'Complementarity in practice': Some uncomplimentary thoughts

Criminal Law Forum

Volumn 19, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 5-33

  Schabas, William A ^a  

^a NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND   (Ireland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 41149113611     PISSN: 10468374     EISSN: 15729850     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10609-007-9054-5     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (108)

1. 'Paper on some policy issues before the Office of the Prosecutor', p. 2.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid., p. 5.
4. 'Informal expert paper: The principle of complementarity in practice'.
5. Ibid., p. 19, fn. 24.
6. 'Paper on some policy issues before the Office of the Prosecutor', p. 5.
7. 'Annex to the "Paper on some policy issues before the Office of the Prosecutor": Referrals and Communications', September 2003.
8. 'Informal expert paper: The principle of complementarity in practice', p. 3.
9. Ibid., p. 18. Also: p. 20.
10. Ibid., p. 19.
11. Ibid., p. 19, fn. 24.
12. Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, UN Doc. A/CONF. 183/9, art. 17(1)(d).
13. Office of the Prosecutor, 'Report on the Activities Performed, During the First Three Years (June 2003-June 2006)', 12 September 2006, p. 7.
14. Prosecutor v. Lubanga (Case No. ICC-01/04-01/06-8), Decision on the Prosecutor's Application for a Warrant of Arrest, 10 February 2006, para. 35.
15. For the background to the conflict, see: Mohamed El Zeidy, The Ugandan Government Triggers the First Text of the Complementarity Principle: An Assessment of the First State's Party Referral to the ICC, 5 INTL CRIM. L. REV. 83 (2005).
16. Situation in Uganda (ICC-02/04-01/05), Decision to Convene a Status Conference on the Investigation in the Situation in Uganda in Relation to the Application of Article 53, 2 December 2005, para. 3.
17. 'President of Uganda refers situation concerning the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) to the ICC, ICC-200401.29-44-En, 29 January 2004.
18. Situation in Uganda (ICC-02/04-01/05), Decision to Convene a Status Conference on the Investigation in the Situation in Uganda in Relation to the Application of Article 53, 2 December 2005, para. 4.
19. Note that he made no similar objection when the Security Council attempted to exclude certain individuals from the scope of the referral concerning Situation in Darfur. UN Doc. S/RES/1593 (2005), para. 6.
20. Situation in Uganda (ICC-02/04-53), Warrant of Arrest for Joseph Kony Issued on 8 July 2005 as Amended on 27 September 2005;
21. Situation in Uganda (ICC-02/04-54), Warrant of Arrest for Vincent Otti, 8 July 2005;
22. Situation in Uganda (ICC-02/04-55), Warrant of Arrest for Raska Lukwaya, 8 July 2005;
23. Situation in Uganda (ICC-02/04-56), Warrant of Arrest for Okot Odhiambo, 8 July 2005;
24. Situation in Uganda (ICC-02/04-57), Warrant of Arrest for Dominic Ongwen, 8 July 2005.
25. Situation in Uganda (ICC-02/04-53), Warrant of Arrest for Joseph Kony Issued on 8 July 2005 as Amended on 27 September 2005, para. 37.
26. 'Communications Received by the Office of the Prosecutor of the ICC, pids.009.2003-EN, 16 July 2003, pp. 2-3.
27. Prosecutor v. Lubanga (Case No. ICC-01/04-01/06-8), Decision on the Prosecutor's Application for a Warrant of Arrest, 10 February 2006.
28. Prosecutor v. Lubanga (Case No. ICC-01/04-01/06), Décision sur la confirmation des charges, 29 January 2007.
29. Situation in the Central African Republic (ICC-01/05-1), Decision Requesting Information on the Status of the Preliminary Examination of the Situation in the Central African Republic, 30 November 2006.
30. 'Prosecutor opens investigation in the Central African Republic', ICC-OTP-PR-20070522-220_EN, 22 May 2007.
31. UN Doc. S/RES/1593 (2005).
32. Prosecutor v. Harun (Case No. ICC-02/05-01/07), Warrant of Arrest for Ahmad Harun, 27 April 2007;
