The Palestinian-Israeli conflict and Palestinian socioeconomic decline: A place denied

International Journal of Politics, Culture and Society

Volumn 17, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 365-403

  Roy, Sara ^a  

^a HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Human rights; Israeli economy; Palestinian economy; Palestinian society; Road map for peace

Indexed keywords

EID: 4143140974     PISSN: 08914486     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/B:IJPS.0000019609.37719.99     Document Type: Review

References (169)

1. Marc H. Ellis, O, Jerusalem: The Contested Future of the Jewish Covenant (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1999), p. 42.
2. Lamis Andoni, "Deeds Speak Louder than Words," The Washington Quarterly, Spring 2002, p. 94.
3. Much of the data and some of the narrative contained in this article first appeared in Sara Roy, "Ending the Palestinian Economy," Middle East Policy, Volume IX, Number 4 (December 2002): 122-165. They are reprinted here with permission. Although all bibliographic references can be found in this article, individual citations will be provided as deemed necessary.
4. The PA's role will not be addressed in this article. For a detailed discussion see Sara Roy, "Postscript-The Palestinian Economy After Oslo: De-Development Unabated," in idem, The Gaza Strip: The Political Economy of De-Development, Second Edition (Washington, DC: Institute for Palestine Studies, 2001), pp. 369-373.
5. Much has been written on this topic. See Roy, Middle East Policy for bibliographic references. See also Oxfam International, "Forgotten Villages: Struggling to Survive Under Closure in the West Bank," Oxfam Briefing Paper, September 2002; and Amira Hass, "The Real Disaster is Closure," Ha'aretz, 21 May 2002.
6. Much has been written on this topic. See Roy, Middle East Policy for bibliographic references. See also Oxfam International, "Forgotten Villages: Struggling to Survive Under Closure in the West Bank," Oxfam Briefing Paper, September 2002; and Amira Hass, "The Real Disaster is Closure," Ha'aretz, 21 May 2002.
7. Much has been written on this topic. See Roy, Middle East Policy for bibliographic references. See also Oxfam International, "Forgotten Villages: Struggling to Survive Under Closure in the West Bank," Oxfam Briefing Paper, September 2002; and Amira Hass, "The Real Disaster is Closure," Ha'aretz, 21 May 2002.
8. The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), "OCHA presents humanitarian action plan 2003," Report, Geneva, Switzerland, 19 November 2002.
9. Greg Myre and Christopher Marquis, "Mideast Plan Still Up in the Air Despite Truce," New York Times, 25 July 2003; and Foundation for Middle East Peace (FMEP), "The Route to Settlement Expansion-11,000 New Units Planned," Report on Israeli Settlements in the Occupied Territories, Vol. 13, No. 4, July-August 2003.
10. Greg Myre and Christopher Marquis, "Mideast Plan Still Up in the Air Despite Truce," New York Times, 25 July 2003; and Foundation for Middle East Peace (FMEP), "The Route to Settlement Expansion-11,000 New Units Planned," Report on Israeli Settlements in the Occupied Territories, Vol. 13, No. 4, July-August 2003.
11. Ibid, Report on Israeli Settlements.
12. B'tselem-The Israeli Information Center for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories, Land Grab: Israel's Settlement Policy in the West Bank, May 2002.
13. The World Bank, The Impact of Recent Incursions, Closures and Curfews on the Economy of the West Bank and Gaza Strip, 28 September 2002, full document, p. 3.
14. Informal Group on Humanitarian Policy, Humanitarian Situation in the Occupied Palestinian Territory-Status Report-for The Quartet (European Union, United Nations, United States, Russian Federation), August 2002, p. 4.
15. For a detailed discussion see The World Bank, One Year of Intifada-The Palestinian Economy in Crisis: An Assessment, 18 March 2002 (and 15 November 2001, which was the draft version. Both versions are cited); and idem, Twenty-Seven Months-Intifada, Closures and Palestinian Economic Crisis: An Assessment, May 2003.
16. For a detailed discussion see The World Bank, One Year of Intifada-The Palestinian Economy in Crisis: An Assessment, 18 March 2002 (and 15 November 2001, which was the draft version. Both versions are cited); and idem, Twenty-Seven Months-Intifada, Closures and Palestinian Economic Crisis: An Assessment, May 2003.
17. USAID, "Assessment of the Humanitarian Situation in Palestine: Key Findings," July 2002.
18. Peter Hansen, "Picking up the pieces in Gaza," International Herald-Tribune, 23 June 2003. See also Sara Roy. "The Palestinian State: Division and Despair," Current History, January 2004.
19. Sara Roy. "The Palestinian State: Division and Despair," Current History, January 2004.
20. OCHA (19 November 2002).
21. United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN Habitat), "Housing situation in the occupied Palestinian territories and establishment of a human settlements fund," Report, UN-Habitat, 9 May 2003. See also, United Nations, Humanitarian Plan of Action for the Palestinian Territory, October 2002.
22. United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN Habitat), "Housing situation in the occupied Palestinian territories and establishment of a human settlements fund," Report, UN-Habitat, 9 May 2003. See also, United Nations, Humanitarian Plan of Action for the Palestinian Territory, October 2002.
