Good sports and right sorts: Guns, gender, and imperialism in British India

Journal of British Studies

Volumn 40, Issue 4, 2001, Pages 454-488

  Procida, Mary A ^a  

^a TEMPLE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY; ECONOMICS; EDUCATION; ETHNOLOGY; FAMILY; FEMALE; FEMINISM; FIREARM; GENDER IDENTITY; GOVERNMENT; HISTORY; INDIA; LEGAL ASPECT; PHYSIOLOGY; POLICY; POLITICAL SYSTEM; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; SOCIAL CHANGE; SPORT; SPOUSE; WOMEN'S RIGHTS;

COLONIALISM; CULTURE; FAMILY; FEMINISM; FIREARMS; GENDER IDENTITY; HISTORY, 19TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; INDIA; LOCAL GOVERNMENT; PUBLIC POLICY; SOCIAL CHANGE; SPORTS; SPOUSES; WOMEN; WOMEN'S RIGHTS;

EID: 41449112832     PISSN: 00219371     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/386264     Document Type: Review

References (166)

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2. see Ethel Savi, The Devil's Carpet: An Anglo-Indian Romance (London, 1954).
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9. Graham Dawson, "The Blond Bedouin: Lawrence of Arabia, Imperial Adventure and the Imagining of English-British Masculinity," in Manful Assertions: Masculinities in Britain since 1800, ed. Michael Roper and John Tosh (London and New York, 1991), p. 119.
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15. Sinha, Colonial Masculinity.
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24. and James Buzard, "Victorian Women and the Implications of Empire," Victorian Studies 36 (June 1993): 443-53.
25. Thomas Metcalf, Ideologies of the Raj (Cambridge, Ind., 1994), pp. 93-94.
26. Sara Mills, "Knowledge, Gender and Empire," in Writing Women and Space: Colonial and Postcolonial Geographies, ed. Alison Blunt and Gillian Rose (New York, 1994), pp. 36-37.
27. On the Dutch, see Frances Gouda, Colonial Practice in the Netherlands Indies, 1900-1942 (Amsterdam, 1995), p. 80.
28. On the French, see Alice Conklin, "Redefining 'Frenchness': Citizenship, Race Regeneration, and Imperial Motherhood in France and West Africa, 1914-40," in Clancy-Smith and Gouda, eds., Domesticating the Empire, p. 76
29. Penny Edwards, "Womanizing Indochina: Fiction, Nation, and Cohabitation in Colonial Cambodia, 1890-1930," in Clancy-Smith and Gouda, eds., Domesticating the Empire, p. 113.
30. see Dipesh Chakrabarty, "The Difference-Deferral of a Colonial Modernity: Public Debates on Domesticity in British Bengal," in Tensions of Empire: Colonial Cultures in a Bourgeois World, ed. Ann Laura Staler and Frederick Cooper (Berkeley, 1997)
31. Partha Chatterjee, "The Nationalist Resolution of the Women's Question," in Recasting Women: Essays in Indian Colonial History, ed. Kumkum Sangari and Sudesh Vaid (New Brunswick, N.J., 1990).
32. Kumari Jayawardena, The White Woman's Other Burden: Western Women and South Asia During British Colonial Rule (New York and London, 1995), p. 1.
33. The literature on Western women travelers in the European empires is vast. For particularly perceptive readings, see Mary Louise Pratt, Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation (London, 1992)
34. Billie Melman, Women's Orients, English Women and the Middle East, 1718-1918: Sexuality, Religion and Work (Ann Arbor, Mich., 1992)
35. Inderpal Grewal, Home and Harem: Nation, Gender, Empire and the Cultures of Travel (Durham, N.C., 1996).
36. Antoinette Burton discusses British feminists' engagement with empire in Burdens of History: British Feminists, Indian Women and Imperial Culture, 1865-1915 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1994).
