Gemcitabine in the management of metastatic breast cancer: A systematic review

Breast Cancer Research and Treatment

Volumn 108, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 319-331

  Dent, Susan ^a   Messersmith, Hans ^c   Trudeau, Maureen ^b  

^a OTTAWA REGIONAL CANCER CENTRE   (Canada)

^b DEPARTMENT OF RADIATION ONCOLOGY   (Canada)

^c MCMASTER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Chemotherapy; Gemcitabine; Metastatic breast cancer; Systematic review

Indexed keywords

ANTHRACYCLINE; CAPECITABINE; CARBOPLATIN; CISPLATIN; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; DOCETAXEL; DOXORUBICIN; EPIRUBICIN; ERLOTINIB; FLUOROURACIL; FOLINIC ACID; GEMCITABINE; MITOXANTRONE; NAVELBINE; PACLITAXEL; PEMETREXED; PLATINUM DERIVATIVE; TAXANE DERIVATIVE; TRASTUZUMAB;

ANEMIA; BREAST CANCER; BREAST METASTASIS; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CLINICAL TRIAL; DIARRHEA; DRUG EFFICACY; FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA; HAND FOOT SYNDROME; HUMAN; LEUKOPENIA; MUCOSA INFLAMMATION; MULTICENTER STUDY; NAUSEA; NEUTROPENIA; PHASE 2 CLINICAL TRIAL; PHASE 3 CLINICAL TRIAL; POLYNEUROPATHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; VOMITING;

ANTIMETABOLITES, ANTINEOPLASTIC; ANTINEOPLASTIC COMBINED CHEMOTHERAPY PROTOCOLS; BREAST NEOPLASMS; CLINICAL TRIALS, PHASE II AS TOPIC; DEOXYCYTIDINE; FEMALE; HUMANS; NEOPLASM METASTASIS; PACLITAXEL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; TAXOIDS;

EID: 41149180680     PISSN: 01676806     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10549-007-9610-z     Document Type: Review

References (109)

1. Citron ML, Berry DA, Cirrincione C, Hudis C, Winer EP, Gradishar WJ et al (2003) Randomized trial of dose-dense versus conventionally scheduled and sequential versus concurrent combination therapy as postoperative adjuvant treatment of node-positive primary breast cancer: first report of Intergroup Trial C9741/Cancer and Leukemia Group B Trial 9741. J Clin Oncol 21(8):1431-1439
2. Henderson IC, Berry DA, Demetri GD, Cirrincione C, Goldstein LJ, Martion S et al (2003) Improved outcomes from adding sequential paclitaxel but not from escalating doxorubicin dose in an adjuvant chemotherapy regimen for patients with node-positive primary breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 21(6):976-983
3. Roche H, Fumoleau P, Spielmann M, et al (2005) Five years analysis of the PACS 01 trial: 6 cycles of FEC100 vs. 3 cycles of FEC100 followed by 3 cycles of docetaxel (D) for the adjuvant treatment node positive cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 88(Suppl 1):S16, A27
4. Martin M, Pienkowski T, Mackey J, Pawlicki M, Gustalla JP, Weaver C et al (2005) Adjuvant docetaxel for node-positive breast cancer. New Engl J Med 352:2302-2313
5. Chan S, Romieu G, Huober J, Delozier T, Tubiana-Hulin M, Lluch A et al (2005) Gemcitabine plus docetaxel (GD) versus capecitabine plus docetaxel (CD) for anthracycline-pretreated metastatic breast cancer (MBC) patients (pts): results of a European phase III study [slides on the internet] [abstract 581]. In: 2005 ASCO Annual Meeting. Available from: http://www.asco.org/portal/site/ ASCO.. Cited 16 Sep 2005
6. Chan S, Romieu G, Huober J, et al (2005) Gemcitabine plus docetaxel (GD) versus capecitabine plus docetaxel (CD) for anthracycline-pretreated metastatic breast cancer (MBC) patients (pts): results of a European phase III study. J Clin Oncol 23(16 Suppl):A581
