Media meta-capital: Extending the range of Bourdieu's field theory

Theory and Society

Volumn 32, Issue 5-6, 2003, Pages 653-677

  Couldry, Nick ^a  

^a LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS   (United Kingdom)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 4143052561     PISSN: 03042421     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/b:ryso.0000004915.37826.5d     Document Type: Review

References (128)

1. nd edition. (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1969 [1948]).
2. David Swartz, "In memoriam: Pierre Bourdieu 1930-2002," Theory and Society 31 (2002): 547-553, at 547.
3. Rodney Benson, "Field theory in comparative context: A new paradigm for media studies," Theory and Society, 28 (1999): 463-498.
4. Benson discusses inter alia the work of Patrick Champagne (Faire L'Opinion, Paris: Editions Minuit, 1990) and the articles by various authors including Champagne in Bourdieu's journal Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales (volume 101-102, 1994). See now volume 131-132 (2000) in the same journal.
5. Benson discusses inter alia the work of Patrick Champagne (Faire L'Opinion, Paris: Editions Minuit, 1990) and the articles by various authors including Champagne in Bourdieu's journal Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales (volume 101-102, 1994). See now volume 131-132 (2000) in the same journal.
6. Benson discusses inter alia the work of Patrick Champagne (Faire L'Opinion, Paris: Editions Minuit, 1990) and the articles by various authors including Champagne in Bourdieu's journal Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales (volume 101-102, 1994). See now volume 131-132 (2000) in the same journal.
7. David Swartz, Culture and Power: The Sociology of Pierre Bourdieu (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1997), 128-129.
8. Stuart Hall "Encoding/Decoding" in S. Hall et al., editors, Culture Media Language (London: Hutchinson, 1980); David Morley, The Nationwide Audience (London: BFI, 1980); cf. Douglas Kellner, Media Cultures (New York: Routledge, 1995).
9. Stuart Hall "Encoding/Decoding" in S. Hall et al., editors, Culture Media Language (London: Hutchinson, 1980); David Morley, The Nationwide Audience (London: BFI, 1980); cf. Douglas Kellner, Media Cultures (New York: Routledge, 1995).
10. Stuart Hall "Encoding/Decoding" in S. Hall et al., editors, Culture Media Language (London: Hutchinson, 1980); David Morley, The Nationwide Audience (London: BFI, 1980); cf. Douglas Kellner, Media Cultures (New York: Routledge, 1995).
11. Cf Nick Couldry, The Place of Media Power: Pilgrims and Witnesses of the Media Age (London: Routledge, 2000), 8-10.
12. For an exception, see Stuart Hall, "The 'Structured Communication' of Events," Stencilled Occasional Paper no. 5. (Birmingham: Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies, 1973).
13. Jean Baudrillard, Simulations (New York: Semiotext(e), 1983); Paul Virilio Speed and Politics (New York: Semiotext(e):1986); compare Scott Lash, Sociology of Postmodernism (London: Routledge, 1990); Zygmunt Bauman, Intimations of Post-modernity (London: Routledge, 1992).
14. Jean Baudrillard, Simulations (New York: Semiotext(e), 1983); Paul Virilio Speed and Politics (New York: Semiotext(e):1986); compare Scott Lash, Sociology of Postmodernism (London: Routledge, 1990); Zygmunt Bauman, Intimations of Post-modernity (London: Routledge, 1992).
15. Jean Baudrillard, Simulations (New York: Semiotext(e), 1983); Paul Virilio Speed and Politics (New York: Semiotext(e):1986); compare Scott Lash, Sociology of Postmodernism (London: Routledge, 1990); Zygmunt Bauman, Intimations of Post-modernity (London: Routledge, 1992).
16. Jean Baudrillard, Simulations (New York: Semiotext(e), 1983); Paul Virilio Speed and Politics (New York: Semiotext(e):1986); compare Scott Lash, Sociology of Postmodernism (London: Routledge, 1990); Zygmunt Bauman, Intimations of Post-modernity (London: Routledge, 1992).
17. Niklas Luhmann, The Reality of the Mass Media (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2000).
18. Ibid., 7, 75.
19. Pierre Bourdieu, On Television and Journalism (London: Pluto, 1998a), 22; cf. Patrick Champagne, "The View from the Media" in P. Bourdieu et al., The Weight of the World (Cambridge: Polity, 1999), 46-59.