37. Amanda Vickery in "Golden Age to Separate Spheres? A Review of the Categories and Chronology of English Women's History," Historical Journal 36, no. 2 (1993): 383-414.
38. Gouda, Colonial Practice, p. 158.
39. Flora Annie Steel, The Garden of Fidelity (London, 1929), pp. 160-61.
40. Royal Commission on the Public Services, Report of the Commissioners (London, 1917), p. 8.
41. Joan Allen, "Plain Tales from the Raj," interview, tape recording, Cornell University Library, Ithaca, N.Y.
42. These issues are more fully explored in Mary A. Procida, "Married to the Empire: British Wives and British Imperialism in India, 1883-1947" (Ph.D. diss., University of Pennsylvania, 1997).
43. Mary Ann Lind, The Compassionate Memsahibs: Welfare Activities of British Women in India, 1900-1947 (New York, 1988), p. 2.
44. Viola Bayley, "One Woman's Raj," Bayley Papers, University of Cambridge, Centre of South Asian Studies, p. 30.
45. See, e.g., Katherine Smith-Pearse, interview, tape recording, British Library, Oriental and India Office Collections, Mss Eur R202.
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47. Dawson, "The Blond Bedouin," p. 137.
48. McEwan, "Encounters with West African Women," p. 88.
49. T. J. Boisseau, " 'They Called Me Bebe Bwana': A Critical Cultural Study of an Imperial Feminist," Signs 21 (Autumn 1995): 116-46.
50. Allen Greenberger, The British Image of India: A Study in the Literature of Imperialism, 1880-1960 (London, 1969), p. 29.
51. Sinha, Colonial Masculinity.
52. Val Plumwood, Feminism and the Mastery of Nature (London and New York, 1993), p. 5.
53. In 1881, when the British undertook the first all-India census, the British-born population consisted of 77,178 men and 12,610 women. Census of India, 1881, vol. 4, Statistics of British-born Subjects (Calcutta, 1881-84), Form I. In 1931, the year of the last complete census under British auspices, there were 110,137 male British citizens and 45,418 females.
54. Census of India, 1931 (Delhi, 1932), Table 19.
55. Kennedy, Magic Mountains, p. 7.
56. Hyam, Empire and Sexuality, p. 62.
57. Sir Charles Jeffries, Partners in Progress (London, 1949), p. 156.
58. See also Conklin, "Redefining 'Frenchness,' " p. 80.
59. H. J. A. Hervey, The European in India (London, 1913), p. 201 (emphasis added).
60. On women's incorporation into husbands' work, see Hillary Callan, "The Premiss of Dedication: Notes Towards an Ethnography of Diplomats' Wives," in Perceiving Women, ed. S. Ardener (London, 1975)
61. Hillary Callan and Shirley Ardener, eds., The Incorporated Wife (London, 1984)
62. Janet Finch, Married to the Job (London, 1983).
63. Mrs. K. Mullan, interview, transcript, University of Cambridge, Centre of South Asian Studies, MT8, MT9.
64. Anna Chitty, Musings of a Memsahib (Lymington, 1988), p. 3.
65. Quoted in Ledzion, Forest Families, p. 111.
66. Lady Vere Birdwood, "Plain Tales from the Raj," interview, tape recording, Cornell University Library, Ithaca, N.Y.
67. Dane Kennedy, Islands of White: Settler Society and Culture in Kenya and Southern Rhodesia, 1890-1939 (Durham, N.C., 1987), pp. 135-37.
68. John M. MacKenzie, The Empire of Nature: Hunting, Conservation and British Imperialism (Manchester, 1988), p. 168.
69. Edward Blunt, The I.C.S.: The Indian Civil Service (London, 1937), p. 225.
70. Chitty, Musings, p. 3
71. Mrs. Iris Portal, "Memoir," Portal Papers, University of Cambridge, Centre of South Asian Studies, p. 46.
72. Chitty, Musings, p. 87.
73. Sir Derek Birley, Land of Sport and Glory (Manchester, 1995), p. 123.
74. MacKenzie, Empire of Nature, p. 21.
75. Quoted in Janet Dunbar, Golden Interlude: The Edens in India, 1836-1842 (Boston, 1956), p. 81.
