Novel physical treatments for major depression: Vagus nerve stimulation, transcranial magnetic stimulation and magnetic seizure therapy

Current Opinion in Psychiatry

Volumn 17, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 15-20

  Schlaepfer, Thomas ^a,b,c,d   Kosel, Markus ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BONN   (Germany)

^b JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF BERN   (Switzerland)

^d Klin Poliklin F Unfallchirurgie   (Germany)

Author keywords

Depression; Magnetic seizure therapy; Transcranial magnetic stimulation; Vagus nerve stimulation

Indexed keywords

BRAIN PERFUSION; BRAIN REGION; CLINICAL RESEARCH; ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY; HUMAN; IATROGENIC DISEASE; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; MAJOR DEPRESSION; NONHUMAN; PREDICTION; REVIEW; RISK; SAFETY; SEIZURE; TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VAGUS NERVE STIMULATION;

EID: 4143102678     PISSN: 09517367     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00001504-200401000-00004     Document Type: Review

References (52)

1. ECT Task Force of the American Psychiatric Association. The practice of electroconvulsive therapy. 2nd ed. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Press; 2001.
2. George MS, Wassermann EM, Williams WA, et al. Daily repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) improves mood in depression. Neuroreport 1995; 6:1853-1856.
3. Sackeim HA, Rush AJ, George MS, et al. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) for treatment-resistant depression: efficacy, side effects, and predictors of outcome. Neuropsychopharmacology 2001; 25:713-728.
4. Rush AJ, George MS, Sackeim HA, et al. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) for treatment-resistant depression: a multicenter study. Biol Psychiatry 2000; 47:276-286.
5. Marangell LB, Rush AJ, George MS, et al. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) for major depressive episodes: one year outcomes. Biol Psychiatry 2002; 51:280-287.
6. Schlaepfer TE, Wagner M, Kosel M, Frick C. Vagus nerve stimulation for major depression: results from the European Multicenter Trial DO3; San Juan, Puerto Rico; 7-11 December 2003.
7. George MS, Nahas Z, Bohning D, et al. Vagus nerve stimulation therapy: a research update. Neurology 2002; 59 (6 Suppl 4):S56-S61. Excellent review addressing research issues and possible future developments of VNS as a treatment of psychiatric disorders.
8. Lisanby SH, Morales O, Payne N, et al. New developments in electroconvulsive therapy and magnetic seizure therapy. CNS Spectr 2003; 8:529-536. Overview of recent developments in the application and the understanding of ECT and MST.
9. Lisanby SH, Schlaepfer TE, Fisch HU, Sackeim HA. Magnetic seizure therapy of major depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001; 58:303-304.
10. Lisanby SH, Luber B, Schlaepfer TE, Sackeim HA. Safety and feasibility of magnetic seizure therapy (MST) in major depression: randomized within-subject comparison with electroconvulsive therapy. Neuropsychopharmacology 2003; 28:1852-1865. First study comparing directly comparing the cognitive side effects between ECT and MST. Very informative concerning the methodology of MST.
11. Kosel M, Frick C, Lisanby SH, et al. Magnetic seizure therapy (MST) improves mood in refractory major depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 2003; 28:2045-2048.
12. Greenberg BD, Rezai AR. Mechanisms and the current state of deep brain stimulation in neuropsychiatry. CNS Spectr 2003; 8:522-526. Clear and didactic overview of the methodology of DBS and its potential applications in psychiatry.
13. Gabriels L, Cosyns P, Nuttin B, et al. Deep brain stimulation for treatment-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: psychopathological and neuropsychological outcome in three cases. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2003; 107: 275-282.
14. Nuttin B, Cosyns P, Demeulemeester H, et al. Electrical stimulation in the anterior limbs of internal capsules in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Lancet 1999; 354:1526.
15. Thobois S, Mertens P, Guenot M, et al. Subthalamic nucleus stimulation in Parkinson's disease: clinical evaluation of 18 patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2002; 249:529-534.
16. Martinez-Martin P, Valldeoriola F, Tolosa E, et al. Bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation and quality of life in advanced Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2002; 17:372-377.