20. Pierre Bourdieu, On Television and Journalism (London: Pluto, 1998a), 22; cf. Patrick Champagne, "The View from the Media" in P. Bourdieu et al., The Weight of the World (Cambridge: Polity, 1999), 46-59.
21. Pierre Bourdieu, Sur La Télévision (Paris: Liber, 1996), 21.
22. In fact, Bourdieu avoids this term: the literal translation would be "social and political existence."
23. Stuart Hall et al., Policing the Crisis (London: Macmillan, 1978); Richard Ericson, Patricia Baranek and Janet Chan, Representing Order: Crime, Law, and Justice in the News Media (Milton Keynes: Open University Press, 1992); Todd Gitlin, Inside Prime Time 2nd edition (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994).
24. Stuart Hall et al., Policing the Crisis (London: Macmillan, 1978); Richard Ericson, Patricia Baranek and Janet Chan, Representing Order: Crime, Law, and Justice in the News Media (Milton Keynes: Open University Press, 1992); Todd Gitlin, Inside Prime Time 2nd edition (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994).
25. Stuart Hall et al., Policing the Crisis (London: Macmillan, 1978); Richard Ericson, Patricia Baranek and Janet Chan, Representing Order: Crime, Law, and Justice in the News Media (Milton Keynes: Open University Press, 1992); Todd Gitlin, Inside Prime Time 2nd edition (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994).
26. Swartz, Culture and Power, 65-66.
27. See within Marxist-inspired work Philip Elliott, "Press Performance as Political Ritual" in H. Christian, editor, The Sociology of Journalism and the Press (Keele: University of Keele, 1982), 141-177, and Graham Murdock, "The Reenchantment of the World: Religion and the Transformation of Modernity" in S. Hoover and K. Lundy, editors, Rethinking Media, Religion and Culture (Thousand Oaks: Sage, 1997), 85-101 (both UK) and outside the Marxist tradition Roger Silverstone, The Message of Television (London: Heinemann Educational Books, 1981) and "Television Myth and Culture" in J. Carey editor, Media Myths and Narratives (Sage: Newbury Park, 1988) in the UK and the otherwise mainly US essays in Carey, ibid.. More recently, see Couldry, The Place of Media Power and Media Rituals: A Critical Approach (London: Routledge, 2003).
28. See within Marxist-inspired work Philip Elliott, "Press Performance as Political Ritual" in H. Christian, editor, The Sociology of Journalism and the Press (Keele: University of Keele, 1982), 141-177, and Graham Murdock, "The Reenchantment of the World: Religion and the Transformation of Modernity" in S. Hoover and K. Lundy, editors, Rethinking Media, Religion and Culture (Thousand Oaks: Sage, 1997), 85-101 (both UK) and outside the Marxist tradition Roger Silverstone, The Message of Television (London: Heinemann Educational Books, 1981) and "Television Myth and Culture" in J. Carey editor, Media Myths and Narratives (Sage: Newbury Park, 1988) in the UK and the otherwise mainly US essays in Carey, ibid.. More recently, see Couldry, The Place of Media Power and Media Rituals: A Critical Approach (London: Routledge, 2003).
29. See within Marxist-inspired work Philip Elliott, "Press Performance as Political Ritual" in H. Christian, editor, The Sociology of Journalism and the Press (Keele: University of Keele, 1982), 141-177, and Graham Murdock, "The Reenchantment of the World: Religion and the Transformation of Modernity" in S. Hoover and K. Lundy, editors, Rethinking Media, Religion and Culture (Thousand Oaks: Sage, 1997), 85-101 (both UK) and outside the Marxist tradition Roger Silverstone, The Message of Television (London: Heinemann Educational Books, 1981) and "Television Myth and Culture" in J. Carey editor, Media Myths and Narratives (Sage: Newbury Park, 1988) in the UK and the otherwise mainly US essays in Carey, ibid.. More recently, see Couldry, The Place of Media Power and Media Rituals: A Critical Approach (London: Routledge, 2003).