76. Isabel Savory, A Sportswoman in India: Personal Adventures and Experiences of Travel in Known and Unknown India (London, 1900)
77. Mrs. Richard Tyacke, How I Shot My Bears, or Two Years' Tent Life in KallufLahoul (London, 1893).
78. Jennifer Hargreaves, Sporting Females: Critical Issues in the History and Sociology of Women's Sports (London and New York, 1994), p. 43.
79. Birley, Land of Sport and Glory, p. 123.
80. Hargreaves, Sporting Females, p. 36
81. Kathleen E. McCrone, Sport and the Physical Emancipation of English Women 1870-1914 (London, 1988), p. 271.
82. McCrone, Sport and the Physical Emancipation of English Women, p. 284
83. Savory, Sportswoman in India, p. 343.
84. Ledzion, Forest Families, p. 110.
85. Savory, Sportswoman in India, pp. 282-83.
86. Tyacke, How I Shot My Bears, pp. 43, 45 (emphasis added)
87. Savory, Sportswoman in India, pp. 152, 255-56.
88. Beatrix Scott, "Indian Panorama," Scott Papers, University of Cambridge, Centre of South Asian Studies, p. 62.
89. Mrs. J. P. Mills, "Memoir," p. 10
90. Grace Thompson Seton, "Yes, Lady Saheb" (New York and London, 1925), p. 132.
91. "Birdwood, "Plain Tales from the Raj."
92. Chitty, Musings, pp. 26-27.
93. McCrone, Sport and the Physical Emancipation of English Women, p. 287
94. John M. MacKenzie, "The Imperial Pioneer and Hunter and the British Masculine Stereotype in Late Victorian and Edwardian Times," in Manliness and Morality, ed. J. A. Mangan and James Walvin (Manchester, 1987), pp. 178, 188.
95. Allen, "Plain Tales from the Raj."
96. MacKenzie, "The Imperial Pioneer and Hunter," p. 179.
97. Daniel R. Headrick, The Tools of Empire: Technology and European Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century (New York, 1981)
98. Michael Adas, Machines as the Measure of Men: Science, Technology and Ideologies of Western Dominance (Ithaca, N.Y., 1989
99. Scott Bennett, "Shikar and the Raj," South Asia 7 (1984): 76.
100. See also M. S. S. Pandian, "Gender Negotiations: Hunting and Colonialism in the Late Nineteenth Century Nilgiris," in Social Reform, Sexuality and the State, ed. Patricia Uberoi (New Delhi, 1996), p. 243.
101. Yvonne Fitzroy, Courts and Camps in India: Impressions of Viceregal Tours, 1921-1924 (London, 1926), pp. 103-4.
102. MacKenzie, Empire of Nature, p. 171.
103. See Pandian, "Gender Negotiations" for a detailed analysis of this method of hunting.
104. See E. P. Thompson, Whigs and Hunters: The Origin of the Black Act (New York, 1975)
105. For a summary of the various laws regulating hunting in England, see Kenneth G. Whitehead, Hunting and Stalking Deer in Britain through the Ages (Pomfret, Vt., 1980), pp. 161-85.
106. MacKenzie, Empire of Nature, p. 283.
107. Pandian, "Gendered Negotiations."
108. Birley, Land of Sport and Glory, p. 2
109. Hargreaves, Sporting Females, p. 42.
110. Hilda Bourne, "It Was Like This," Bourne Collection, University of Cambridge, Centre of South Asian Studies, p. 27.
111. McCrone, Sport and the Physical Emancipation of English Women, p. 86.
112. Hargreaves, Sporting Females, p. 119.
113. Mary, Countess of Minto, India, Minto and Morley, 1905-1910 (London, 1934), pp. 198, 318.
114. Hugh Tinker, Viceroy: Curzon to Mountbatten (Karachi, 1997), p. 4.
115. R. Pearson, Eastern Interlude: A Social History of the European Community in Calcutta (Calcutta, 1954), p. 9.
116. L. S. S. O'Malley, The Indian Civil Service, 1601-1930 (London, 1965), pp. 147-49
117. Blunt, The I.C.S., p. 200.
118. Margaret Martyn, Married to the Raj (London, 1992), p. 1.
119. MacKenzie, Empire of Nature, p. 194.
120. Minto, India, Minto and Morley, p. 67.