7. O'Shaughnessy J, Nag S, Calderillo-Ruiz G et al (2003) Gemcitabine plus paclitaxel (GT) versus paclitaxel (T) as first-line treatment for anthracycline pre-treated metastatic breast cancer (MBC): interim results of a global phase III study. Proc Am Soc Clin Onc 22:7, A25
8. O'Shaughnessy J, Nag S, Calderillo-Ruiz G, Jordaan J, Llombart A, Pluzanska A et al (2003) Gemcitabine plus paclitaxel (GT) versus paclitaxel (T) as first-line treatment for anthracycline pre-treated metastatic breast cancer (MBC): interim results of a global phase III study [slides on the Internet] [abstract 25]. In: 2003 ASCO Annual Meeting. Available from: http://www.asco.org/portal/site/ASCO. Cited 11 May 2005
9. Moinpour C, Wu J, Donaldson G, et al (2004) Gemcitabine plus paclitaxel (GT) versus paclitaxel (T) as first-line treatment for anthracycline pre-treated metastatic breast cancer (MBC): quality of life (QoL) and pain palliation results from the global phase III study. J Clin Oncol 22(14 Suppl):A621
10. Moinpour C, Wu J, Donaldson G, Liepa A, Melemed A, Oshaughnessy J et al (2004) Gemcitabine plus paclitaxel (GT) versus paclitaxel (T) as first-line treatment for anthracycline pre-treated metastatic breast cancer (MBC): quality of life (QoL) and pain palliation results from the global phase III study [slides on the Internet] [abstract 621]. In: 2004 ASCO Annual Meeting. Available from: http://www.asco.org/portal/site/ASCO. Cited 11 May 2005
11. Albain KS, Nag S, Calderillo-Ruiz G et al (2004) Global phase III study of gemcitabine plus paclitaxel (GT) vs. paclitaxel (T) as frontline therapy for metastatic breast cancer (MBC): first report of overall survival. J Clin Oncol 22(14 Suppl):A510
12. Albain KS, Nag S, Calderillo-Ruiz G, Jordaan JP, Llombart A, Pluzanska A et al (2004) Global phase III study of gemcitabine plus paclitaxel (GT) vs. paclitaxel (T) as frontline therapy for metastatic breast cancer (MBC): First report of overall survival [slides on the Internet] [abstract 510]. In: 2004 ASCO Annual Meeting. Available from: http://www.asco.org/portal/site/ASCO. Cited 11 May 2005.
13. Feher O, Vodvarka P, Jassem J, Morack G, Advani SH, Khoo K et al (2005) First-line gemcitabine versus epirubicin in postmenopausal women aged 60 or older with metastatic breast cancer: a multicenter, randomized, phase III study. Ann Oncol 16:899-908
14. Zielinski C, Beslija S, Mrsic-Krmpotic Z, Welnicka-Jaskiewicz M, Wiltschke C, Kahan Z et al (2005) Gemcitabine, epirubicin, and paclitaxel versus fluorouracil, epirubicin, and cyclophosphamide as first-line chemotherapy in metastatic breast cancer: a Central European Cooperative Oncology Group international, multicenter, prospective, randomized phase III trial. J Clin Oncol 23(7):1401-1408
15. Khoo KS, Zaidi SHM, Srimuninnimit V, Song S, Nair R, Ngelangel CA et al (2006) Gemcitabine and split-dose paclitaxel or docetaxel in metastatic breast cancer: a randomised phase II study. Eur J Cancer 42:1797-1806
16. Chan S (2005) Gemcitabine plus docetaxel versus capecitabine plus docetaxel for patients with anthracycline-pretreated metastatic breast cancer: a review of the results of a European phase III trial. EJC Supplements 3(5):17-21
17. Levy C, Fumoleau P (2005) Gemcitabine plus docetaxel: a new treatment option for anthracycline pretreated metastatic breast cancer patients? Cancer Treat Rev 31(Suppl 4):S17-S22
18. Fumoleau P, Romieu G, Chan S et al (2006) Impact of symptoms and toxicity on quality of life: exploratory analysis of gemcitabine plus docetaxel vs. capecitabine plus docetaxel in metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 24(18S):A682