23. The World Bank (18 March 2002), p. 100.
24. I b i d.
25. Palestinian National Authority, Ministry of Local Government, Report on the Losses Incurred by Beit Hanoun City During the Al Aqsa Intifada During the Period 2001 to July 1, 2003, Beit Hanoun Municipality, Gaza Strip, 5 July 2003, Internal document.
26. American Embassy, Rebuilding Begins in Gaza After IDF Withdrawal, But Damage Runs Deep, Unclassified Cable, Tel Aviv 04062, 18 July 2003.
27. The World Bank (May 2003), pp. 17-19.
28. Ibid, p. 18.
29. Ibid, p. 19.
30. For example, see USAID, Destruction of USAID funded projects, e-mail/attachment, 31 January 2003.
31. The data in this section come from an internal analysis by the World Bank, titled The Impact of the "Wall" on Affected West Bank Communities, Draft, Internal Document, 14 February 2003. See also Sara Roy, "The 'wall' is not just a wall," The Daily Star, 2 June 2003, Beirut, Lebanon, where some of the material in this section first appeared. It is reprinted with permission. See further, B'Tselem-The Israeli Information Center for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories, Behind the Barrier: Human Rights Violations as a Result of Israel's Separation Barrier, Position Paper, Jerusalem, April 2003; Foundation for Middle East Peace, "Sharon Government's Separation Plan Defines Palestine's Provisional Borders," Report on Israeli Settlement (July-August 2003); The American Near East Refugee Aid (ANERA), The Separation Wall in Jayyous Village, Report Submitted to the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Jerusalem, 20 November 2002; Greg Myre, "Palestinian Village Finds Itself Walled In, Not Out,"New York Times, 12 July 2003; Meron Rappaport, "On Israel's separation fence," Yediot Ahronoth, 31 May 2003; and Elia Leibowitz, "Maginot Mentality in Israel," Ha'aretz, 11 July 2003.
32. The data in this section come from an internal analysis by the World Bank, titled The Impact of the "Wall" on Affected West Bank Communities, Draft, Internal Document, 14 February 2003. See also Sara Roy, "The 'wall' is not just a wall," The Daily Star, 2 June 2003, Beirut, Lebanon, where some of the material in this section first appeared. It is reprinted with permission. See further, B'Tselem-The Israeli Information Center for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories, Behind the Barrier: Human Rights Violations as a Result of Israel's Separation Barrier, Position Paper, Jerusalem, April 2003; Foundation for Middle East Peace, "Sharon Government's Separation Plan Defines Palestine's Provisional Borders," Report on Israeli Settlement (July-August 2003); The American Near East Refugee Aid (ANERA), The Separation Wall in Jayyous Village, Report Submitted to the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Jerusalem, 20 November 2002; Greg Myre, "Palestinian Village Finds Itself Walled In, Not Out,"New York Times, 12 July 2003; Meron Rappaport, "On Israel's separation fence," Yediot Ahronoth, 31 May 2003; and Elia Leibowitz, "Maginot Mentality in Israel," Ha'aretz, 11 July 2003.
33. The data in this section come from an internal analysis by the World Bank, titled The Impact of the "Wall" on Affected West Bank Communities, Draft, Internal Document, 14 February 2003. See also Sara Roy, "The 'wall' is not just a wall," The Daily Star, 2 June 2003, Beirut, Lebanon, where some of the material in this section first appeared. It is reprinted with permission. See further, B'Tselem-The Israeli Information Center for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories, Behind the Barrier: Human Rights Violations as a Result of Israel's Separation Barrier, Position Paper, Jerusalem, April 2003; Foundation for Middle East Peace, "Sharon Government's Separation Plan Defines Palestine's Provisional Borders," Report on Israeli Settlement (July-August 2003); The American Near East Refugee Aid (ANERA), The Separation Wall in Jayyous Village, Report Submitted to the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Jerusalem, 20 November 2002; Greg Myre, "Palestinian Village Finds Itself Walled In, Not Out,"New York Times, 12 July 2003; Meron Rappaport, "On Israel's separation fence," Yediot Ahronoth, 31 May 2003; and Elia Leibowitz, "Maginot Mentality in Israel," Ha'aretz, 11 July 2003.
34. The data in this section come from an internal analysis by the World Bank, titled The Impact of the "Wall" on Affected West Bank Communities, Draft, Internal Document, 14 February 2003. See also Sara Roy, "The 'wall' is not just a wall," The Daily Star, 2 June 2003, Beirut, Lebanon, where some of the material in this section first appeared. It is reprinted with permission. See further, B'Tselem-The Israeli Information Center for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories, Behind the Barrier: Human Rights Violations as a Result of Israel's Separation Barrier, Position Paper, Jerusalem, April 2003; Foundation for Middle East Peace, "Sharon Government's Separation Plan Defines Palestine's Provisional Borders," Report on Israeli Settlement (July-August 2003); The American Near East Refugee Aid (ANERA), The Separation Wall in Jayyous Village, Report Submitted to the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Jerusalem, 20 November 2002; Greg Myre, "Palestinian Village Finds Itself Walled In, Not Out,"New York Times, 12 July 2003; Meron Rappaport, "On Israel's separation fence," Yediot Ahronoth, 31 May 2003; and Elia Leibowitz, "Maginot Mentality in Israel," Ha'aretz, 11 July 2003.
