C-reactive protein and atherothrombosis - A prognostic factor or a risk factor?

Harefuah

Volumn 146, Issue 12, 2007, Pages 970-974

  Yosef Levi, Irit Mor ^a   Grad, Etty ^a   Danenberg, Haim D ^a  

^a HADASSAH HEBREW UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Israel)

Author keywords

Acute myocardial infarction; Atherothrombosis; C reactive protein; Cardiovascular risk factors; Inflammation

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER; C REACTIVE PROTEIN; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE;

BLOOD; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; HUMAN; METABOLISM; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR;

BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; C-REACTIVE PROTEIN; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; HUMANS; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASES; PROGNOSIS; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 41449105205     PISSN: 00177768     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (40)

1. Libby P, Ridker PM & Maseri A, Inflammation and Atherosclerosis. Circulation, 2002; 105: 1135-43.
2. Volanakis JE, Human C-reactive protein: expression, structure, and function. Mol Immunol, 2001; 38: 189-97.
3. Tillett WS & Francis T, Serological reactions in pneumonia with a non-protein somatic fraction of Pneumococcus. J Exp Med, 1930: 561-71.
4. Volanakis JE, Complement-induced solubilization of C-reactive protein-pneumococcal C-polysaccharide precipitates: evidence for covalent binding of complement proteins to C-reactive protein and to pneumococcal C-polysaccharide. J Immunol, 1982; 128: 2745-50.
5. Torzewski M, Rist C, Mortensen RF & al, C-reactive protein in the arterial intima: role of C-reactive protein receptor-dependent monocyte recruitment in atherogenesis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 2000; 20: 2094-9.
6. Zwaka TP, Hombach V & Torzewski J, C-reactive protein-mediated low density lipoprotein uptake by macrophages: implications for atherosclerosis. Circulation, 2001; 103: 1194-7.
7. Griselli M, Herbert J, Hutchinson WL & al, C-reactive protein and complement are important mediators of tissue damage in acute myocardial infarction. J Exp Med, 1999; 190: 1733.
8. Koenig W, Sund M, Frohlich M & al, C-Reactive protein, a sensitive marker of inflammation, predicts future risk of coronary heart disease in initially healthy middle-aged men: results from the MONICA (Monitoring Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular Disease) Augsburg Cohort Study, 1984 to 1992. Circulation, 1999; 99: 237-42.
9. Haverkate F, Thompson SG, Pyke SD & al, Production of C-reactive protein and risk of coronary events in stable and unstable angina. European Concerted Action on Thrombosis and Disabilities Angina Pectoris Study Group. Lancet, 1997; 349: 462-6.
10. Ridker PM, Hennekens CH, Buring JE & Rifai N, C-reactive protein and other markers of inflammation in the prediction of cardiovascular disease in women. N Engl J Med, 2000; 342: 836-43.
11. Tommasi S CE, Bentivoglio M, Buccolieri M & al, C-reactive protein as a marker for cardiac ischemic events in the year after a first, uncomplicated myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol, 1999; 83: 1595-9.
12. Lindahl B, Toss H, Siegbahn A & al, Markers of myocardial damage and inflammation in relation to long-term mortality in unstable coronary artery disease. FRISC Study Group. Fragmin during Instability in Coronary Artery Disease. N Engl J Med, 2000; 343: 1139-47.
13. Folsom AR, Pankow JS, Tracy RP & al, Association of C-reactive protein with markers of prevalent atherosclerotic disease. Am J Cardiol, 2001; 2: 88.
14. Khera A, de Lemos JA, Peshock RM & al, Relationship between C-reactive protein and subclinical atherosclerosis: The Dallas Heart Study. Circulation, 2006; 113: 38-43.
15. de Beer F, Hind C, Fox K & al, Measurement of serum C-reactive protein concentration in myocardial ischaemia and infarction. Br Heart J, 1982; 47: 239-43.
16. Chang M-K, Binder CJ, Torzewski M & Witztum JL, From the cover: C-reactive protein binds to both oxidized LDL and apoptotic cells through recognition of a common ligand: phosphorylcholine of oxidized phospholipids. PNAS, 2002; 99: 13043-8.
17. Torzewski J, Torzewski M, Bowyer DE & al, C-Reactive protein frequently colocalizes with the terminal complement complex in the intima of early atherosclerotic lesions of human coronary arteries. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 1998; 18: 1386-92.