19. Fumoleau P, Romieu G, Chan S, Hueber J, Tubiana-Hulin M, Schneeweiss A et al (2006) Impact of symptoms and toxicity on quality of life (QoL): exploratory analysis of gemcitabine plus docetaxel (GD) versus capecitabine plus docetaxel (CD) in metastatic breast cancer (MBC) [slides on the Internet] [abstract 682]. In: 2006 ASCO Annual Meeting. Available from: http://www.asco.org/portal/site/ ASCO. Cited 01 Oct 2006
20. Blackstein M, Vogel CL, Ambinder R, Cowan J, Iglesias J, Melemed A (2002) Gemcitabine as first-line therapy in patients with metastatic breast cancer: a phase II trial. Oncology 62(1):2-8
21. Possinger K, Kaufmann M, Coleman R, Stuart NSA, Helsing M, Ohnmacht U, et al (1999) Phase II study of gemcitabine as first-line chemotherapy in patients with advanced or metastatic breast cancer. Anticancer Drugs 10(2):155-162
22. Carmichael J, Possinger K, Phillip P, Beykirch M, Kerr H, Walling J et al (1995) Advanced breast cancer: a phase II trial with gemcitabine. J Clin Oncol 13(11):2731-2736
23. Schmid P, Akrivakis K, Flath B, Grosse Y, Sezer O, Mergenthaler HG et al (1999) Phase II trial of gemcitabine as prolonged infusion in metastatic breast cancer. Anticancer Drugs 10(7):625-631
24. El Serafy M, El Kohdary A, El Zawahry H et al (2003) Gemcitabine plus doxorubicin as first-line treatment in advanced or metastatic breast cancer (MBC) [abstract]. Proc Am Soc Clin Onc 22:50 [A199]
25. Perez-Manga G, Lluch A, Alba E, Moreno-Nogueira JA, Palomero M, Garcia-Conde J et al (2000) Gemcitabine in combination with doxorubicin in advanced breast cancer: final results of a phase II pharmacokinetic trial. J Clin Oncol 18(13):2545-2552
26. Rivera E, Valero V, Arun B, Royce M, Adinin R, Hoelzer K et al (2003) Phase II study of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin in combination with gemcitabine in patients with metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 21(17):3249-3254
27. Fabi A, Papaldo P, Ciccarese M et al (2004) Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD) and gemcitabine (G) in metastatic breast cancer (MBC) patients: a phase II study. J Clin Oncol ASCO Ann Meet Proc (Post-Meet Ed):22(14 Suppl):A813
28. Campone M, Viens P, Dieras V et al (2001) Gemzar (G) and epirubicin (E) in patients (pts) with metastatic breast cancer (MBC): results of a phase II trial [abstract]. Proc Am Soc Clin Onc 20(2):48b
29. Hausmaninger H, Morack G, Heinrich B, Wallwiener D, Hoffken K, Buksmaui S et al (2004) Gemcitabine combined with epirubicin in the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer: a phase II study. Am J Clin Oncol 27(4):429-435
30. Kornek GV, Haider K, Kwasny W, Raderer M, Schull B, Payrits T et al (2002) Treatment of advanced breast cancer with docetaxel and gemcitabine with and without human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Clin Cancer Res 8:1051-1056
31. Garle PA, Calvo L, Mayordomo JI et al (2003) Gemcitabine and docetaxel given every other week as first-line therapy for metastatic breast cancer (MBC): Final results of a phase II study conducted within the Breast Cancer Investigation Spanish Group (GEICAM). Proc Am Soc Clin Onc 22:50 [A201]
32. Palmeri S, Vaglica M, Spada S, Filippelli G, Farris A, Palmeri L et al (2005) Weekly docetaxel and gemcitabine as first-line treatment for metastatic breast cancer: results of a multicenter phase II study. Oncology 68:438-445