35. The data in this section come from an internal analysis by the World Bank, titled The Impact of the "Wall" on Affected West Bank Communities, Draft, Internal Document, 14 February 2003. See also Sara Roy, "The 'wall' is not just a wall," The Daily Star, 2 June 2003, Beirut, Lebanon, where some of the material in this section first appeared. It is reprinted with permission. See further, B'Tselem-The Israeli Information Center for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories, Behind the Barrier: Human Rights Violations as a Result of Israel's Separation Barrier, Position Paper, Jerusalem, April 2003; Foundation for Middle East Peace, "Sharon Government's Separation Plan Defines Palestine's Provisional Borders," Report on Israeli Settlement (July-August 2003); The American Near East Refugee Aid (ANERA), The Separation Wall in Jayyous Village, Report Submitted to the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Jerusalem, 20 November 2002; Greg Myre, "Palestinian Village Finds Itself Walled In, Not Out,"New York Times, 12 July 2003; Meron Rappaport, "On Israel's separation fence," Yediot Ahronoth, 31 May 2003; and Elia Leibowitz, "Maginot Mentality in Israel," Ha'aretz, 11 July 2003.
36. The data in this section come from an internal analysis by the World Bank, titled The Impact of the "Wall" on Affected West Bank Communities, Draft, Internal Document, 14 February 2003. See also Sara Roy, "The 'wall' is not just a wall," The Daily Star, 2 June 2003, Beirut, Lebanon, where some of the material in this section first appeared. It is reprinted with permission. See further, B'Tselem-The Israeli Information Center for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories, Behind the Barrier: Human Rights Violations as a Result of Israel's Separation Barrier, Position Paper, Jerusalem, April 2003; Foundation for Middle East Peace, "Sharon Government's Separation Plan Defines Palestine's Provisional Borders," Report on Israeli Settlement (July-August 2003); The American Near East Refugee Aid (ANERA), The Separation Wall in Jayyous Village, Report Submitted to the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Jerusalem, 20 November 2002; Greg Myre, "Palestinian Village Finds Itself Walled In, Not Out,"New York Times, 12 July 2003; Meron Rappaport, "On Israel's separation fence," Yediot Ahronoth, 31 May 2003; and Elia Leibowitz, "Maginot Mentality in Israel," Ha'aretz, 11 July 2003.
37. The data in this section come from an internal analysis by the World Bank, titled The Impact of the "Wall" on Affected West Bank Communities, Draft, Internal Document, 14 February 2003. See also Sara Roy, "The 'wall' is not just a wall," The Daily Star, 2 June 2003, Beirut, Lebanon, where some of the material in this section first appeared. It is reprinted with permission. See further, B'Tselem-The Israeli Information Center for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories, Behind the Barrier: Human Rights Violations as a Result of Israel's Separation Barrier, Position Paper, Jerusalem, April 2003; Foundation for Middle East Peace, "Sharon Government's Separation Plan Defines Palestine's Provisional Borders," Report on Israeli Settlement (July-August 2003); The American Near East Refugee Aid (ANERA), The Separation Wall in Jayyous Village, Report Submitted to the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Jerusalem, 20 November 2002; Greg Myre, "Palestinian Village Finds Itself Walled In, Not Out,"New York Times, 12 July 2003; Meron Rappaport, "On Israel's separation fence," Yediot Ahronoth, 31 May 2003; and Elia Leibowitz, "Maginot Mentality in Israel," Ha'aretz, 11 July 2003.
38. The data in this section come from an internal analysis by the World Bank, titled The Impact of the "Wall" on Affected West Bank Communities, Draft, Internal Document, 14 February 2003. See also Sara Roy, "The 'wall' is not just a wall," The Daily Star, 2 June 2003, Beirut, Lebanon, where some of the material in this section first appeared. It is reprinted with permission. See further, B'Tselem-The Israeli Information Center for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories, Behind the Barrier: Human Rights Violations as a Result of Israel's Separation Barrier, Position Paper, Jerusalem, April 2003; Foundation for Middle East Peace, "Sharon Government's Separation Plan Defines Palestine's Provisional Borders," Report on Israeli Settlement (July-August 2003); The American Near East Refugee Aid (ANERA), The Separation Wall in Jayyous Village, Report Submitted to the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Jerusalem, 20 November 2002; Greg Myre, "Palestinian Village Finds Itself Walled In, Not Out,"New York Times, 12 July 2003; Meron Rappaport, "On Israel's separation fence," Yediot Ahronoth, 31 May 2003; and Elia Leibowitz, "Maginot Mentality in Israel," Ha'aretz, 11 July 2003.
39. Amira Hass, "Primordial illogic and primitive cruelty," Ha'aretz, 23 July 2003.
40. Avi Primor, "Sharon's South African Strategy," Ha'aretz, 18 September 2002; and Henry Sigman, "Sharon's Real Purpose is to Create Foreigners," International Herald-Tribune, 25 September 2002.