30. See within Marxist-inspired work Philip Elliott, "Press Performance as Political Ritual" in H. Christian, editor, The Sociology of Journalism and the Press (Keele: University of Keele, 1982), 141-177, and Graham Murdock, "The Reenchantment of the World: Religion and the Transformation of Modernity" in S. Hoover and K. Lundy, editors, Rethinking Media, Religion and Culture (Thousand Oaks: Sage, 1997), 85-101 (both UK) and outside the Marxist tradition Roger Silverstone, The Message of Television (London: Heinemann Educational Books, 1981) and "Television Myth and Culture" in J. Carey editor, Media Myths and Narratives (Sage: Newbury Park, 1988) in the UK and the otherwise mainly US essays in Carey, ibid.. More recently, see Couldry, The Place of Media Power and Media Rituals: A Critical Approach (London: Routledge, 2003).
31. See within Marxist-inspired work Philip Elliott, "Press Performance as Political Ritual" in H. Christian, editor, The Sociology of Journalism and the Press (Keele: University of Keele, 1982), 141-177, and Graham Murdock, "The Reenchantment of the World: Religion and the Transformation of Modernity" in S. Hoover and K. Lundy, editors, Rethinking Media, Religion and Culture (Thousand Oaks: Sage, 1997), 85-101 (both UK) and outside the Marxist tradition Roger Silverstone, The Message of Television (London: Heinemann Educational Books, 1981) and "Television Myth and Culture" in J. Carey editor, Media Myths and Narratives (Sage: Newbury Park, 1988) in the UK and the otherwise mainly US essays in Carey, ibid.. More recently, see Couldry, The Place of Media Power and Media Rituals: A Critical Approach (London: Routledge, 2003).
32. Patrick Champagne and Dominique Marchetti, "L'information médicale sous contrainte," Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales 101-102 (March 1994), 45.
33. On the neglect by field-based research of the wider social space that falls outside particular fields, see Bernard Lahire, "Champ, Hors-champ, Contre-champ" in B. Lahire, editor, Le Travail Sociologique de Pierre Bourdieu - Dettes et Critiques (Paris: La Découverte/Poche, 1999), 23-58.
34. W. Russell Neuman, The Future of the Mass Audience (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).
35. Cf James Curran and Jean Seaton, Power without Responsibility, 5th edition (London: Routledge, forthcoming), chapters 16-18; Couldry, The Place of Media Power, chapter 9.
36. Cf James Curran and Jean Seaton, Power without Responsibility, 5th edition (London: Routledge, forthcoming), chapters 16-18; Couldry, The Place of Media Power, chapter 9.
37. Gilles Balbastre, "Une information précaire," Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales, 131-132 (2000): 76-85; Patrick Champagne, "Le médiateur entre deux Monde," Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales, 131-132 (2000): 8-29; Julien Duval, "Concessions et Conversions à l'Economie: Le journalisme économique en France depuis les années 80s," Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales, 131-132 (2000): 56-75; Beatrice Joinet, "Le 'Plateau'et le 'Terrain,'" Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales, 131-132 (2000), 86-91; Dominique Marchetti, "Les Révélations de 'Journalisme de l'Investigation,'" Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales 131-132 (2000), 30-40; and for the US case, see Rodney Benson, "La logique du profit dans les médias américains," Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales, 131-132 (2000): 107-115.
38. Gilles Balbastre, "Une information précaire," Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales, 131-132 (2000): 76-85; Patrick Champagne, "Le médiateur entre deux Monde," Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales, 131-132 (2000): 8-29; Julien Duval, "Concessions et Conversions à l'Economie: Le journalisme économique en France depuis les années 80s," Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales, 131-132 (2000): 56-75; Beatrice Joinet, "Le 'Plateau'et le 'Terrain,'" Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales, 131-132 (2000), 86-91; Dominique Marchetti, "Les Révélations de 'Journalisme de l'Investigation,'" Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales 131-132 (2000), 30-40; and for the US case, see Rodney Benson, "La logique du profit dans les médias américains," Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales, 131-132 (2000): 107-115.
