hansel A. 2004. Contribution of different carbon sources for isoprene emitted from poplar leaves. Plant Physiol. 135:152-160.
97. Schnitzler J-P, Lehning A, Steinbrecher R. 1997. Seasonal pattern of isoprene synthase activity in Quercus robur leaves and its significance for modeling isoprene emission rates. Botanica Acta. 110:240-243.
98. 2 in a natural carbon dioxide spring. Plant, Cell Environ. 27:393-401.
99. Schrader SM, Wise RR, Wacholtz WF, Ort DR, Sharkey TD. 2004. Thylakoid membrane responses to moderately high leaf temperature in Pima cotton. Plant. Cell Environ. 27:725-735.
100. Seinfeld JH, Pandis SN. 2006. Atmospheric chemistry and physics - from air pollution to climate change. 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
101. Shallcross DE, Monks PS. 2000. New directions: A role for isoprene in biosphere-climate-chemistry feedbacks. Atmospher Environ. 34:1659-1660.
102. Sharkey TD, Chen X, Yeh S. 2001. Isoprene increases thermotolerance of fosmidomycin-fed leaves. Plant Physiol. 125:2001-2006.
103. Sharkey TD, Loreto F, Delwiche CF. 1991a. The biochemistry of isoprene emission from leaves during photosynthesis. In: Sharkey TD, Holland EA, Mooney HA, editors. Trace gas emissions by plants. San Diego (CA): Academic Press. p. 153-184.
104. Sharkey TD, Loreto F, Delwiche CF. 1991b. High-carbon dioxide and sun shade effects on isoprene emission from oak and aspen tree leaves. Plant. Cell Environ. 14:333-338.
105. Sharkey TD, Loreto F. 1993. Water stress, temperature, and light effects on the capacity for isoprene emission and photosynthesis of kudzu leaves. Oecologia. 95:328-333.
106. Sharkey TD, Singsaas EL, Lerdau MT, Geron C. 1999. Weather effects on isoprene emission capacity and applications in emissions algorithms. Ecolog Applicat. 9:1132-1137.
107. Sharkey TD, Singsaas EL. 1995. Why plants emit isoprene. Nature. 374:769.
108. Sharkey TD, Yeh S, Wiberley AE, Falbel TG, Gong D, Fernandez DE. 2005. Evolution of the isoprene biosynthetic pathway in kudzu. Plant Physiol. 137:700-712.
109. Sharkey TD, Yeh S. 2001. Isoprene emission from plants. Ann Rev Plant Physiol Plant Molec Biol. 52:407-436.
110. Silver GM, Fall R. 1991. Enzymatic synthesis of isoprene from dimethylallyl diphosphate in aspen leaf extracts. Plant Physiol. 97:1588-1591.
111. Singsaas EL, Laporte MM, Shi J-Z, Monson RK, Bowling DR, Johnson K, Lerdau M, Jasentuliytana A, Sharkey TD. 1999. Kinetics of leaf temperature fluctuation affect isoprene emission from red oak (Quercus rubra) leaves. Tree Physiol. 19:917-924.
112. Singsaas EL, Lerdau M, Winter K, Sharkey TD. 1997. Isoprene increases thermotolerance of isoprene-emitting species. Plant Physiol. 115:1413-1420.
113. Siwko ME, Marrink SJ, de Vries AH, Kozubek A, Schoot Uiterkamp A JM, Mark AE. 2007. Does isoprene protect plant membranes from thermal shock? A molecular dynamics study. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1768:198-206.
114. Sun EJ, Huang MH. 1995. Detection of peroxyacetyl nitrate at phytotoxic level and its effects on vegetation in Taiwan. Atmospher Environ. 29:2899-2904.
115. Tuazon EC, Atkinson R. 1990. A product study of the gasphase reaction of isoprene with the OH radical in the presence of NOx. Int J Chem Kinet. 22:1221-1236.
116. Velikova V, Edreva A, Loreto F. 2004. Endogenous isoprene protects Phragmites australis leaves against singlet oxygen. Physiologia Plantarum. 122:219-225.
117. Velikova V, Loreto F, Tsonev T, Brilli F, Edreva A. 2006. Isoprene prevents the negative consequences of high temperature stress in Platanus orientalis leaves. Function Plant Biol. 33:931-940.
118. Velikova V, Loreto F. 2005. On the relationship between isoprene emission and thermotolerance in Phragmites australis leaves exposed to high temperature and during the recovery from a heat stress. Plant. Cell Environ. 28:318-327.
119. Velikova V, Pinelli P, Loreto F. 2005a. Consequences of inhibition of isoprene synthesis in Phragmites australis leaves exposed to elevated temperatures. Agric. Ecosyst Environ. 106:209-217.
120. Velikova V, Pinelli P, Pasqualini S, Reale L, Ferranti F, Loreto F. 2005c. Isoprene decreases the concentration of nitric oxide in leaves exposed to elevated ozone. New Phytologist. 166:419-426.
121. Velikova V, Tsonev T, Pinelli P, Alessio GA, Loreto F. 2005b. Localized ozone fumigation system for studing ozone effects on photosynthesis, respiration, electron transport rate and isoprene emission in field-grown Mediterranean oak species. Tree Physiol. 25:1523-1532.
122. Wiberley AE, Linskey AR, Falbel TG, Sharkey TD. 2005. Development of the capacity for isoprene emission in kudzu. Plant. Cell Environ. 28:898-905.
123. Wildermuth MC, Fall R. 1996. Light-dependent isoprene emission. Characterization of a thylakoid-bound isoprene synthase in Salix discolor chloroplasts. Plant Physiol. 112:171-182.
124. Wildermuth MC, Fall R. 1998. Biochemical characterization of stromal and thylakoid-bound isoforms of isoprene synthase in willow leaves. Plant Physiol. 116:1111-1123.
125. Wolfertz M, Sharkey TD, Boland W, Kuhnemann F. 2004. Rapid regulation of the methylerythritol 4-phosphate pathway during isoprene synthesis. Plant Physiol. 135:1939-1945.
126. Zeidler J, Schwender J, Muëller C, Wiesner J, Weidemeyer C, Back E, Jomaa H, Lichtenthaler HK. 1998. Inhibition of the nonmevalonate 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate pathway of plant isoprenoid biosynthesis by fosmidomycin. Zeitschrift Fur Naturforschung. 53c:980-986.
127. Zeidler JG, Lichtenthaler HK, May HU, Lichtenthaler FW. 1997. Is isoprene emitted by plants synthesized via the novel isopentenyl pyrophosphate pathway? Zeitschrift für Naturforschung. 52c:15-23.
128. Zimmer W, Bruggemann N, Emeis S, Giersch C, Lehning A, Steinbrecher R, Schnitzler J-P. 2000. Process-based modeling of isoprene emission by oak leaves. Plant Cell Environ. 23:585-595.