41. Avi Primor, "Sharon's South African Strategy," Ha'aretz, 18 September 2002; and Henry Sigman, "Sharon's Real Purpose is to Create Foreigners," International Herald-Tribune, 25 September 2002.
42. I b i d.
43. The World Bank, The Impact of Recent Israeli Incursions, Closures, and Curfews on the Economy of the West Bank and Gaza Strip, Background/Discussion Paper, Executive Summary, 28 September 2002, p.1.
44. The World Bank (May 2003), p. xii.
45. The World Bank (28 September 2002), p. 2.
46. U.N. Special Coordinator's Office (UNSCO), The Impact on the Palestinian Economy of Confrontation, Border Closures and Mobility Restrictions, 1 October 2000-30 September 2001, Gaza, October 2001, p. 7.
47. The World Bank, (May 2003), p. 17. See also United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), Report on UNCTAD's Assistance to the Palestinian People, Geneva, 7-18 October 2002.
48. The World Bank, (May 2003), p. 17. See also United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), Report on UNCTAD's Assistance to the Palestinian People, Geneva, 7-18 October 2002.
49. Ibid, The World Bank, p. xi.
50. I b i d.
51. The World Bank (28 September 2002), full document, p. 19; idem (May 2003), p. 36; and Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, Impact of the Israeli Measures on the Economic Conditions of the Palestinian Households, Fourth Round, January-February 2002.
52. The World Bank (28 September 2002), full document, p. 19; idem (May 2003), p. 36; and Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, Impact of the Israeli Measures on the Economic Conditions of the Palestinian Households, Fourth Round, January-February 2002.
53. The World Bank (28 September 2002), full document, p. 19; idem (May 2003), p. 36; and Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, Impact of the Israeli Measures on the Economic Conditions of the Palestinian Households, Fourth Round, January-February 2002.
54. Ibid, Executive Summary, p. 2.
55. UNSCO, The Impact on the Palestinian Economy of Confrontations, Mobility Restrictions and Border Closures, 1 October 2000-31 January 2001, Summary, Gaza, February 2001. The World Bank (18 March 2002), p. 11, states that the poor increased from 600,000 at the intifada's start to between 1.2 to 1.5 million by December 2001.
56. UNSCO, The Impact on the Palestinian Economy of Confrontations, Mobility Restrictions and Border Closures, 1 October 2000-31 January 2001, Summary, Gaza, February 2001. The World Bank (18 March 2002), p. 11, states that the poor increased from 600,000 at the intifada's start to between 1.2 to 1.5 million by December 2001.
57. Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS), Impact of the Israeli Measures on the Economic Conditions of Palestinian Households, Press Conference on the Survey Results, Ramallah, West Bank, April 2001; and idem, Impact of the Israeli Measures on the Economic Conditions of Palestinian Households (2nd Round: May-June 2001, 2001), Press Conference on the Survey Results, Ramallah, West Bank, July 2001.
58. Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS), Impact of the Israeli Measures on the Economic Conditions of Palestinian Households, Press Conference on the Survey Results, Ramallah, West Bank, April 2001; and idem, Impact of the Israeli Measures on the Economic Conditions of Palestinian Households (2nd Round: May-June 2001, 2001), Press Conference on the Survey Results, Ramallah, West Bank, July 2001.
59. Nick Kraft and Nigel Roberts, "Economic Crisis in WB/G," Brief, World Bank, 19 August 2001; idem (15 November 2001), p. 37; and idem (28 September 2002), full document, p. 18.
60. Nick Kraft and Nigel Roberts, "Economic Crisis in WB/G," Brief, World Bank, 19 August 2001; idem (15 November 2001), p. 37; and idem (28 September 2002), full document, p. 18.
61. Nick Kraft and Nigel Roberts, "Economic Crisis in WB/G," Brief, World Bank, 19 August 2001; idem (15 November 2001), p. 37; and idem (28 September 2002), full document, p. 18.
62. The World Bank (September 28, 2002), full document, p. 18; and USAID, Economic Situation Summary, October 3, 2002. These figures are based on household income data rather than consumption data, which are more accurate but more difficult to calculate.
63. The World Bank (September 28, 2002), full document, p. 18; and USAID, Economic Situation Summary, October 3, 2002. These figures are based on household income data rather than consumption data, which are more accurate but more difficult to calculate.
64. The World Bank (May 2003), p. 37; and Dominic Nut, "Unnatural disaster," Christian Aid, 24 March 2003.
65. The World Bank (May 2003), p. 37; and Dominic Nut, "Unnatural disaster," Christian Aid, 24 March 2003.
66. The World Bank, "60 percent poverty level in Palestinian territories," Report, 5 March 2003. Website: electronicIntifada.net. See, World Bank, Two Years of Intifada, Closures and Palestinian Economic Crisis: An Assessment, 5 March 2003.
67. The World Bank, "60 percent poverty level in Palestinian territories," Report, 5 March 2003. Website: electronicIntifada.net. See, World Bank, Two Years of Intifada, Closures and Palestinian Economic Crisis: An Assessment, 5 March 2003.