33. Mavroudis D, Malamos N, Polyzos A, Kouroussis C, Christophilakis Ch, Varthalitis I et al (2004) Front-line chemotherapy with docetaxel and gemcitabine administered every two weeks in patients with metastatic breast cancer: a multicenter phase II study. Oncology 67:250-256
34. Fountzilas G, Nicolaides C, Bafaloukos D, Kalogera-Fountzila A, Kalofonos H, Samelis G et al (2000) Docetaxel and gemcitabine in anthracycline-resistant advanced breast cancer: a Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group Phase II study. Cancer Invest 18(6):503-509
35. Laufman LR, Spiridonidis CH, Pritchard J, Roach R, Zangmeister J, Larrimer N et al (2001) Monthly docetaxel and weekly gemcitabine in metastatic breast cancer: a phase II trial. Ann Oncol 12(9):1259-1264
36. Genot J, Tubiana-Hulin M, Tubiana-Mathieu M et al (2002) Gemcitabine and paclitaxel in metastatic breast cancer: a phase II study in the first line setting [abstract]. Proc Am Soc Clin Onc 21(2):48b [A2002]
37. Delfino C, Caccia G, Gonzales LR, Mickiewicz E, Rodger J, Balbiani L, et al (2004) Gemcitabine plus paclitaxel as first-line chemotherapy for patients with advanced breast cancer. Oncology 66(1):18-23
38. Colomer R, Llombart-Cussac A, Lluch A, Barnadas A, Ojeda B, Caranana V et al (2004) Biweekly paclitaxel plus gemcitabine in advanced breast cancer: Phase II trial and predictive value of HER2 extracellular domain. Ann Oncol 15(2):201-206
39. Alauddin Z, Shaharyar A (2005) Gemcitabine and cisplatin combination chemotherapy as first-line treatment in patients with metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 23(16 Suppl):A713
40. Ruiz GC, de la Pena HF, Meza FA et al (2001) A phase II study of gemcitabine plus cisplatin in metastatic breast cancer (MBC). Proc Am Soc Clin Onc 20:A1988
41. Xu B, Li K, Liu D (2003) Phase II trial of gemcitabine and cisplatin in anthracycline-resistant metastatic breast cancer. Proc Am Soc Clin Onc 22:53 [A211]
42. Burch PA, Mailliard JA, Hillman DW, Perez EA, Krook JE, Rowland KM, et al (2005) Phase II study of gemcitabine plus cisplatin in patients with metastatic breast cancer: a North Central Cancer Treatment Group trial. Am J Clin Oncol 28(2):195-200
43. Haider K, Kornek GV, Kwasny W, Weinlander G, Valencak J, Lang F et al (1999) Treatment of advanced breast cancer with gemcitabine and vinorelbine plus human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Breast Cancer Res Treat 55(3):203-211
44. Gennatas C, Mouratidou D, Tsavaris N et al (2005) Gemcitabine in combination with vinorelbine for heavily pretreated advanced breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 23(16 Suppl):A741
45. Valenza R, Leonardi V, Gebbia V, Agostara B (2000) Gemcitabine and vinorelbine in pretreated advanced breast cancer: a pilot study. Ann Oncol 11(4):495-496
46. Sanal SM, Gokmen E, Karabulut B, Sezgin C (2002) Gemcitabine and vinorelbine combination in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Breast J 8(3):171-176
47. Mariani G, Tagliabue P, Zucchinelli P, Brambilla C, Demicheli R, Villa E et al (2001) Phase I/II study of gemcitabine in association with vinorelbine for metastatic breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 70:163-169
48. Lobo F, Virizuela JA, Dorta FJ, Florian J, Lomas M, Jimenez E et al (2003) Gemcitabine/vinorelbine in metastatic breast cancer patients previously treated with anthracyclines: results of a phase II trial. Clin Breast Cancer 4(1):46-50
49. Graham DL, Hillman DW, Hobday TJ et al (2005) N0234: phase II study of erlotinib (OSI-774) plus gemcitabine as first- or second-line therapy for metastatic breast cancer (MBC). J Clin Oncol 23(16 Suppl):A644
