False memories are not surprising: The subjective experience of an associative memory illusion

Journal of Memory and Language

Volumn 58, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 1065-1079

  Karpicke, Jeffrey D ^a   McCabe, David P ^b   Roediger III, Henry L ^c  

^a PURDUE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences   (United States)

^c WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

False memory; Metamemory; Subjective experience; Surprise

Indexed keywords

EID: 41149142260     PISSN: 0749596X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2007.12.004     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Anderson J.R. A spreading activation theory of memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 22 (1983) 261-295
2. Balota D.A., Cortese M.J., Duchek J.M., Adams D., and Roediger III H.L. Veridical and false memories in healthy older adults and in dementia of the Alzheimers type. Cognitive Neuropsychology 16 (1999) 361-384
3. Brainerd C.J., and Reyna V.F. Fuzzy-trace theory and false memory. Current Directions in Psychological Science 11 (2002) 164-169
4. Cleary A.M., Morris A.L., and Langley M.M. Recognition memory for novel stimuli: The structrual regularity hypothesis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 33 (2007) 379-393
5. Collins A.M., and Loftus E.F. A spreading-activation theory of semantic memory. Psychological Review 82 (1975) 407-428
6. Deese J. On the prediction of occurrence of particular verbal intrusions in immediate recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology 58 (1959) 17-22
7. Gallo D.A. Associative illusions of memory: False memory research in DRM and related tasks (2006), Psychology Press, Philadelphia
8. Gallo D.A., and Roediger H.L. Variability among word lists in eliciting memory illusions: Evidence for associative activation and monitoring. Journal of Memory and Language 47 (2002) 469-497
9. Gallo D.A., and Roediger H.L. The effects of association and aging on illusory recollection. Memory & Cognition 31 (2003) 1036-1044
10. Geraci L., and McCabe D.P. Examining the basis for illusory recollection: The role of remember/know instructions. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 13 (2006) 466-473
11. Goff L.M., and Roediger H.L. Imagination inflation for action events: Repeated imaginings lead to illusory recollections. Memory & Cognition 26 (1998) 20-33
12. Hirshman E.L., Whelley M.M., and Palij M. An investigation of paradoxical memory effects. Journal of Memory and Language 28 (1989) 594-609
13. Jacoby L.L., Allan L.G., Collins J.C., and Larwill L.K. Memory influences subjective experience: Noise judgments. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 14 (1988) 240-247
14. Jacoby L.L., and Dallas M. On the relationship between autobiographical memory and perceptual learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 110 (1981) 306-340
15. Jacoby L.L., Kelley C.M., and Dywan J. Memory attributions. In: Roediger H.L., and Craik F.I.M. (Eds). Varieties of memory and consciousness: Essays in honor of Endel Tulving (1989), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ 391-422
16. Jacoby L.L., and Whitehouse K. An illusion of memory: False recognition influenced by unconscious perception. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 118 (1989) 126-135
17. Jacoby L.L., Woloshyn V., and Kelley C.M. Becoming famous without being recognized: Unconscious influences of memory produced by dividing attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 118 (1989) 115-125
18. Johnson M.K., Hashtroudi S., and Lindsay D.S. Source monitoring. Psychological Bulletin 114 (1993) 3-28
19. Libby L.K., and Neisser U. Structure and strategy in the associative false memory paradigm. Memory 9 (2001) 145-163
20. Lindsay D.S. Misleading suggestions can impair eyewitnesses' ability to remember event details. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 16 (1990) 1077-1083
21. Loftus E.G., Miller D.G., and Burns H.J. Semantic integration of verbal information into a visual memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory 4 (1978) 19-31
22. Luce P.A., and Pisoni D.B. Recognizing spoken words: The neighborhood activation model. Ear and Hearing 19 (1998) 1-36
23. McCabe D.P., Presmanes A.G., Robertson C.L., and Smith A.D. Item-specific processing reduces false recognition. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 11 (2004) 1074-1079
