Managing migration: The global challenge

Population Bulletin

Volumn 63, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 1-20

  Martin, Philip ^a   Zürcher, Gottfried ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b International Centre for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD)   (Austria)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GLOBALIZATION; INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION; LABOR MIGRATION; MIGRATION DETERMINANT; TREND ANALYSIS;

EID: 41749101757     PISSN: 0032468X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. United Nations (UN), Report of the Secretary-General on International Migration (A/60/871) (2006);
2. and UN, International Migration 2006 (table), accessed online at www.un.org/esa/population/publications/2006Migration_Chart/ 2006IttMig_charc.htm, on Jan. 28, 2008.
3. UN, Article 13(2) of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, accessed online at www.un.org/Overview/rights.html, on Jan, 21, 2008.
4. John Torpey, The Invention of the Passport: Surveillance, Citizenship and the State (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
5. Charles C. Lemert, Social Things: An Introduction to the Sociological Life (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2005): 176.
6. Department of Homeland Security, Immigration Statistics, accessed online at www.dhs.gov/imniigrationstatistics, on Aug. 1, 2007;
7. Citizenship and Immigration Canada (CIC), Facts and Figures 2006 Immigration Overview: Permanent and Temporary Residents, accessed online at www.cic.gc.ca, on Aug. 1, 2007;
8. Australian Government Department of Immigration and Citizenship, Immigration Update 2006-2007, accessed online at www.immi.gov.au, on Aug. 1, 2007;
9. New Zealand Department of Labour, Migration Trends 05/06Report, accessed online at www.dol.govt.nz, on Aug. 1, 2007;
10. and Jewish Virtual Library, Immigration to Israel by Period of Immigration and Last Continent of Residence, accessed online at www.jewishvirtullibrary.org, on Aug. 1, 2007.
11. Liz Fekete, "Issues in the French Presidential Elections," accessed online at www.irr.org.United Kingdom, on Jan. 21, 2008.
12. Michael S. Teitelbaum, "Right Versus Right: Immigration and Refugee Policy in the United States," Foreign Affairs 59, no. 1 (1980): 45-46.
13. George Martine, State of World Population 2007: Unleashing the Potential of Urban Growth (New York: United Nations, 2007), also online at www.unfpa.org/swp/2007/english/introduction.html.
14. Sylvie Da Lomba, The Right to Seek Refugee Status in the European Union (Antwerp, Netherlands: Intersentia, 2004).
15. Details of the three U.S. laws enacted in 1996 are at Migration News, http://migracion.ucdavis.edu/. One provision that was dropped from the final bill would have made legal immigrants deportable if they received more than 12 months of welfare benefits. In the late 1990s, legal immigrants' and children's access to some welfare benefits was restored.
16. Martin Ruhs and Philip Martin, "Numbers vs. Rights: Trade Offs and Guest Worker Programs," International Migration Review (forthcoming, 2008).
17. For more information, see the Economic Commission for Latin America at www.eclac.org.
18. Charles M. Beach, Alan G. Green, and Jeffrey G. Reitz, eds., Canadian Immigration Policy for the 21st Century (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2003).
19. There were another 5,500 or 2 percent other immigrants in 2006. CIC, Facts andFigures 2006: Canada, Permanent Residents by Category, accessed online at www.cic.gc.ca, on Jan. 21, 2008.
20. CIC, "Skilled Workers and Professionals: Who Can Apply - Six Selection Factors and Pass Mark," accessed online at www.cic.gc.ca, on Jan. 21, 2008.
21. Philip Martin and Elizabeth Midgley, "Immigration: Shaping and Reshaping America. Revised and Updated 2nd Edition," Population Bulletin 61, no. 4 (2006): figure 1.
22. Waiting lists are published in the Department of State Visa Bulletin. U.S. Department of State, "Visa Bulletin," accessed online at http://travel.state.gov/visa/frvi/bulletin/bulletin_1360.html, on Jan. 21, 2008.
23. Since there is no limit on the number of H- 1B visa holders who can be employed by nonprofit organizations such as universities, and each year up to 20,000 foreign students who earn master's and doctorates from U.S. universities can receive H-1B visas, the number admitted each year exceeds 100,000.
24. Michael Teitelbaum, "Do We Need More Scientists?" The Public Interest, no. 153 (2003): 40-53. Teitelbaum noted that U.S. students tend to avoid fields of study that require six or more years of graduate study followed by five to 10 years of low-paid postdoctoral research, the pattern in many basic sciences.
25. Jeffrey S. Passel, "U.S. Immigration Trends: A Focus on U.S. Agriculture and California," presented at Labor Markets in a Global Economy, International Agricultural Trade Consortium in Washington, DC, on Jan. 7, 2008.
