Speech-based real-time subtitling services

International Journal of Speech Technology

Volumn 7, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 269-279

  Lambourne, Andrew ^a   Hewitt, Jill ^b   Lyon, Caroline ^b   Warren, Sandra ^b  

^a SysMedia Ltd   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF HERTFORDSHIRE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Language models; Real time subtitling; Speech recognition

Indexed keywords

BROADCASTING; COMPUTER KEYBOARDS; COSTS; DIGITAL TELEVISION; FORMAL LANGUAGES; INFORMATION ANALYSIS; REAL TIME SYSTEMS; VOCABULARY CONTROL;

LANGUAGE MODELS; PROTOTYPE SYSTEMS; REAL-TIME SUBTITLING; SPEAKER INTERFACE;

SPEECH RECOGNITION;

EID: 4143050534     PISSN: 13812416     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/B:IJST.0000037071.39044.cc     Document Type: Article

References (35)

1. Bateman, A., Hewitt, J., and Lambourne, A. (2001), Subtitles from Simultaneous Transdiction: Multi-modal Interfaces for Generating and Correcting Real-time Subtitles, HCII2001, New Orleans.
2. Clarkson, P. and Robinson, T. (1998). The applicability of adaptive language modelling for the broadcast news task. Proceedings of ICSLP. Sydney, Australia, pp. 1699-1702.
3. Damper, R.I., Lambourne, A.D., and Guy, D.P. (1985). Speech input as an adjunct to keyboard entry in television subtitling. In B. Shackel (Ed)., Proceedings Human-Computer Interaction-INTERACT'84, pp. 203-208.
4. Gibbon, D., Moore, R., and Winski, R. (Eds.) (1997). Handbook of Standards and Resources for Spoken Language Systems. Mouton de Gruyter., Chapter 7.
5. Hewitt, J., Bateman, A., Lambourne, A., Ariyaeeinia, A., and Sivakumaran, P. (2000). Real-time speech generated subtitles: Problems and solutions. 6th International Conference on Spoken Language Processing ICSLP 2000. Vol. III.
6. ITC guidance on standards for subtitling (amended February 1999): http://www.itc.org.uk/itc_publications/codes_guidance/standards_ for_subtitling/index.asp
7. LINK. (1998). The Use Of Speech Recognition In Live TV Subtitling, LINK Project No. GR/M15958/01, 1/10/1998-30/9/2001. Overview of LINK Project: http://homepages.feis.herts.ac.uk/~nehaniv/idmf/abstracts/hewitt.doc
8. National Captioning Institute, http://www.ncicap.org/acapintro.asp
9. Ney, H., Martin, S., and Wessel, F. (1997). Statistical language modelling using leaving one out. In S. Young and G. Bloothoft (Eds.), Corpus Based Methods in Language and Speech Processing. Kluwer Academic.
10. NHK. (2002). http://www.nhk.or.jp/strl/open2002/en/tenji/id03/03.html
11. Pallet, D.S., et al. (1997). Broadcast news benchmark test results: English and Non-English. Proc. DARPA Speech Recognition Workshop 1997.
12. Seymour, K. and Rosenfeld, R. (1997). Using story topics for language model adaptation. Proceedings of Eurospeech97.
13. Sivakumaran, P., Fortuna, J., and Ariyaeeinia, A.M. (2001). On the use of the bayesian information criterion in multiple speaker detection. Proceedings of Eurospeech2001.
14. Sivakumaran, P., Ariyaeeinia, A., and Fortuna, J. (2002). An effective unsupervised scheme for multiple speaker detection. ICSLP2002. Denver, Colorado, Topic 16.
15. Stenograph: http://www.stenograph.com
16. UK legislation: Broadcasting Act 1990 (c. 42) Section 35, HM Stationery Office UK. Broadcasting Act 1996 (c. 42) Section 20(3)(a), HM Stationery Office UK. Statutory Instrument 2000 no 2378 : Broadcast (subtitling) order 2001, HM Stationery Office UK.