39. Gilles Balbastre, "Une information précaire," Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales, 131-132 (2000): 76-85; Patrick Champagne, "Le médiateur entre deux Monde," Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales, 131-132 (2000): 8-29; Julien Duval, "Concessions et Conversions à l'Economie: Le journalisme économique en France depuis les années 80s," Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales, 131-132 (2000): 56-75; Beatrice Joinet, "Le 'Plateau'et le 'Terrain,'" Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales, 131-132 (2000), 86-91; Dominique Marchetti, "Les Révélations de 'Journalisme de l'Investigation,'" Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales 131-132 (2000), 30-40; and for the US case, see Rodney Benson, "La logique du profit dans les médias américains," Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales, 131-132 (2000): 107-115.
40. Gilles Balbastre, "Une information précaire," Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales, 131-132 (2000): 76-85; Patrick Champagne, "Le médiateur entre deux Monde," Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales, 131-132 (2000): 8-29; Julien Duval, "Concessions et Conversions à l'Economie: Le journalisme économique en France depuis les années 80s," Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales, 131-132 (2000): 56-75; Beatrice Joinet, "Le 'Plateau'et le 'Terrain,'" Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales, 131-132 (2000), 86-91; Dominique Marchetti, "Les Révélations de 'Journalisme de l'Investigation,'" Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales 131-132 (2000), 30-40; and for the US case, see Rodney Benson, "La logique du profit dans les médias américains," Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales, 131-132 (2000): 107-115.
41. Gilles Balbastre, "Une information précaire," Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales, 131-132 (2000): 76-85; Patrick Champagne, "Le médiateur entre deux Monde," Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales, 131-132 (2000): 8-29; Julien Duval, "Concessions et Conversions à l'Economie: Le journalisme économique en France depuis les années 80s," Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales, 131-132 (2000): 56-75; Beatrice Joinet, "Le 'Plateau'et le 'Terrain,'" Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales, 131-132 (2000), 86-91; Dominique Marchetti, "Les Révélations de 'Journalisme de l'Investigation,'" Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales 131-132 (2000), 30-40; and for the US case, see Rodney Benson, "La logique du profit dans les médias américains," Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales, 131-132 (2000): 107-115.
42. Gilles Balbastre, "Une information précaire," Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales, 131-132 (2000): 76-85; Patrick Champagne, "Le médiateur entre deux Monde," Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales, 131-132 (2000): 8-29; Julien Duval, "Concessions et Conversions à l'Economie: Le journalisme économique en France depuis les années 80s," Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales, 131-132 (2000): 56-75; Beatrice Joinet, "Le 'Plateau'et le 'Terrain,'" Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales, 131-132 (2000), 86-91; Dominique Marchetti, "Les Révélations de 'Journalisme de l'Investigation,'" Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales 131-132 (2000), 30-40; and for the US case, see Rodney Benson, "La logique du profit dans les médias américains," Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales, 131-132 (2000): 107-115.
43. Jean Chalaby, The Invention of Journalism (London: Macmillan, 1998); Philippe Marlière, "The Rules of the Journalistic Field: Pierre Bourdieu's Contribution to the Sociology of the Media," European Journal of Communication, 13/2 (1998): 219-234.
44. Jean Chalaby, The Invention of Journalism (London: Macmillan, 1998); Philippe Marlière, "The Rules of the Journalistic Field: Pierre Bourdieu's Contribution to the Sociology of the Media," European Journal of Communication, 13/2 (1998): 219-234.
45. Benson, "Field theory in comparative context," 471-477.
46. Ibid., 498 n83.
47. Ibid., 482-483.
48. Swartz, Culture and Power, 128-129.
49. Ibid., 34.
50. As Fabiani ("Les Règles du Champ" in B. Lahire editor, Le Travail Sociologique de Pierre Bourdieu - Dettes et Critiques [Paris: La Découverte/Poche, 1999], 75-91, at 87-91) points out, Bourdieu does have a range of mechanisms for explaining some such external influences (for example, the changing population of fields), but they are long-term historical factors and none of them would cover the type of direct influence I am discussing here.
51. There are other places where Bourdieu treats media in the course of wider arguments: "The Production of Belief: contribution to an economy of symbolic goods" in R. Collins et al., editors, Media Culture and Society: A Critical Reader (London: Sage, 1986), 131-163, at 142-149, and many passages in Distinction (London: Routledge, 1984).