50. Ma CX, Steen P, Rowland KM et al (2004) A phase II study of a combination of pemetrexed (Pem) and gemcitabine (Gem) in patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC): an NCCTG study. J Clin Oncol ASCO Ann Meet Proc (Post-Meet Ed):22(14 Suppl):A639
51. Cappuzzo F, Mazzoni F, Gennari A, Donati S, Salvadori B, Orlandini C et al (2004) Multicentric phase II trial of gemcitabine plus epirubicin plus paclitaxel as first-line chemotherapy in metastatic breast cancer. Br J Cancer 90(1):31-35
52. Conte PF, Gennari A, Donati S, Salvadori B, Baldini E, Bengala C et al (2001) Gemcitabine plus epirubicin plus taxol (GET) in advanced breast cancer: a phase II study. Breast Cancer Res Treat 68(2):171-179
53. Sanchez-Rovira P, Jaen A, Gonzalez E, Porras I, Duenas R et al (2001) Biweekly gemcitabine, doxorubicin, and paclitaxel as first-line treatment in metastatic breast cancer. Final results from a phase II trial. Oncology (Huntingt) 15(2 Suppl 3):44-47
54. Levin M, Durgam S, Novetsky A (2002) Cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and gemcitabine combination chemotherapy for treatment of metastatic and locally advanced breast cancer. Cancer Invest 20(7-8):872-875
55. Colomer R, Mayordomo JI, Calvo I et al (2004) HER2 ECD-positive metastatic breast cancer treated with gemcitabine, paclitaxel plus trastuzumab (GTH). Breast Cancer Res Treat 88 Suppl 1:A3046
56. Fountzilas G, Christodoulou C, Tsavaridis D, Kalogera-Fountzila A, Aravantinos G, Razis E et al (2004) Paclitaxel and gemcitabine, as first-line chemotherapy, combined with trastuzumab in patients with advanced breast cancer: a phase II study conducted by the Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group (HeCOG). Cancer Invest 22(5):655-662
57. Sledge GW Jr (2003) Gemcitabine, paclitaxel, and trastuzumab in metastatic breast cancer. Oncology (Huntingt) 17(12 Suppl 14):33-35
58. Polyzos A, Mavroudis D, Boukovinas J et al (2004) A multicenter phase II study of docetaxel, gemcitabine and trastuzumab administration as first-line treatment in patients with advanced breast cancer (ABC) overexpressing HER-2. J Clin Oncol ASCO Ann Meet Proc (Post-Meet Ed)(14 Suppl):A728
59. Mulkerin D, Dietrich L, Koch P et al (2001) A phase II study of Gemcitabine, 5-Fluorouracil, and Leucovorin in Women with Metastatic Breast Cancer (MBC). Proc Am Soc Clin Onc 20(2):43b [A1919]
60. Rha SY, Moon YH, Jeung HC, Kim YT, Sohn JH, Yang WI et al (2005) Gemcitabine monotherapy as salvage chemotherapy in heavily pretreated metastatic breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 90:215-221
61. Smorenburg CH, Bontenbal M, Seynaeve C, van Zuylen C, de Heus G, Verweij J et al (2001) Phase II study of weekly gemcitabine in patients with metastatic breast cancer relapsing or failing both an anthracycline and a taxane. Breast Cancer Res Treat 66(1):83-87
62. Brodowicz T, Kostler WJ, Moslinger R, Tomek S, Vaclavik I, Herscovici V et al (2000) Single-agent gemcitabine as second- and third-line treatment in metastatic breast cancer. Breast 9(6):338-342
63. Gerson R, Serrano-O A, Villalobos A et al (2000) Gemcitabine response in advanced breast cancer in relation to immunohistochemical factors. Proc Am Soc Clin Onc 19(1):145a [A572]
64. Spielmann M, Llombart-Cussac A, Kalla S, Espie M, Namer M, Ferrero JM et al (2001) Single-agent gemcitabine is active in previously treated metastatic breast cancer. Oncology 60(4):303-307
65. Valerio MR, Cicero G, Armata MG et al (2001) Gemcitabine (G) in pretreated breast cancer (BC). Proc Am Soc Clin Onc 20(2):51b [A1953]