33. Prosecutor v. Kushayb (Case No. ICC-02/05-01/07), Warrant of Arrest for Ali Kushayb, 27 April 2007.
34. See generally, Claus Kress, 'Self-Referrals' and 'Waivers of Complementarity': Some Considerations in Law and Policy, 2 J. INTL CRIM. JUSTICE 944, 946 (2004);
35. El Zeidy, supra note 15.
36. 'Report of the International Law Commission, on the Work of its Forty-Sixth Session, 2 May-22 July 1994', Chapter II, UN Doc. A/49/10, para. 25(5).
37. Ibid.
38. Ibid., para. 21(1)(a).
39. Ibid., para. 21(1)(b).
40. 'Report of the Inter-Sessional Meeting From 19 to 30 January 1998 in Zutphen, The Netherlands', UN Doc. A/AC.249/1998/L.13, art. 45[25], p. 85.
41. 'Report of the Preparatory Committee on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court', 'Draft Statute for the International Criminal Court', UN Doc. A/ CONF.183/2/Add.1, art. 11, pp. 35-36.
42. 'Discussion Paper, Bureau, Part 2. Jurisdiction, Admissibility and Applicable Law', UN Doc. A/CONF. 183/C.1/L.53, p. 16.
43. Philippe Kirsch & Darryl Robinson, Referral by States Parties, in THE ROME STATUTE OF THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT, A COMMENTARY 623 (Antonio Cassese, Paola Gaeta & John R.W.D. Jones, eds., 2002).
44. UN Doc. A/CONF.183/C.1/SR.25, para. 3.
45. UN Doc. A/CONF. 183/C.1/SR.29, para. 6.
46. UN Doc. A/CONF.1.83/C1/SR.29, paras. 11-187;
47. UN Doc. A/CONF.183/C1/ S.R.30, paras. 7-133;
48. UN Doc. A/CONF. 183/C.1/SR.31, paras. 1-44.
49. Philippe Kirsch & Darryl Robinson, Referral by States Parties, in THE ROME STATUTE OF THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT, A COMMENTARY 619-625 (Antonio Cassese, Paola Gaeta & John R.W.D. Jones, eds., 2002);
50. Antonio Archesi, Referral of a situation by a State Party, in COMMENTARY ON THE ROME STATUTE OF THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT, OBSERVERS" NOTES, ARTICLE BY ARTICLE 353-358 (Otto Triffterer, ed., 1999).
51. 'Report of the Ad Hoc Committee on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court', UN Doc. A/50/22, para. 47.
52. Ibid.
53. UN Doc. A/CONF.183/2, p. 27, fn. 43.
54. Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, UN Doc. A/CONF.183/9, art. 19(1).
55. 'Letter Dated 28 September 1994 From the Permanent Representative of Rwanda to the United Nations Addressed to the President of the Security Council', UN Doc. S/1994/1115;
56. 'Letter dated 9 August 2000 from the Permanent Representative of Sierra Leone to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council', UN Doc. S/2000/786, annex;
57. 'Letter Dated 13 December 2005 From the Prime Minister of Lebanon to the Secretary-General of the United Nations', UN Doc. S/2005/783, annex.
58. UN Doc. S/RES/1757 (2007).
59. Prosecutor v. Lubanga (ICC-01/04-01/06-8), Decision on the Prosecutor's Application for a Warrant of Arrest, 10 February 2006, para. 35.
60. Ibid.,
61. citing the leading insider account on the drafting of article 17: John T. Holmes, The Principle of Complementarity, in THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT: THE MAKING OF THE ROME STATUTE: ISSUES, NEGOTIATIONS, RESULTS 41-78 (Roy Lee, ed., 1999).
62. 'Report of the Secretary-General pursuant to paragraph 6 of resolution 1644 (2005)', UN Doc. S/2006/176, para. 5.
63. In June 2005, for example, the Constitutional Court of Uganda declared the country's capital punishment statute to be unconstitutional: Susan Kigula and 416 Others v. Attorney General, Constitutional Petition No. 6 of 2003, 5 June 2005.
64. Prosecutor v. Lubanga (Case No. ICC-01/04-01/06-8), Prosecutor's Application for Warrant of Arrest, para. 35.
65. Amnesty International, 'Uganda: First ever arrest warrants by International Criminal Court - a first step towards addressing impunity', 14 October 2005, AI Index: AFR 59/008/2005;
66. Human Rights Watch, 'ICC Takes Decisive Step for Justice in Uganda', 14 October 2005.
67. UN Doc. S/PV.5525, p. 4.