52. There are other places where Bourdieu treats media in the course of wider arguments: "The Production of Belief: contribution to an economy of symbolic goods" in R. Collins et al., editors, Media Culture and Society: A Critical Reader (London: Sage, 1986), 131-163, at 142-149, and many passages in Distinction (London: Routledge, 1984).
53. Champagne, Faire L'Opinion.
54. Ibid., 261, 277.
55. Ibid., 264.
56. Ibid., 39.
57. Jean Baudrillard, "Requiem for the Media" in For a Critique of the Political Economy of the Sign (St Louis: Telos Press, 1981).
58. Champagne, Faire L'Opinion, 204-222.
59. Ibid., 232.
60. Ibid., 239.
61. Ibid., 237, 243.
62. Ibid., 239.
63. "Un capital de mobilisation et de sympathie parfois patiemment accumulé" (ibid., 246).
64. Champagne and Marchetti, "L'information médicale sous contrainte."
65. For other issues, see Benson, "Field Theory in Comparative Context," 475-477.
66. Champagne and Marchetti, "L'information médicale sous contrainte," 45.
67. Ibid., 43 numbers added.
68. Ibid., 46, added emphasis.
69. Benson, "Field theory in Comparative Context," 494 n50.
70. John Thompson, The Media and Modernity: A Social Theory of the Media (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1995).
71. Ibid., 17.
72. Ibid., 269 n8.
73. Pierre Bourdieu, Language and Symbolic Power (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1990), 166.
74. Swartz, Culture and Power, 86-88.
75. Pierre Bourdieu, Outline of a Theory of Practice (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977), 88.
76. John Thompson, Media Scandals (Cambridge: Polity, 2000).
77. Bourdieu, Language and Symbolic Power, ch. 7 [originally published 1977].
78. Pierre Bourdieu, "Legitimation and Structured Interests in Weber's Sociology of Religion" in S. Whimster and S. Lash editors, Max Weber, Rationality and Modernity (London: Allen and Unwin, 1987), 119-136, at 126.
79. Bourdieu, Language and Symbolic Power.
80. Cf Pierre Bourdieu, The Logic of Practice (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1990).
81. Champagne and Marchetti, "L'information médicale sous contrainte," 64.
82. It is true that, as Champagne and Marchetti use this word, it is tied explicitly to the workings of the journalistic field, but surely a "scandal" cannot be a "scandal" unless it is recognized as such in wider society?
83. Swartz, Culture and Power, 87-88.
84. Pierre Bourdieu, The State Nobility: Elite Schools in the Field of Power (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1996) and Practical Reason: On the Theory of Action (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1998).
85. Pierre Bourdieu, The State Nobility: Elite Schools in the Field of Power (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1996) and Practical Reason: On the Theory of Action (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1998).
86. Max Weber Economy and Society Volume 3 (New York: Bedminster Press, 1968).
87. Bourdieu, Practical Reason, 58-59.
88. Bourdieu, The State Nobility, 264; Practical Reason, 42.
89. Bourdieu, The State Nobility, 264; Practical Reason, 42.
90. Bourdieu, Practical Reason, 40-45; cf Language and Symbolic Power, 239-241.
91. Bourdieu, Practical Reason, 40-45; cf Language and Symbolic Power, 239-241.
92. Bourdieu, Language and Symbolic Power, 229.
93. Cf Bourdieu's own comment (in Loic Wacquant, "From Ruling Class to Field of Power: An Interview with Pierre Bourdieu on La Noblesse d"Etat," Theory, Culture and Society, 10/3 (1993), 19-44, at 21). He also refers to the field of power there as "a system of positions" (ibid., 20) between holders of different types of capital.
94. Cf Bourdieu's own comment (in Loic Wacquant, "From Ruling Class to Field of Power: An Interview with Pierre Bourdieu on La Noblesse d"Etat," Theory, Culture and Society, 10/3 (1993), 19-44, at 21). He also refers to the field of power there as "a system of positions" (ibid., 20) between holders of different types of capital.
95. Craig Calhoun, Critical Social Theory: Culture, History and the Challenge of Difference (Oxford: Blackwell, 1995), 139.
96. For such gaps in Bourdieu's vast work, see generally Danilo Martucelli, Sociologies de la Modernité (Paris: Folio, 1999), 129-132.