121. Grewal, Home and the Harem, p. 25.
122. Savory, Sportswoman in India, pp. 271-72.
123. MacKenzie, Empire of Nature, pp. 180, 182.
124. Norah Burke, Jungle Child (New York, 1955), p. 77 (emphasis added).
125. Monica Martin, Out in the Mid-day Sun (Boston, 1950), p. 140.
126. Bourne, It Was Like This, p. 27.
127. Martin, Out in the Mid-day Sun, p. 172.
128. Bourne, It Was Like This, p. 115.
129. H. W. Hale, Political Trouble in India, 1917-1937 (Allahabad, 1974), p. 1
130. Kali Charan Ghosh, The Roll of Honour, Anecdotes of Indian Martyrs (Calcutta, 1965), p. 231.
131. MacKenzie, "The Imperial Pioneer and Hunter," pp. 176-98.
132. see Derek Sayer, "British Reaction to the Amritsar Massacre, 1919-1920," Past and Present, no. 131 (May 1991): 159.
133. Mildred Archer, India Served and Observed (London, 1994), p. 6.
134. See, e.g., the recollections of Nancy Archer-Shee, "Memsahibs' Questionnaire," University of Cambridge, Centre of South Asian Studies.
135. Mildred Archer, "Memories of the British in India."
136. Hale, Political Trouble in India;
137. Ghosh, The Roll of Honour.
138. See also Tanika Sarkar, Bengal, 1928-1934: The Politics of Protest (Delhi, 1987).
139. Hale, Political Trouble in India, p. 30.
140. Margaret Cotter Morison, A Lonely Summer in Kashmir (London, 1904), pp. 70-71.
141. Lady Rosamond Lawrence, Indian Embers (Palo Alto, 1991), p. 385.
142. Sir Charles Tegart, Terrorism in India (Calcutta, 1983), p. 6.
143. Hale, Political Trouble in India, pp. 27, 32, 35-36, 33.
144. "The Memsahib's Point of View," Cornhill Magazine 48 (May 1920): 598-99.
145. Kathleen Tegart, "Memsahibs' Questionnaire," University of Cambridge, Centre of South Asian Studies.
146. Coralie Taylor, "Memories of the British in India," interview, tape recording, British Library, Oriental and India Office Collections, Mss Eur R145.
147. Hale, Political Trouble in India, p. 24.
148. Purnima Bose, "Engendering the Armed Struggle: Women, Writing, and the Bengali 'Terrorist' Movement," in Bodies of Writing, Bodies in Performance, ed. Thomas Foster, Carol Siegel, and Ellen E. Berry (New York, 1996), p. 159.
149. K. F. Tegart, "Charles Tegart: Memoir of an Indian Police Officer," British Library, Oriental and India Office Collections, Mss Eur C235, pp. 252-53.
150. Decima Curtis, "The Last Twelve Years of the British Raj Recollected by the Wife of a British District Officer," British Library, Oriental and India Office Collections, Mss Eur C462, pp. 2-3.
151. Olivia Hamilton, "Memsahibs∗ Questionnaire," University of Cambridge, Centre of South Asian Studies
152. see also Lawrence, Indian Embers, p. 384.
153. Lawrence, Indian Embers, p. 384.
154. Lady Griffiths, "Plain Tales from the Raj," interview, tape recording, Cornell University Library, Ithaca, N.Y.
155. Hale, Political Trouble in India, p. 115.
156. Pamela Hinkson, Indian Harvest (London, 1941), p. 31.
157. Seton, "Yes, Lady Saheb," pp. 63, 60-61.
158. Chitty, Musings, p. 27.
159. B. Macdonald, India: Sunshine and Shadow (London, 1988), p. 115.
160. Seton, "Yes, Lady Saheb," p. 61.
161. Lady Olive Crofton, "They Also Serve," p. 102
162. Sheila Mitchell, "Memsahibs' Questionnaire," University of Cambridge, Centre of South Asian Studies.
163. Margaret Ramsay-Brown, "Memories of the British in India," interview, tape recording, British Library, Oriental and India Office Collections, Mss Eur R152.
164. Chitty, Musings, p. 26.
165. Burke, Jungle Child, p. 192.
166. Anne McClintock, "The Angel of Progress: Pitfalls of the Term 'Post-Colonialism,' " in Colonial Discourse and Post-Colonial Theory: A Reader, ed. Patrick Williams and Laura Chrisman (New York, 1994), p. 299.