68. 'Opening Remarks, Luis Moreno Ocampo, Fifth Session of the Assembly of States Parties', 23 November 2006.
69. RICHARD J. GOLDSTONE, FOR HUMANITY. REFLECTIONS OF A WAR CRIMES INVESTIGATOR 102-103 (2000).
70. This is discussed by Kasaija Phillip Apuuli, The International Criminal Court (ICC) and the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) Insurgency in Northern Uganda, 15 CRIM. L. FORUM 408 (2005);
71. Kasaija Phillip Apuuli, The ICC Arrest Warrants for the Lord's Resistance Army Leaders and Peace Prospects for Northern Uganda, 4 J. INTL CRIM, JUSTICE 179 (2006);
72. Manisuli Ssenyonjo, Accountability of Non-State Actors in Uganda for War Crimes and Human Rights Violations: Between Amnesty and the International Criminal Court, 10 J. CONFLICT & SECURITY L. 405 (2005).
73. UN Doc. S/PV.5525, p. 4.
74. Chris McGreal, African Search for Peace Throws Court into Crisis, THE GUARDIAN, 9 January 2007.
75. Ibid.
76. 'Letter of Joseph Kabila to the Prosecutor', 3 March 2004.
77. Prosecutor v. Lubanga (Case No. ICC-01/04-01/06-8), Prosecutor's Application for Warrant of Arrest, para. 186.
78. Prosecutor v. Lubanga (Case No. ICC-01/04-01/06-8), Decision on the Prosecutor's Application for a Warrant of Arrest, 1,0 February 2006, paras. 35-36.
79. Ibid. para. 38.
80. Ibid., para. 39.
81. 'Statement by Luis Moreno Ocampo, Press Conference in relation with the surrender to the Court of Mr. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo', 18 March 2006.
82. Prosecutor v. Furundžija (Case No. IT-95-17/1-A), Judgment, 21 July 2000, para. 247;
83. Prosecutor v. Tadić (Case No. IT-94-1-AWJ ), Judgment in Sentencing Appeals, 26 January 2000, para. 69.
84. Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, UN Doc. A/CONF.183/9, art. 33.
85. Ibid., art. 31(1)(c).
86. Prosecutor v. Lubanga (Case No. ICC-01/04-01/06-8), Decision on the Prosecutor's Application for a Warrant of Arrest, 10 February 2006, para. 36, fn. 32.
87. UN Doc. S/PV.5589, p. 2.
88. UN Doc. S/PV.5450, pp. 3-4;
89. UN Doc. S/PV.5321, p. 3;
90. UN Doc. S/PV.5589, p. 2;
91. UN Doc. S/PV.5450, pp. 5-6.
92. UN Doc. S/PV.5450, pp. 5-6.
93. Amnesty International, 'Uganda: First ever arrest warrants by International Criminal Court - a first step towards addressing impunity', 14 October 2005, AI Index: AFR 59/008/2005;
94. Human Rights Watch, 'ICC Takes Decisive Step for Justice in Uganda', 14 October 2005.
95. 'Statement by Luis Moreno Ocampo, Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, Informal meeting of Legal Advisors of Ministries of Foreign Affairs', New York, 24 October 2005, p. 7.
96. Statement by Luis Moreno Ocampo, Prosecutor of the International, Criminal Court, Fourth Session of the Assembly of States Parties, 28 November-3 December 2005, The Hague, 28 November 2005, p. 2.
97. 'Letter of Prosecutor dated 9 February 2006' (Iraq), pp. 7-8.
98. Ibid., pp. 8-9.
99. Ibid., p. 10.
100. Michael, Evans, Case Collapses, THE TIMES, 15 February 2007.
101. Prosecutor v. Lubanga (Case No. ICC-01/04-01/06-8), Decision on the Prosecutor's Application for a Warrant of Arrest, 10 February 2006, paras. 51-53.
102. Ibid., para. 54.
103. Richard J. Goldstone, Prosecuting Rape as a War Crime, 34 CASE WESTERN RESERVE J. INTL L. 277, 281 (2002).
104. Nikolić eventually pleaded guilty to the crime against humanity of persecution, and was sentence to 23 years in prison: Prosecutor v. Dragan Nikolić (Case No. IT-94-2-S), Sentencing Judgment, 18 December 2003.
105. The sentence was reduced, to 20 years by the Appeals Chamber: Prosecutor v. Dragan Nikolić (Case No. IT-94-2-A), Judgment on Sentencing Appeal, 4 February 2005.
106. Prosecutor v. Milošević (Case No. IT-01-51-I), Indictment, 22 November 2001.
107. Elaine Sciolino, U.S. Names Figures it Wants Charged with War Crimes, NEW YORK TIMES, 17 December 1992, p. 1.
108. Case Concerning Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda), 19 December 2005.