68. The World Bank (May 2003), p. xiv.
69. Ibid, p. 36.
70. Ibid, p. 32.
71. Ibid. Original source: Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation, Report No. 5 on International and Local Assistance during the Second Intifada, December 2002.
72. Ibid. Original source: Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation, Report No. 5 on International and Local Assistance during the Second Intifada, December 2002.
73. Ibid, pp. xiv-xv.
74. The World Bank (28 September 2002), pp. 1-2.
75. UNRWA, Report of Emergency Activities: Progress Report 20, January-March 2003, 6 May 2003.
76. For example, see Samia Haliheh, The effects of Israel's Operation Defensive Shield on Palestinian Children living in the West Bank, Institute of Community and Public Health, Bir Zeit University, 29 June 2002. Website: electronicIntifada.net.
77. The World Bank, The Impact of the "Wall" on Affected West Bank Communities, Internal Document, 14 February 2003.
78. Geoffrey Aronson, Report on Israeli Settlements in the Occupied Territories, Volume 13, number 5, p. 1.
79. Joel Greenberg, "Jewish Settlers' Zeal Forces Palestinians to Flee Their Town," New York Times, 21 October 2002. Similar evictions have occurred in Yatta, a village in the southeastern part of Hebron.
80. Interview, West Bank, November 2002.
81. The World Bank (May 2003), p. xiii.
82. Lucy Mair, Humanitarian Crisis or Political Crisis? Palestine Now, Grassroots International, 24 September 2002; Website: electronicIntifada.net.
83. See Gideon Levy, "The generation that doesn't know Joseph," Ha'aretz, 10 August 2003.
84. See, for example, James Bennet, "Palestinians in Nablus Fed Up With Crime Posing as Jihad," New York Times, 19 July 2003.
85. For a detailed discussion of emerging tribalism see Sara Roy, "The Crisis Within: The Struggle for Palestinian Society," Critique: Journal for Critical Studies of the Middle East (Fall 2000): 5-30, notably pp. 12-16.
86. The World Bank (May 2003), pp. xiv and 36.
87. PCBS (July 2001); The World Bank (15 November 2001), p. 39, fn. 39.
88. The Johns Hopkins University, Al-Quds University, CARE International, ANERA and the Maram Project, Health Sector Bi-Weekly Report, No. 3, 16 September 2002, p. 6.
89. Johns Hopkins University/Al-Quds University, Nutritional Assessment of the West Bank and Gaza Strip, September 2002 (financed by USAID through CARE International).
90. CARE International, "Survey finds high rates of malnutrition and anemia in the West Bank and Gaza Strip," Report, 5 August 2002. Website: electronicIntifada.net; and UN-RWA (6 May 2003).
91. CARE International, "Survey finds high rates of malnutrition and anemia in the West Bank and Gaza Strip," Report, 5 August 2002. Website: electronicIntifada.net; and UN-RWA (6 May 2003).
92. World Food Programme (WFP) et al., Joint Rapid Food Needs Assessment, Draft, May 2002, Executive Summary; "Gaza: Sowing Seeds of Destruction," The Economist, 20 January 2001; Justin Huggler, "One-fifth of Palestinian Children are Chronically Hungry," The Independent, 27 July 2002; and The World Bank (May 2003), p. 50 and p. 89.
93. World Food Programme (WFP) et al., Joint Rapid Food Needs Assessment, Draft, May 2002, Executive Summary; "Gaza: Sowing Seeds of Destruction," The Economist, 20 January 2001; Justin Huggler, "One-fifth of Palestinian Children are Chronically Hungry," The Independent, 27 July 2002; and The World Bank (May 2003), p. 50 and p. 89.
94. World Food Programme (WFP) et al., Joint Rapid Food Needs Assessment, Draft, May 2002, Executive Summary; "Gaza: Sowing Seeds of Destruction," The Economist, 20 January 2001; Justin Huggler, "One-fifth of Palestinian Children are Chronically Hungry," The Independent, 27 July 2002; and The World Bank (May 2003), p. 50 and p. 89.
95. World Food Programme (WFP) et al., Joint Rapid Food Needs Assessment, Draft, May 2002, Executive Summary; "Gaza: Sowing Seeds of Destruction," The Economist, 20 January 2001; Justin Huggler, "One-fifth of Palestinian Children are Chronically Hungry," The Independent, 27 July 2002; and The World Bank (May 2003), p. 50 and p. 89.
96. "UN expert says 56% of the Palestinian people eat one meal per day," Report, KUNA, 18 July 2003. Website: electronicIntifada.net.
97. The World Bank (May 2003), p. 36.
98. CARE, Preliminary Findings of the Nutritional Assessment and Sentinel Surveillance System for West Bank and Gaza, Executive Summary, July 2002; and Informal Group on Humanitarian Policy, Humanitarian Situation in the Occupied Palestinian Territory - Status Report - for The Quartet, August 2002. p. 6.
99. CARE, Preliminary Findings of the Nutritional Assessment and Sentinel Surveillance System for West Bank and Gaza, Executive Summary, July 2002; and Informal Group on Humanitarian Policy, Humanitarian Situation in the Occupied Palestinian Territory - Status Report - for The Quartet, August 2002. p. 6.