17. Berney A, Vingerhoets F, Perrin A, et al. Effect on mood of subthalamic DBS for Parkinson'a disease: a consecutive series of 24 patients. Neurology 2002; 59:1427-1429.
18. Straits-Troster K, Fields JA, Wilkinson SB, et al. Health-related quality of life in Parkinson's disease after pallidotomy and deep brain stimulation. Brain Cogn 2000; 42:399-416.
19. Gershon AA, Dannon PN, Grunhaus L. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of depression. Am J Psychiatry 2003; 160:835-845. Concise in-depth presentation of TMS as a potential treatment of depression addressing the important conceptual and methodological issues.
20. Burt T, Lisanby SH, Sackeim HA. Neuropsychiatric applications of transcranial magnetic stimulation: a meta analysis. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2002; 5:73-103. Thorough review of the application of TMS in psychiatric disorders and methodological aspects. Landmark metaanalysis of the treatment efficacy of TMS in depression, as well as in open studies, controlled studies and compared with ECT.
21. Grunhaus L, Dannon PN, Schreiber S, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation is as effective as electroconvulsive therapy in the treatment of nondelusional depressive disorder: an open study. Biol Psychiatry 2000; 47:314-324.
22. Grunhaus L, Schreiber S, Dolberg OT, et al. A randomized controlled comparison of electroconvulsive therapy and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in severe and resistant nonpsychotic major depression. Biol Psychiatry 2003; 53:324-331.
23. Pridmore S, Bruno R, Turinier-Shea Y, et al. Comparison of unlimited numbers of rapid transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and ECT treatment sessions in major depressive episode. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2000; 3:129-134.
24. Sackeim HA, Prudic J, Devanand DP, et al. A prospective, randomized, double-blind comparison of bilateral and right unilateral electroconvulsive therapy at different stimulus intensities. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000; 57:425-434.
25. Martin JL, Barbanoj MJ, Schlaepfer TE, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of depression: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 2003; 182:480-491. Systematic metaanalysis of controlled studies addressing the efficacy of TMS as an antidepressant treatment.
26. Holtzheimer PE, Russo J, Avery DH. A meta-analysis of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of depression. Psychopharmacol Bull 2001; 35:149-169.
27. McNamara B, Ray JL, Arthurs OJ, Boniface S. Transcranial magnetic stimulation for depression and other psychiatric disorders. Psychol Med 2001; 31:1141-1146.
28. Janicak PG, Dowd SM, Martis B, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation versus electroconvulsive therapy for major depression: preliminary results of a randomized trial. Biol Psychiatry 2002; 51:659-667. Important efficacy study comparing the antidepressant effects of TMS and ECT.
29. Dannon PN, Dolberg OT, Schreiber S, Grunhaus L. Three and six-month outcome following courses of either ECT or rTMS in a population of severely depressed individuals: preliminary report. Biol Psychiatry 2002; 51:687-690. Study comparing the antidepressant effects of TMS and ECT. Most importantly, long-term outcome is also assessed.
30. Boutros NN, Gueorguieva R, Hoffman RE, et al. Lack of a therapeutic effect of a 2-week sub-threshoid transcranial magnetic stimulation course for treatment-resistant depression. Psychiatry Res 2002; 113:245-254.
31. Loo CK, Mitchell PB, Croker VM, et al. Double-blind controlled investigation of bilateral prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of resistant major depression. Psychol Med 2003; 33:33-40.
32. Moser DJ, Jorge RE, Manes F, et al. Improved executive functioning following repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neurology 2002; 58:1288-1290.
33. Herwig U, Lampe Y, Juengling FD, et al. Add-on rTMS for treatment of depression: a pilot study using stereotaxic coil-navigation according to PET data. J Psychiatr Res 2003; 37:267-275.
34. Nadeau SE, McCoy KJ, Crucian GP, et al. Cerebral blood flow changes in depressed patients after treatment with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: evidence of individual variability. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol 2002; 15:159-175. Interesting, however preliminary, neuroimaging study (low patient number) identifying potential neurophysiologic parameters characterizing responders to TMS.