66. Modi S, Currie VE, Seidman AD, Bach AM, Panageas KS, Theodoulou M et al (2005) A phase II trial of gemcitabine in patients with metastatic breast cancer previously treated with an anthracycline and taxane. Clin Breast Cancer 6(1):55-60
67. Haider K, Kornek G, Kwasny W et al (2004) Multicenter phase II trial of gemcitabine plus liposomal doxorubicin in chemotherapeutically pretreated patients with advanced breast cancer (ABC). J Clin Oncol ASCO Ann Meet Proc (Post-Meet Ed):22(14 Suppl):A696
68. Mavroudis D, Malamos N, Alexopoulos A, Kourousis C, Agelaki S, Sarra E et al (1999) Salvage chemotherapy in anthracycline-pretreated metastatic breast cancer patients with docetaxel and gemcitabine: a multicenter phase II trial. Greek Breast Cancer Cooperative Group. Ann Oncol 10(2):211-215
69. Brandi M, Vici P, Lopez M, Valerio MR, Giotta F, Gebbia N et al (2004) Novel association with gemcitabine and docetaxel as salvage chemotherapy in metastatic breast cancer previously treated with anthracyclines: results of a multicenter phase II study. Semin Oncol 31(2 Suppl 5):13-19
70. Alexopoulos A, Tryfonopoulos D, Karamouzis MV, Gerasimidis G, Karydas I, Kandilis K et al (2004) Evidence for in vivo synergism between docetaxel and gemcitabine in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Ann Oncol 15:95-99
71. Khoo KS, Zaidi M, Srimuninnimit V et al (2004) Randomized phase II trial of three gemcitabine (GEM)-taxane combinations in metastatic breast cancer (MBC). J Clin Oncol ASCO Ann Meet Proc (Post-Meet Ed):22(14 Suppl):A710
72. Murad AM (2003) Paclitaxel and gemcitabine as salvage treatment in metastatic breast cancer. Oncology (Huntingt) 17(12 Suppl 14):26-32
73. Catania C, Nole F, Balduzzi A, et al (2004) Caring for heavily pretreated patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC): Carboplatin (CBDCA) - gemcitabine (GCB) combination is effective and well tolerated. J Clin Oncol ASCO Ann Meet Proc (Post-Meet Ed):22(14 Suppl):A724
74. Silva JA, Perez Michel LM, Gallardo Rincon D (2004) Gemcitabine plus carboplatin in recurrent and advanced breast cancer: a phase II trial. J Clin Oncol ASCO Ann Meet Proc (Post-Meet Ed):22(14 Suppl):A877
75. Nagourney RA, Link J, Sommers B, et al (2004) Carboplatin & gemcitabine repeating doublet in recurrent breast cancer. J Clin Oncol ASCO Ann Meet Proc (Post-Meet Ed):22(14 Suppl):A851
76. Nasr FL, Chahine GY, Kattan JG, Farhat FS, Mokaddem WT, Tueni EA, et al (2004) Gemcitabine plus carboplatin combination therapy as second-line treatment in patients with relapsed breast cancer. Clin Breast Cancer 5(2):117-22
77. Latini L, Torresi U, Valeri M, et al (2003) Carboplatin-gemcitabine combination in anthracyclines- and/or taxanes-resistant metastatic breast cancer. Proc Am Soc Clin Onc 22:80 [A318]
78. Alés-Martinez JE, Hernández R, Sánchez-Escribano R, et al (2005) Tailored low-dose gemcitabine-cisplatin combination is a feasible and effective treatment in heavily pretreated advanced breast cancer patients. J Clin Oncol 23(16 Suppl):A837
79. Nagourney RA, Link JS, Blitzer JB, Forsthoff C, Evans SS (2000) Gemcitabine plus cisplatin repeating doublet therapy in previously treated, relapsed breast cancer patients. J Clin Oncol 18(11):2245-9
80. Chaudhry S, Abdel-Rahman H, Patil R et al (2000) Prospective phase II study of weekly cisplatin-gemcitabine in refractory metastatic breast cancer (RM-BC). Proc Am Soc Clin Onc 19(1):111a [A430]