17. UK legislation: Broadcasting Act 1990 (c. 42) Section 35, HM Stationery Office UK. Broadcasting Act 1996 (c. 42) Section 20(3)(a), HM Stationery Office UK. Statutory Instrument 2000 no 2378 : Broadcast (subtitling) order 2001, HM Stationery Office UK.
18. UK legislation: Broadcasting Act 1990 (c. 42) Section 35, HM Stationery Office UK. Broadcasting Act 1996 (c. 42) Section 20(3)(a), HM Stationery Office UK. Statutory Instrument 2000 no 2378 : Broadcast (subtitling) order 2001, HM Stationery Office UK.
19. UK standards: Unified Standard April 1974, BBC Engineering Sheet 4008(5), Oct. 1975. Joint IBA/BBC/BREMA Publication: Broadcast Teletext Specification, September 1976.
20. UK standards: Unified Standard April 1974, BBC Engineering Sheet 4008(5), Oct. 1975. Joint IBA/BBC/BREMA Publication: Broadcast Teletext Specification, September 1976.
21. US legislation: Television Decoder Circuitry Act of 1990, US Congress. Telecommunications Act of 1996, US Congress. Federal Communications Commission Rule 79 - Closed Captioning of Video Programming, updated 2001.
22. US legislation: Television Decoder Circuitry Act of 1990, US Congress. Telecommunications Act of 1996, US Congress. Federal Communications Commission Rule 79 - Closed Captioning of Video Programming, updated 2001.
23. US legislation: Television Decoder Circuitry Act of 1990, US Congress. Telecommunications Act of 1996, US Congress. Federal Communications Commission Rule 79 - Closed Captioning of Video Programming, updated 2001.
24. US standards and history: FCC Report and Order FCC 91-119 1991. FCC Memorandum, Opinion and Order FCC 92-157 1992. EIA/CEA-608-B : Recommended Practice for Line 21 Data Service, 31 Oct 2000, see http://www.ce.org/standards/ standard_details.asp?id=270. EIA-708-B for Digital Television Closed Captioning, 29 Dec 1999, see http://www.ce.org/standards/standard.details.asp?id=249. Electronic Industries Association. Engineering Department, 20001 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20006. http://www.robson.org/capfaq/caption- charset.html). http://ncam.wgbh.org/resources/icr/line21hist.html http://main.wgbh.org/wgbh/pages/mag/services/captioning/
25. US standards and history: FCC Report and Order FCC 91-119 1991. FCC Memorandum, Opinion and Order FCC 92-157 1992. EIA/CEA-608-B : Recommended Practice for Line 21 Data Service, 31 Oct 2000, see http://www.ce.org/standards/ standard_details.asp?id=270. EIA-708-B for Digital Television Closed Captioning, 29 Dec 1999, see http://www.ce.org/standards/standard.details.asp?id=249. Electronic Industries Association. Engineering Department, 20001 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20006. http://www.robson.org/capfaq/caption- charset.html). http://ncam.wgbh.org/resources/icr/line21hist.html http://main.wgbh.org/wgbh/pages/mag/services/captioning/
26. US standards and history: FCC Report and Order FCC 91-119 1991. FCC Memorandum, Opinion and Order FCC 92-157 1992. EIA/CEA-608-B : Recommended Practice for Line 21 Data Service, 31 Oct 2000, see http://www.ce.org/standards/ standard_details.asp?id=270. EIA-708-B for Digital Television Closed Captioning, 29 Dec 1999, see http://www.ce.org/standards/standard.details.asp?id=249. Electronic Industries Association. Engineering Department, 20001 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20006. http://www.robson.org/capfaq/caption- charset.html). http://ncam.wgbh.org/resources/icr/line21hist.html http://main.wgbh.org/wgbh/pages/mag/services/captioning/