18. Cermak J, Key N, Bach R & al, C-reactive protein induces human peripheral blood monocytes to synthesize tissue factor. Blood, 1993; 82: 513-20.
19. Pasceri V, Willerson JT & Yeh ET, Direct proinflammatory effect of C-reactive protein on human endothelial cells. Circulation, 2000; 102: 2165-8.
20. Verma S, Li SH, Badiwala MV & al, Endothelin antagonism and interleukin-6 inhibition attenuate the proatherogenic effects of C-reactive protein. Circulation, 2002; 105: 1890-6.
21. Devaraj S, Xu DY & Jialal I, C-reactive protein increases plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression and activity in human aortic endothelial cells: implications for the metabolic syndrome and atherothrombosis. Circulation, 2003; 107: 398-404.
22. Verma S, Wang CH, Li SH & al, A self-fulfilling prophecy: C-reactive protein attenuates nitric oxide production and inhibits angiogenesis. Circulation, 2002; 106: 913-9.
23. Venugopal SK, Devaraj S & Jialal I, C-reactive protein decreases prostacyclin release from human aortic endothelial cells. Circulation, 2003; 108: 1676-8.
24. Danenberg H, Szalai A, Swaminathan R & al, Increased thrombosis following injury in human C-reactive protein transgenic mice. Circulation, 2003; 108: 512-5.
25. Bisoendial RJ, Kastelein JJ, Levels JH & al, Activation of inflammation and coagulation after infusion of C-reactive protein in humans. Circ Res, 2005; 96: 714-6.
26. Paul A, Ko KW, Li L & al, C-reactive protein accelerates the progression of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Circulation, 2004; 109: 647-55.
27. Reifenberg K, Lehr H-A, Baskal D & al, Role of C-reactive protein in atherogenesis: can the apolipoprotein E knockout mouse provide the answer? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 2005; 25: 1641-6.
28. Hirschfield GM, Gallimore JR, Kahan MC & al, Transgenic human C-reactive protein is not proatherogenic in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. PNAS, 2005; 102: 8309-14.
29. Torres JL RP, Clinical use of high sensitivity C-reactive protein for the prediction of adverse cardiovascular events. Curr Opin Cardiol, 2003; 18: 471-8.
30. Ridker PM, Rifai N, Rose L & al, Comparison of C-reactive protein and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the prediction of first cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med, 2002; 347: 1557-65.
31. Pearson TA, Mensah GA, Alexander RW & al, Markers of inflammation and cardiovascular disease: application to clinical and public health practice: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Heart Association. Circulation, 2003; 107: 499-511.
32. Frohlich M, Imhof A, Berg G & al, Association between C-reactive protein and features of the metabolic syndrome: a population-based study. Diabetes Care, 2000; 23: 1835-9.
33. Freeman DJ, Norrie J, Caslake MJ & al, C-reactive protein is an independent predictor of risk for the development of diabetes in the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study. Diabetes, 2002; 51: 1596-600.
34. Ridker PM, Hennekens CH, Rifai N & al, Hormone replacement therapy and increased plasma concentration of C-reactive protein. Circulation, 1999; 100: 713-6.
35. Imhof A FM, Brenner H, Boeing H & al, Effect of alcohol consumption on systemic markers of inflammation. Lancet, 2001; 357: 763-767.
36. Ray KK CC, Cairns R, Morrow DA & al, PROVE IT-TIMI 22 Investigators. Relationship between uncontrolled risk factors and C-reactive protein levels in patients receiving standard or intensive statin therapy for acute coronary syndromes in the PROVE IT-TIMI 22 trial. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2005; 46: 1417-24.
37. Ridker PM, Rifai N, Pfeffer MA & al, Long-term effects of pravastatin on plasma concentration of C-reactive protein. Circulation, 1999; 100: 230-5.
38. Mora S RP, Justification for the Use of statins in primary prevention: an intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin (JUPITER) - can C-reactive protein be used to target statin therapy in primary prevention? Am J Cardiol, 2006; 97: 33-41.
39. Danesh J, Wheeler JG, Hirschfield GM & al, C-reactive protein and other circulating markers of inflammation in the prediction of coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med, 2004; 350: 1387-97.
40. Folsom AR, Chambless LE, Ballantyne CM & al, An assessment of incremental coronary risk prediction using C-reactive protein and other novel risk markers: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Arch Intern Med, 2006; 166: 1368-73.