81. Stemmler J, Wohlrab B, Bosse D, et al (2003) Gemcitabine plus cisplatin in intensively pretreated metastatic breast cancer: A phase II trial. Proc Am Soc Clin Onc 22:73 [A291]
82. Fuentes de la Pena H, Tellez E, Bastarrachea J, et al (2001) Gemcitabine plus cisplatin as a palliative treatment in metastatic or refractory breast cancer (MRBC). Proc Am Soc Clin Onc 20(2):60b [A1990]
83. Alauddin Z, Fcps S, Rehman E et al (2003) Gemcitabine and cisplatin combination chemotherapy as second-line treatment in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Proc Am Soc Clin Onc 22:53 [A212]
84. Ajarim D, Ezzat A, Bazarbashi S, et al (2004) Gemcitabine plus cisplatin combination as second-line treatment in patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC). J Clin Oncol ASCO Ann Meet Proc (Post-Meet Ed):22(14 Suppl):A774
85. Schmid P, Heilmann V, Schulz CO, et al (2005) Gemcitabine as prolonged infusion and vinorelbine as second-line therapy in metastatic breast cancer: results of a phase-II-study. Breast Cancer Res Treat 88 Suppl 1:A5064
86. Zavettieri M, Raffaele M, Azzarello D et al (2003) Phase II study of vinorelbine (V) and gemcitabine (G) in metastatic breast cancer (MBC) patients, previously treated with anthracyclines and /or taxanes. Proc Am Soc Clin Onc 22:64 [A256]
87. Stathopoulos GP, Rigatos SK, Pergantas N, Tsavdarides D, Athanasiadis I, Malamos NA, et al (2002) Phase II trial of biweekly administration of vinorelbine and gemcitabine in pretreated advanced breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 20(1):37-41
88. Rossi E, Perrone F, Labonia V, Landi G, Nuzzo F, Amabile G et al (2003) Is gemcitabine plus vinorelbine active in second-line chemotherapy of metastatic breast cancer? a single-center phase 2 study. Oncology 64(4):479-480
89. Nicolaides C, Dimopoulos MA, Samantas E, Bafaloukos D, Kalofonos C, Fountzilas G et al (2000) Gemcitabine and vinorelbine as second-line treatment in patients with metastatic breast cancer progressing after first-line taxane-based chemotherapy: a phase II study conducted by the Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group. Ann Oncol 11(7):873-875
90. Morabito A, Filippelli G, Palmeri S, Cascinu S, Ferrau F, Zagonel V et al (2003) The combination of gemcitabine and vinorelbine is an active regimen as second-line therapy in patients with metastatic breast cancer pretreated with taxanes and/or anthracyclines: a phase I-II study. Breast Cancer Res Treat 78(1):29-36
91. Donadio M, Ardine M, Berruti A, Ritorto G, Fea E, Mistrangelo M, et al (2003) Gemcitabine and vinorelbine as second-line treatment in patients with metastatic breast cancer: a phase II study. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 52(2):147-52
92. Morabito A, Carillio G, Bonginelli P, et al (2004) Gemcitabine, vinorelbine and trastuzumab combination (GemVinT) as second-third line therapy for HER-2 overexpressing metastatic breast cancer (MBC). J Clin Oncol ASCO Ann Meet Proc (Post-Meet Ed):22(14 Suppl):A759
93. O'Shaughnessy J, Vukelja SJ, Marsland T, Kimmel G, Ratnam S, Pippen J (2004) Phase II trial of gemcitabine plus trastuzumab plus gemcitabine in chemotherapy-pretreated patients with metastatic breast cancer. Clin Breast Cancer 5(2):142-7
94. Christodoulou C, Fountzilas G, Razi E, et al (2003) Gemcitabine and trastuzumab combination as salvage treatment in patients with HER 2-positive metastatic breast cancer. Proc Am Soc Clin Onc 22:42, A166
95. Salman HS, Tanaka K, Sparano JA (2002) Phase I/II trial of gemcitabine plus cyclophosphamide in patients with metastatic breast carcinoma previously treated with taxanes. Clin Breast Cancer 2(4):299-303