100. The World Bank (May 2003), p. 37, fn. 74.
101. CARE, Preliminary Findings, July 2002; Humanitarian Situation in the Occupied Palestinian Territory-Status Report, p. 6; and USAID, Economic Situation Summary, 3 October 2002.
102. CARE, Preliminary Findings, July 2002; Humanitarian Situation in the Occupied Palestinian Territory - Status Report, p. 6; and USAID, Economic Situation Summary, 3 October 2002.
103. CARE, Preliminary Findings, July 2002; Humanitarian Situation in the Occupied Palestinian Territory - Status Report, p. 6; and USAID, Economic Situation Summary, 3 October 2002.
104. CARE, "Gaza Strip faces a distinct humanitarian emergency," Report, 3 January 2003; and World Health Organization (WHO), "Health situation of Palestinian people living in the occupied Palestinian Territory," WHO Statement, 27 September 2003.
105. CARE, "Gaza Strip faces a distinct humanitarian emergency," Report, 3 January 2003; and World Health Organization (WHO), "Health situation of Palestinian people living in the occupied Palestinian Territory," WHO Statement, 27 September 2003.
106. The World Bank (May 2003), p. 36.
107. CARE (3 January 2003).
108. USAID, Preliminary Data From UNRWA Study on Anemia Prevalence Amongst Pregnant Women [& on Impact of Closures on Prenatal Care], Internal Document Summarizing the Main Findings of the Preliminary Version of the UNRWA study, March 2002.
109. WHO (27 September 2003).
110. USAID, Preliminary Data From UNRWA Study, March 2002.
111. USAID, Assessment of the Humanitarian Situation in Palestine: Key Findings, July 2002.
112. WHO (September 27, 2003).
113. USAID, Preliminary Data From UNRWA Study, March 2002. Deteriorating environmental conditions exacerbate many of the problems described (but are beyond the scope of this article to discuss). See, for example, Ali Sha'ar, Patrick Kelly, and Eckhard Kleinau, USAID Village Water and Sanitation Program: West Bank of Palestine, Environmental Health Assessment-Phase II, Joint Publication of USAID and Save the Children Federation, 23 February 2003; and Health Inforum, Newsletter, Vol. 2, No. 24, 1 April 2003.
114. USAID, Preliminary Data From UNRWA Study, March 2002. Deteriorating environmental conditions exacerbate many of the problems described (but are beyond the scope of this article to discuss). See, for example, Ali Sha'ar, Patrick Kelly, and Eckhard Kleinau, USAID Village Water and Sanitation Program: West Bank of Palestine, Environmental Health Assessment-Phase II, Joint Publication of USAID and Save the Children Federation, 23 February 2003; and Health Inforum, Newsletter, Vol. 2, No. 24, 1 April 2003.
115. USAID, Preliminary Data From UNRWA Study, March 2002. Deteriorating environmental conditions exacerbate many of the problems described (but are beyond the scope of this article to discuss). See, for example, Ali Sha'ar, Patrick Kelly, and Eckhard Kleinau, USAID Village Water and Sanitation Program: West Bank of Palestine, Environmental Health Assessment-Phase II, Joint Publication of USAID and Save the Children Federation, 23 February 2003; and Health Inforum, Newsletter, Vol. 2, No. 24, 1 April 2003.
116. CARE (3 January 2003).
117. CARE International (5 August 2002).
118. Peter Hansen, "Hungry in Gaza," The Guardian, 5 March 2003. See also UN Special Coordinator's Office (UNSCO) "The Patient is Dying, UN Middle East Envoy says," Press Release, 12 November 2002.
119. Peter Hansen, "Hungry in Gaza," The Guardian, 5 March 2003. See also UN Special Coordinator's Office (UNSCO) "The Patient is Dying, UN Middle East Envoy says," Press Release, 12 November 2002.
120. "Village Water: Draft Summary of follow-up environmental health survey," Internal Memo, USAID, Tel Aviv, March 2003.
121. Humanitarian Task Force for Emergency Needs, Minutes of Meeting, 18 October 2001.
122. The World Bank (15 November 2001), p. 44.
123. Abdel Aziz Mousa Thabet, Yehia Abed, Panos Vostanis, "Emotional Problems in Palestinian Children Living in a War Zone: A Cross Sectional Study," The Lancet, Vol. 359, 25 May 2002, p. 1803.
124. Ibid, pp. 1802-03. See also Joop T.V.M. de Jong, et al., "Lifetime Events and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in 4 Postconflict Settings," Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), Vol. 286, No. 5, 1 August 2001, pp. 555-562; AAM Thabet and P. Vostanis, "Social Adversities and Anxiety Disorders in the Gaza Strip," Archives of Diseases of Childhood, Vol. 78, 1998, pp. 439-442; and Abdel Aziz Thabet and Panos Vostanis, "Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Reactions in Children of War: A Longitudinal Study," Child Abuse and Neglect, Vol. 24, No. 2, 2000, pp. 291-298.