35. Mottaghy FM, Keller CE, Gangitano M, et al. Correlation of cerebral blood flow and treatment effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in depressed patients. Psychiatry Research 2002; 115:1-14.
36. Kaptsan A, Yarostavsky Y, Applebaum J, et al. Right prefrontal TMS versus sham treatment of mania: a controlled study. Bipolar Disord 2003; 5:36-39. Innovative study, however negative, of TMS as an antimanic treatment.
37. Nahas Z, Kozel FA, Anderson B, George MS. Left prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) treatment of depression in bipolar affective disorder: a pilot study of acute safety and efficacy. Bipolar Disord 2003; 5:40-47.
38. Wassermann EM. Risk and safety of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: report and suggested guidelines from the International Workshop on the Safety of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, June 5-7, 1996. Electroencephalograph Clin Neurophysiol 1998; 108:1-16.
39. Belmaker B, Fitzgerald P, George MS, et al. Managing the risks of repetitive transcranial stimulation. International Society for Transcranial Stimulation Consensus Statement. CNS Spectr 2003; 8:489. Official publication by the International Society for Transcranial Stimulation indicating rules for administering TMS in treatment and research settings.
40. Martis B, Alam D, Dowd SM, et al. Neurocognitive effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in severe major depression. Clin Neurophysiol 2003; 114:1125-1132. A thorough assessment of the potential cognitive side effects of rTMS.
41. Lisanby SH, Luber B, Perera T, Sackeim HA. Transcranial magnetic stimulation: application in basic neuroscience and neuropsychopharmacology. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2000; 3:259-273.
42. Mosimann UP, Marre SC, Werlen S, et al. Antidepressant effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the elderly: correlation between effect size and coil-cortex distance. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2002; 59:560-561. Innovative study addressing a fundamental issue of TMS technology with a challenging main finding.
43. Dolberg OT, Dannon PN, Schreiber S, Grunhaus L. Magnetic motor threshold and response to TMS in major depressive disorder. Acta Psychiat Scand 2002; 106:220-223.
44. Padberg F, Zwanzger P, Keck ME, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in major depression: relation between efficacy and stimulation intensity. Neuropsychopharmacology 2002; 27:638-645. Crucial results linking the antidepressant effect of TMS and stimulation intensity. Further similar studies concerning other parameters of application of TMS are urgently needed.
45. •].
46. Bolwig TG. Putative common pathways in therapeutic brain stimulation for affective disorders. CNS Spectr 2003; 8:490-495. Challenging presentation and discussion of modes of action of brain stimulation techniques.
47. Hoffman RE, Cavus I. Slow transcranial magnetic stimulation, long-term depotentiation, and brain hyperexcitability disorders. Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159:1093-1102. Review addressing the mode of action of slow rTMS and discussing its potential as a treatment in hyperexcitability disorders.
48. Keck ME, Welt T, Muller MB, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation increases the release of dopamine in the mesolimbic and mesostriatal system. Neuropharmacology 2002; 43:101-109. Animal study investigating the effects of rTMS on neurotransmitter systems.
49. Zangen A, Hyodo K. Transcranial magnetic stimulation induces increases in extracellular levels of dopamine and glutamate in the nucleus accumbens. Neuroreport 2002; 13:2401-2405.
50. Michael N, Gosling M, Reutemann M, et al. Metabolic changes after repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the left prefrontal cortex: a sham-controlled proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) study of healthy brain. Eur J Neurosci 2003; 17:2462-2468.
51. Shajahan PM, Glabus MF, Steele JD, et al. Left dorso-lateral repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation affects cortical excitability and functional connectivity, but does not impair cognition in major depression. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2002; 26:945-954.
52. Zwanzger P, Baghai TC, Padberg F, et al. The combined dexamethasone-CRH test before and after repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in major depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2003; 28:376-385.