27. US standards and history: FCC Report and Order FCC 91-119 1991. FCC Memorandum, Opinion and Order FCC 92-157 1992. EIA/CEA-608-B : Recommended Practice for Line 21 Data Service, 31 Oct 2000, see http://www.ce.org/standards/ standard_details.asp?id=270. EIA-708-B for Digital Television Closed Captioning, 29 Dec 1999, see http://www.ce.org/standards/standard.details.asp?id=249. Electronic Industries Association. Engineering Department, 20001 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20006. http://www.robson.org/capfaq/caption- charset.html). http://ncam.wgbh.org/resources/icr/line21hist.html http://main.wgbh.org/wgbh/pages/mag/services/captioning/
28. US standards and history: FCC Report and Order FCC 91-119 1991. FCC Memorandum, Opinion and Order FCC 92-157 1992. EIA/CEA-608-B : Recommended Practice for Line 21 Data Service, 31 Oct 2000, see http://www.ce.org/standards/ standard_details.asp?id=270. EIA-708-B for Digital Television Closed Captioning, 29 Dec 1999, see http://www.ce.org/standards/standard.details.asp?id=249. Electronic Industries Association. Engineering Department, 20001 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20006. http://www.robson.org/capfaq/caption- charset.html). http://ncam.wgbh.org/resources/icr/line21hist.html http://main.wgbh.org/wgbh/pages/mag/services/captioning/
29. US standards and history: FCC Report and Order FCC 91-119 1991. FCC Memorandum, Opinion and Order FCC 92-157 1992. EIA/CEA-608-B : Recommended Practice for Line 21 Data Service, 31 Oct 2000, see http://www.ce.org/standards/ standard_details.asp?id=270. EIA-708-B for Digital Television Closed Captioning, 29 Dec 1999, see http://www.ce.org/standards/standard.details.asp?id=249. Electronic Industries Association. Engineering Department, 20001 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20006. http://www.robson.org/capfaq/caption- charset.html). http://ncam.wgbh.org/resources/icr/line21hist.html http://main.wgbh.org/wgbh/pages/mag/services/captioning/
30. US standards and history: FCC Report and Order FCC 91-119 1991. FCC Memorandum, Opinion and Order FCC 92-157 1992. EIA/CEA-608-B : Recommended Practice for Line 21 Data Service, 31 Oct 2000, see http://www.ce.org/standards/ standard_details.asp?id=270. EIA-708-B for Digital Television Closed Captioning, 29 Dec 1999, see http://www.ce.org/standards/standard.details.asp?id=249. Electronic Industries Association. Engineering Department, 20001 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20006. http://www.robson.org/capfaq/caption- charset.html). http://ncam.wgbh.org/resources/icr/line21hist.html http://main.wgbh.org/wgbh/pages/mag/services/captioning/
31. US standards and history: FCC Report and Order FCC 91-119 1991. FCC Memorandum, Opinion and Order FCC 92-157 1992. EIA/CEA-608-B : Recommended Practice for Line 21 Data Service, 31 Oct 2000, see http://www.ce.org/standards/ standard_details.asp?id=270. EIA-708-B for Digital Television Closed Captioning, 29 Dec 1999, see http://www.ce.org/standards/standard.details.asp?id=249. Electronic Industries Association. Engineering Department, 20001 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20006. http://www.robson.org/capfaq/caption- charset.html). http://ncam.wgbh.org/resources/icr/line21hist.html http://main.wgbh.org/wgbh/pages/mag/services/captioning/
32. Velotype: http://www.velotype.com/ http://www/velotype.nl/
33. Velotype: http://www.velotype.com/ http://www/velotype.nl/
34. ViaVoice®: http://www.ibm.com/software/speech
35. WinCAPS: (2003) SysMedia Ltd. at http://www.sysmedia.com/subtitling/pdfs/ wincaps_multimedia.pdf