24. McCabe D.P., and Smith A.D. The effect of warnings on false memories in young and older adults. Memory & Cognition 30 (2002) 1065-1077
25. McCabe D.P., and Smith A.D. The distinctiveness heuristic in false recognition and false recall. Memory 14 (2006) 570-583
26. McDaniel M.A., Einstein G.O., DeLosh E.L., May C.P., and Brady P. The bizarreness effect: It is not surprising, it's complex. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 21 (1995) 422-435
27. McDermott K.B., and Watson J.M. The rise and fall of false recall: The impact of presentation duration. Journal of Memory and Language 45 (2001) 160-176
28. Meyer W.-U., Niepel M., Rudolph U., and Schutzwohl A. An experimental analysis of surprise. Cognition and Emotion 5 (1991) 295-311
29. Meyer W.-U., Reisenzein R., and Schutzwohl A. Towards a process analysis of emotions: The case of surprise. Motivation and Emotion 21 (1997) 251-274
30. Norman K.A., and Schacter D.L. False recognition in younger and older adults: Exploring the characteristics of illusory memories. Memory & Cognition 25 (1997) 838-848
31. Posner M.I., and Keele S.W. On the genesis of abstract ideas. Journal of Experimental Psychology 77 (1968) 353-363
32. Rajaram S. Remembering and knowing: Two means of access to the personal past. Memory & Cognition 21 (1993) 89-102
33. Reisenzein R. The subjective experience of surprise. In: Bless H., and Forgas J.P. (Eds). The message within: The role of subjective experience in social cognition and behavior (2000), Psychology Press, Philadelphia 262-279
34. Robinson K.J., and Roediger H.L. Associative processes in false recall and false recognition. Psychological Science 8 (1997) 231-237
35. Roediger H.L., Balota D.A., and Watson J.M. Spreading activation and the arousal of false memories. In: Roediger H.L., Nairne J.S., Neath I., and Surprenant A.M. (Eds). The nature of remembering: Essays in honor of Robert G. Crowder (2001), American Psychological Association, Washington, DC 95-115
36. Roediger H.L., Jacoby J.D., and McDermott K.B. Misinformation effects in recall: Creating false memories through repeated retrieval. Journal of Memory and Language 35 (1996) 300-318
37. Roediger H.L., and McDermott K.B. Creating false memories: Remembering words not presented in lists. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 21 (1995) 803-814
38. Roediger H.L., and McDermott K.B. Distortions of memory. In: Tulving E., and Craik F.I.M. (Eds). Oxford handbook of memory (2000), Oxford University Press, Oxford 149-162
39. Roediger H.L., Watson J.M., McDermott K.B., and Gallo D.A. Factors that determine false recall: A multiple regression analysis. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 8 (2001) 385-407
40. Schutzwohl A. Surprise and schema strength. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 24 (1998) 1182-1199
41. Smith E.E., and Medin D.L. Categories and concepts (1981), Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA
42. Sommers M.S., and Huff L.M. The effects of age and dementia of the Alzheimer's type on phonological false memories. Psychology and Aging 18 (2003) 791-806
43. Sommers M.S., and Lewis B.P. Who really lives next door: Creating false memories with phonological neighbors. Journal of Memory and Language 40 (1999) 83-108
44. Watson J.M., Balota D.A., and Roediger H.L. Creating false memories with hybrid lists of semantic and phonological associates: Over-additive false memories produced by converging associative networks. Journal of Memory and Language 49 (2003) 95-118
45. Weingardt K.R., Toland H.K., and Loftus E.F. Reports of suggested memories: Do people truly believe them?. In: Ross D.F., Read J.D., and Toglia M.P. (Eds). Adult eyewitness testimony: Current trends and developments (1994), Cambridge University Press, New York 3-26
46. Whittlesea B.W.A. False memory and the discrepancy-attribution hypothesis: The prototype-familiarity illusion. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 131 (2002) 96-115
47. Whittlesea B.W.A., Masson M.E.J., and Hughes A.D. False memory following rapidly presented lists: The element of surprise. Psychological Research 69 (2005) 420-430
48. Whittlesea B.W.A., and Williams L.D. Why do strangers feel familiar, but friends don't? The unexpected basis of feelings of familiarity. Acta Psychologica 96 (1998) 141-165
49. Whittlesea B.W.A., and Williams L.D. The discrepancy-attribution hypothesis. II. Expectation, uncertainty, surprise, and feelings of familiarity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 27 (2001) 14-33