125. Ibid, pp. 1802-03. See also Joop T.V.M. de Jong, et al., "Lifetime Events and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in 4 Postconflict Settings," Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), Vol. 286, No. 5, 1 August 2001, pp. 555-562; AAM Thabet and P. Vostanis, "Social Adversities and Anxiety Disorders in the Gaza Strip," Archives of Diseases of Childhood, Vol. 78, 1998, pp. 439-442; and Abdel Aziz Thabet and Panos Vostanis, "Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Reactions in Children of War: A Longitudinal Study," Child Abuse and Neglect, Vol. 24, No. 2, 2000, pp. 291-298.
126. Ibid, pp. 1802-03. See also Joop T.V.M. de Jong, et al., "Lifetime Events and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in 4 Postconflict Settings," Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), Vol. 286, No. 5, 1 August 2001, pp. 555-562; AAM Thabet and P. Vostanis, "Social Adversities and Anxiety Disorders in the Gaza Strip," Archives of Diseases of Childhood, Vol. 78, 1998, pp. 439-442; and Abdel Aziz Thabet and Panos Vostanis, "Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Reactions in Children of War: A Longitudinal Study," Child Abuse and Neglect, Vol. 24, No. 2, 2000, pp. 291-298.
127. Ibid, pp. 1802-03. See also Joop T.V.M. de Jong, et al., "Lifetime Events and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in 4 Postconflict Settings," Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), Vol. 286, No. 5, 1 August 2001, pp. 555-562; AAM Thabet and P. Vostanis, "Social Adversities and Anxiety Disorders in the Gaza Strip," Archives of Diseases of Childhood, Vol. 78, 1998, pp. 439-442; and Abdel Aziz Thabet and Panos Vostanis, "Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Reactions in Children of War: A Longitudinal Study," Child Abuse and Neglect, Vol. 24, No. 2, 2000, pp. 291-298.
128. International Herald-Tribune (23 June 2003).
129. Based on a series of interviews conducted with a wide range of people in the West Bank and Gaza, November 2002.
130. The World Bank (May 2003), pp. 43-44.
131. The World Bank (15 November 2001), p. 48.
132. UNRWA, "Israeli military forcefully occupies UNRWA school," Press Release, 3 April 2003; and Middle East Council of Churches (MECC), "Israeli Soldiers Invade University," Humanitarian Update To 20th March, Update Report, Humanitarian Situation in the Palestinian Territories, 21 March 2003. Middle East Council of Churches (MECC), "Israeli Soldiers Invade University," Humanitarian Update To 20th March, Update Report, Humanitarian Situation in the Palestinian Territories, 21 March 2003.
133. UNRWA, "Israeli military forcefully occupies UNRWA school," Press Release, 3 April 2003; and Middle East Council of Churches (MECC), "Israeli Soldiers Invade University," Humanitarian Update To 20th March, Update Report, Humanitarian Situation in the Palestinian Territories, 21 March 2003. Middle East Council of Churches (MECC), "Israeli Soldiers Invade University," Humanitarian Update To 20th March, Update Report, Humanitarian Situation in the Palestinian Territories, 21 March 2003.
134. UNICEF, "Thousands of Palestinian Children Denied Access to Schools," Press Release, 2 October 2002.
135. The World Bank (May 2003), p. 44.
136. UNRWA, "Donors request report on humanitarian aid funds diverted to Israeli security procedures," Press Release, 25 September 2002.
137. UNICEF Press Release (2 October 2002).
138. MECC (21 March 2003).
139. The World Bank (May 2003), p. 44.
140. Ibid, p. 45. For a detailed discussion of the problems confronting Palestinian education and some strategies developed for addressing them see, for example, Toine van Teeffelen, "A popular movement in Palestine: The case for education," The Electronic Intifada, 2 October 2002; Rita Giacaman, Anita Abdullah, Rula Abu Safieh, and Luna Shamieh, Schooling at Gunpoint: Palestinian Children's Learning Environment in War Like Conditions, Parts I and II, The Ramallah/al-Bireh/Beitunia Urban Center, 6 December 2002; and Samia Halileh and Rita Giacaman, Distance Learning: An educational survival strategy in war-like conditions at the Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University, Parts I and II, Institute of Community and Public Health, Bir Zeit University, 1 October 2002. Website: electronicIntifada.net.
141. Ibid, p. 45. For a detailed discussion of the problems confronting Palestinian education and some strategies developed for addressing them see, for example, Toine van Teeffelen, "A popular movement in Palestine: The case for education," The Electronic Intifada, 2 October 2002; Rita Giacaman, Anita Abdullah, Rula Abu Safieh, and Luna Shamieh, Schooling at Gunpoint: Palestinian Children's Learning Environment in War Like Conditions, Parts I and II, The Ramallah/al-Bireh/Beitunia Urban Center, 6 December 2002; and Samia Halileh and Rita Giacaman, Distance Learning: An educational survival strategy in war-like conditions at the Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University, Parts I and II, Institute of Community and Public Health, Bir Zeit University, 1 October 2002. Website: electronicIntifada.net.