97. Champagne, Faire L'Opinion.
98. Pierre Bourdieu and Loic Wacquant, Introduction to Reflexive Sociology (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), 111.
99. Ibid., 114-115, added emphasis.
100. Bourdieu in Wacquant, "From Ruling Class to Field of Power," 42, added emphasis.
101. Bourdieu, The State Nobility, 265.
102. Bourdieu (in Wacquant, "From Ruling Class to Field of Power," 23).
103. For example, Bourdieu, "The Production of Belief," 132-133; Language and Symbolic Power, 230; In Other Words (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1990), 134-135.
104. For example, Bourdieu, "The Production of Belief," 132-133; Language and Symbolic Power, 230; In Other Words (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1990), 134-135.
105. For example, Bourdieu, "The Production of Belief," 132-133; Language and Symbolic Power, 230; In Other Words (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1990), 134-135.
106. Bourdieu, On Television and Journalism.
107. M. McCombs and D. Shaw, "The Agenda-setting Function of the Mass Media," Public Opinion Quarterly, 36 (1972), 176-187.
108. Silverstone, "Television Myth and Culture"; Couldry, The Place of Media Power, Chapter 3.
109. Silverstone, "Television Myth and Culture"; Couldry, The Place of Media Power, Chapter 3.
110. On the implicit but sometimes undeveloped role of Bourdieu's earlier concept of habitus in understanding the workings of particular fields of cultural production, and their interrelations, see Swartz, Culture and Power, 134.
111. Bourdieu and Wacquant, Invitation to Reflexive Sociology, 98.
112. Couldry, The Place of Media Power.
113. Bourdieu and Wacquant, Invitation to Reflexive Sociology, 98.
114. Scott Lash, "Pierre Bourdieu: Cultural Economy and Social Change" in C. Calhoun, E. Lipuma, and M. Postone editors, Pierre Bourdieu: Critical Perspectives (Cambridge: Polity, 1994), 193-211, at 201, discussing Bourdieu, In Other Words, 92-93.
115. Scott Lash, "Pierre Bourdieu: Cultural Economy and Social Change" in C. Calhoun, E. Lipuma, and M. Postone editors, Pierre Bourdieu: Critical Perspectives (Cambridge: Polity, 1994), 193-211, at 201, discussing Bourdieu, In Other Words, 92-93.
116. John Street, Mass Media, Politics and Democracy (London: Palgrave, 2001), Chapter 9; Thomas Meyer, Media Democracy: How The Media Colonise Politics (Cambridge: Polity, 2002); Margaret Scammell, Designer Politics: How Elections are Won (London: Palgrave, 1995).
117. John Street, Mass Media, Politics and Democracy (London: Palgrave, 2001), Chapter 9; Thomas Meyer, Media Democracy: How The Media Colonise Politics (Cambridge: Polity, 2002); Margaret Scammell, Designer Politics: How Elections are Won (London: Palgrave, 1995).
118. John Street, Mass Media, Politics and Democracy (London: Palgrave, 2001), Chapter 9; Thomas Meyer, Media Democracy: How The Media Colonise Politics (Cambridge: Polity, 2002); Margaret Scammell, Designer Politics: How Elections are Won (London: Palgrave, 1995).
119. Bourdieu, On Television and Journalism.
120. Stallabrass, High Art Lite, (London: Verso, 2000).
121. Chris Rojek, Celebrity (London: Reaktion Books, 2001).
122. Bourdieu, "The Production of Belief."
123. Rojek, Celebrity. Cf Thompson, The Media and Modernity, 46 on the "mediazation" of culture.
124. Rojek, Celebrity. Cf Thompson, The Media and Modernity, 46 on the "mediazation" of culture.
125. Benson notes that sometimes this can be read into Bourdieu's uses of the term "state" ("Field Theory in Comparative Context," 482).
126. Loic Wacquant, "On The Tracks of Symbolic Power: Prefatory Notes to Bourdieu's 'State Nobility,'" Theory, Culture and Society, 10/3 (1993): 1-17.
127. Barry Glassner, The Culture of Fear (New York: Basic Books, 1999).
128. John Urry, Sociology Beyond Societies (London: Routledge, 2000).