96. Ahn J, Kim J, Lee J et al (2005) Phase II study of gemcitabine and capecitabine in patients with metastatic breast cancer pretreated with anthracyclines and taxanes. J Clin Oncol 23(16 Suppl):A895
97. Andres R, Mayordomo JI, Polo E et al (2003) Activity of gemcitabine plus capecitabine in patients with metastatic breast cancer refractory to anthracyclines and taxanes. Breast Cancer Res Treat 82 Suppl 1:A360
98. Pérez-Manga G, López-Criado P, Méndez M, et al (2004) Gemcitabine (G) plus capecitabine (C) in previously treated metastatic breast cancer (MBC) patients. Final results from a phase II GOTI trial. Breast Cancer Res Treat 88 Suppl 1:A5063
99. Agelaki S, Karyda E, Kouroussis C, Ardavanis A, Kalbakis K, Malas K (2003) Gemcitabine plus irinotecan in breast cancer patients pretreated with taxanes and anthracyclines: a multicenter phase II study. Oncology 64(4):477-8
100. Onyenadum A, Kosmidis P, Aravantinos G, et al (2004) Mitoxantrone plus gemcitabine in pretreated patients with advanced breast cancer. J Clin Oncol ASCO Ann Meet Proc (Post-Meet Ed):22(14 Suppl):A829
101. Lorusso V, Crucitta E, Silvestris N, Catino A, Caporusso L, Mazzei A, et al (2003) Phase I/II study of gemcitabine plus mitoxantrone as salvage chemotherapy in metastatic breast cancer. Br J Cancer 88(4):491-5
102. Frasci G, D'Aiuto G, Comella P, Thomas R, Capasso I, Botti G, et al (2002) A phase I-II study on a gemcitabine-cyclophosphamide-fluorouracil/folinic acid triplet combination in anthracycline- and taxane-refractory breast cancer patients. Oncology 62(1):25-32
103. Stanculeanu DL, Cringeanu A, Minea LN, et al (2004) Treatment of metastatic breast cancer with alternative vinorelbine and gemcitabine. J Clin Oncol ASCO Ann Meet Proc (Post-Meet Ed):22(14 Suppl):A800
104. PDQ [database on the Internet] (2006 Oct 04) Phase III study of two different schedules (weekly and tri-weekly) of combination of gemcitabine and two taxanes in MBC. In: Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute. Available from: http://www.cancer.gov/Search/SearchClinicalTrialsAdvanced.asp. Cited 04 Oct 2006
105. PDQ [database on the Internet] (2006 Oct 04) Docetaxel vs. docetaxel-gemcitabine in breast cancer. In: Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute. Available from: http://www.cancer.gov/Search/ SearchClinicalTrialsAdvanced.aspx. Cited 04 Oct 2006
106. PDQ [database on the Internet] (2006 Oct 04) Study comparing concomitant docetaxel + gemcitabine to sequential therapy of docetaxel followed by gemcitabine. In: Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute. Available from: http://www.cancer.gov/Search/SearchClinicalTrialsAdvanced.asp. Cited 04 Oct 2006
107. Mavroudis D, Ardavanis A, Boukovinas I et al (2006) A multicenter randomized study comparing vinorelbine plus gemcitabine versus capecitabine monotherapy as salvage treatment in patients with advanced breast cancer pretreated with taxane and anthracycline chemotherapy: a preliminary report. J Clin Oncol 24(18S):A658
108. O'Shaughnessy J, Miles DW, Vukelja S, Moiseyenko V, Ayoub JP, Cervantes G et al (2002) Superior survival with capecitabine plus docetaxel combination therapy in anthracycline-pretreated patients with advanced breast cancer: phase III trial results. J Clin Oncol 20(12):2812-2823
109. Jones SE, Erban J, Overmoyer B, Budd GT, Hutchins L, Lower E et al (2005) Randomized phase III study of docetaxel compared with paclitaxel in metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 23(24):5542-5551