142. Ibid, p. 45. For a detailed discussion of the problems confronting Palestinian education and some strategies developed for addressing them see, for example, Toine van Teeffelen, "A popular movement in Palestine: The case for education," The Electronic Intifada, 2 October 2002; Rita Giacaman, Anita Abdullah, Rula Abu Safieh, and Luna Shamieh, Schooling at Gunpoint: Palestinian Children's Learning Environment in War Like Conditions, Parts I and II, The Ramallah/al-Bireh/Beitunia Urban Center, 6 December 2002; and Samia Halileh and Rita Giacaman, Distance Learning: An educational survival strategy in war-like conditions at the Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University, Parts I and II, Institute of Community and Public Health, Bir Zeit University, 1 October 2002. Website: electronicIntifada.net.
143. Ibid, p. 45. For a detailed discussion of the problems confronting Palestinian education and some strategies developed for addressing them see, for example, Toine van Teeffelen, "A popular movement in Palestine: The case for education," The Electronic Intifada, 2 October 2002; Rita Giacaman, Anita Abdullah, Rula Abu Safieh, and Luna Shamieh, Schooling at Gunpoint: Palestinian Children's Learning Environment in War Like Conditions, Parts I and II, The Ramallah/al-Bireh/Beitunia Urban Center, 6 December 2002; and Samia Halileh and Rita Giacaman, Distance Learning: An educational survival strategy in war-like conditions at the Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University, Parts I and II, Institute of Community and Public Health, Bir Zeit University, 1 October 2002. Website: electronicIntifada.net.
144. This section first appeared in Sara Roy, "Hamas and the Transformation(s) of Political Islam in Palestine," Current History (January 2003), pp. 13-20 and pp. 17-18 in particular. Reprinted here with permission.
145. Khalil Shikaki, Draft, The Center for Policy and Survey Research, Ramallah, 2001.
146. Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey Research, Press Release, 25 December 2001.
147. See Arnon Regular and David Ratner, "Destitute Palestinians Building the Apartheid Wall," Ha'aretz, 1 July 2003; and UNRWA, "18 UN agencies and NGOs protest Gaza closure," Report, 19 May 2003. Website: electronicIntifada.net.
148. See Arnon Regular and David Ratner, "Destitute Palestinians Building the Apartheid Wall," Ha'aretz, 1 July 2003; and UNRWA, "18 UN agencies and NGOs protest Gaza closure," Report, 19 May 2003. Website: electronicIntifada.net.
149. Interview, Ramallah, West Bank, November 2002.
150. Press International News Agency (PINA), Palestinian Economy Facing De-Development: UN Report, 23 January 2003. Website: Arabia.com.
151. Bank of Israel, "The Economy: Developments and Policies: Summary," Research Department, Annual Report, 2002.
152. I b i d.
153. The World Bank (May 2003), p. 10.
154. Ibid, pp. 10-11.
155. Tal Muscal, "GDP falls 1% in 2002, worst drop since 1953," Jerusalem Post, 1 January 2003.
156. Bank of Israel (2002).
157. Bank of Israel, "Output and the Principal Industries: Summary," Research Department, Annual Report, 2002.
158. The World Bank (May 2003), p. 11.
159. Bank of Israel, "Recent Economic Developments," Research Department, Annual Report, 2002.
160. Bank of Israel, "Output and the Principal Industries." (2002).
161. Lily Galili, "An Israeli View: A society in the dark," Socioeconomic consequences of the conflict, www.bitterlemons.org, 27 January 2003, Edition 4.
162. Interview, President of an US NGO working in the area, February 2003.
163. Galili (27 January 2003). See also, Avraham Burg, A Failed Israeli Society Collapses While Its Leaders Remain Silent, 29 August 2003, www.shalomctr.org; Peter Enav, "Long trek highlights a struggle in Israel," Associated Press, 15 July 2003; and Ian Urbina, "Up in Arms," Village Voice, November 2002. Website: www.merip.org/ newspaper_opeds.
164. Galili (27 January 2003). See also, Avraham Burg, A Failed Israeli Society Collapses While Its Leaders Remain Silent, 29 August 2003, www.shalomctr.org; Peter Enav, "Long trek highlights a struggle in Israel," Associated Press, 15 July 2003; and Ian Urbina, "Up in Arms," Village Voice, November 2002. Website: www.merip.org/ newspaper_opeds.
165. Galili (27 January 2003). See also, Avraham Burg, A Failed Israeli Society Collapses While Its Leaders Remain Silent, 29 August 2003, www.shalomctr.org; Peter Enav, "Long trek highlights a struggle in Israel," Associated Press, 15 July 2003; and Ian Urbina, "Up in Arms," Village Voice, November 2002. Website: www.merip.org/ newspaper_opeds.
166. Galili (27 January 2003). See also, Avraham Burg, A Failed Israeli Society Collapses While Its Leaders Remain Silent, 29 August 2003, www.shalomctr.org; Peter Enav, "Long trek highlights a struggle in Israel," Associated Press, 15 July 2003; and Ian Urbina, "Up in Arms," Village Voice, November 2002. Website: www.merip.org/ newspaper_opeds.
167. I want to thank Professor Augustus Richard Norton of Boston University for his assistance in conceptualizing these categories.
168. This process has already begun in the Ministry of Finance. See James Bennet, "Palestinian Assets 'a Mess,' Official Says," New York Times, 1 March 2003.
169. See United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), Report On UNCTAD'S Assistance to the Palestinian People, TD/B/49/9, Geneva, Switzerland, 26 July 2002.