26. Pew Hispanic Center, Modes of Entry for the Unauthorized Migrant Population, May 22, 2006, accessed online at http://pewhispanic.org/ factshects, on Jan. 21, 2008.
27. The settlement of the American Baptist Churches v. Thornburgh lawsuit in 1991 allowed many Central Americans to remain in the United States. The Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act of 1997 allowed many to become immigrants.
28. Alejandro Portes and Alex Stepick, City on the Edge: the Transformation of Miami (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1993).
29. Peggy Levitt, The Transnational Villagers (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2001).
30. Anthony P. Maingot, "Emigration Dynamics in the Caribbean: The cases of Haiti and the Dominican Republic," in Emigration Dynamics in Developing Countries Vol. 3, ed. Reginald Appleyard (Brookfield, VT: Ashgate, 1999): 178-231.
31. Klaus Bade concluded that the number of European emigrants is 60 million to 65 million, of whom 10 million to 15 million returned. Klaus J. Bade, Europa in Beivegung. Migration vom späten 18. Jahrhundert bis Zur Gegenwart. (Munich: C.H. Beck, 2000): 142.
32. Philip L. Martin, Guestworker Programs: Lessons from Europe (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of International Labor Affairs, 1980).
33. EUROPA, "Abolition of Internal Borders and Creation of a Single EU External Frontier," accessed online at http://ec.europa.eu/ justice_home, on Jan. 28, 2008.
34. Franco Frattini, "Shaping Migration Patterns," speech to the European Parliament, Sept. 20, 2007, accessed online at http:/ /ec.europa.eu, on Jan. 21, 2008.
35. A poll released in December 2007 found that over 80 percent of Germans and Britons thought that immigrants should have to pass language tests to remain in these countries. Tony Barber, "Europeans Want Tests for Immigrants," Financial Times, Dec. 13, 2007.
36. Andre Sapir, "Who is Afraid of Globalization? 'Ihe Challenge of Domestic Adjustment in Europe and America," Centre for Economic Policy Research Discussion Paper 2595 (2000), accessed online at www.cepr.org, on Jan. 20, 2008.
37. The National Bureau of Statistics estimated 130 million Chinese were living outside the place they were registered to live in June 2001; most moved from inland rural areas to coastal areas, "China: Rural, Tourism, Hong Kong," Migration News 8, no. 9 (2001).
38. RELA, Malaysids paramilitary force, has been accused of human rights abuses, with migrant advocates asserting that RELA volunteers have planted evidence to justify arrests of foreigners and use excessive force in their policing. "Southeast Asia," Migration News 14, no. 3 (2007).
39. Wages and other rules for domestic helpers are online at www.labour.gov.hk.
40. Jason DeParle, "Jobs Abroad Support 'Model' State in India," The New York Times, Sept. 7, 2007.
41. Marcus Noland and Howard Pack, The Arab Economies in a Changing World (Washington, DC: Peter J. Peterson Institute for International Economics, 2007).
42. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), 2006 Global Trends: Table 1, accessed online at www.unhcr.org, on Jan. 28, 2008.
43. Africa's Great Lakes region is located in eastern Africa and includes countries surrounding Lake Kivu, Lake Tanganyika, and Lake Victoria.
44. Ann M. Simmons, "South Africa Seeks to Pull Refugees' Welcome Mat," Los Angeles Times, May 4, 2001.
45. Australian Government, Department of Immigration and Citizenship, Fact Sheet: Key Facts in Immigration, accessed online at www.immi.gov.au, on Jan. 21, 2008;
46. and Immigration New Zealand, Migration Trends 2004/2005, accessed online at www.mmugration.govt.nz, on Jan. 21, 2008.
47. Government Accountability Office, "Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. Serious Economic, Fiscal, and Accountability Challenges," GAO Highlights, Feb. 8, 2007. Legislation pending in Congress in December 2007, opposed by the Marianas government, would subject the islands to U.S. immigration policies.
48. Timothy J. Hatton and Jeffrey G. Williamson, The Age of Mass Migration: Causes and Economic Impact (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998). This book focuses on the period between 1850 and 1914, when 55 million Europeans emigrated.
49. U.S. Commission for the Study of International Migration and Cooperative Economic Development, Unauthorized Migration: An Economic Development Response (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1990): xv;
50. and World Bank, World Development Indicators 2007 (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2007): tables 1 and 5.
51. World Bank, World Development Indicators 2007: table 5.
52. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), "Development Aid," OECD in Figures, accessed online at www.oecd.org, on Jan. 21, 2008.
53. International Monetary Fund, "Debt Relief Under the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative," accessed online at www.imf.org/ external/np/exr/facts/hipc.htm, on Jan. 21, 2008.