Legal framework and political strategy in dealing with the risks of new technology: The two faces of the precautionary principle

The Regulatory Challenge of Biotechnology: Human Genetics, Food and Patents

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 118-138

  van den Daele, Wolfgang ^a  

^a HUMBOLDT UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 41149107111     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (43)

1. Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement) (1994), Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Annex 1A, Legal Instruments - Results of the Uruguay Round Vol. 1 (1994), International Legal Materials, 33, 1125-53.
2. Appel, I. (2003), 'Präventionsstrategie im europäischen Chemikalienrecht und Welthandelsrecht', Zeitschrift für Umweltrecht, 14 (Special Issue No. 1), 167-75.
3. Beck, Ulrich (1992), Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity, London: Sage.
4. BioTIK Action Plan (2001), 'Ethics - A Tool for Making the Right Choices on Biotechnology', http://www.biotik.dk/english/plan/cer/.
5. Bundesimmissionsschutzgesetz (Federal Emission Control Law) (BImSchG) Bundesgesetzblatt (Federal Law Gazette) (BGBl), I (1990), 880.
6. Bundesverfassungsgericht (Federal Constitutional Court) (1978), Bundesverfassungsgericht 8 August 1978 (Kalkar), Entscheidungen (Decisions) 49, 89, at 143.
7. Bundesverfassungsgericht (Federal Constitutional Court) (2002), Bundesverfassungsgericht 28 February 2002, Die Öffentliche Verwaltung (Public Administration), 55(12), 521.
8. Bundesverwaltungsgericht (Federal Administrative Court) (1984), Bundesverwaltungsgericht 17 February 1984 (Heizkraftwerk) (Combined heat and powerstation), Entscheidungen (Decisions) 69, 37 at 43.
9. Bundesverwaltungsgericht (Federal Administrative Court) (1985), Bundesverwaltungsgericht 19 December 1985 (Whyl), Entscheidungen (Decisions) 72, 300 at 315.
10. Bundesverwaltungsgericht (Federal Administrative Court) (2002), Bundesverwaltungsgericht 3 July 2002, Entscheidungen (Decisions) 116, 347, at 353.
11. Bundesverwaltungsgericht (Federal Administrative Court) (2003), Bundesverwaltungsgericht 11 December 2003, (2004) Die Öffentliche Verwaltung (Public Administration), 57(8), 340-43.
12. Burgess, Adam (2003), Cellular Phones, Public Fears, and a Culture of Precaution, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge.
13. Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity (2000), International Legal Materials, 39(5), 1027.
14. COM (2000), 'Communication from the Commission on the Precautionary Principle', Commission of the European Communities, 1, Brussels, 02-02-2000.
15. Christoforou, T. (2003), 'The Precautionary Principle and Democratizing Expertise: A European Legal Perspective', Science and Public Policy, 30(3), 205-13.
16. Commission Recommendation of 23 July 2003, Official Journal of the European Union, L 189/36, 2003/556/EC.
17. Deliberate Release Directive (1990), 'Directive 90/220/EEC on the Deliberate Release into the Environment of Genetically Modified Organisms', Official Journal of the European Communities, L117/15.
18. Deliberate Release Directive (2001), 'Directive 2001/18/EC on the Deliberate Release into the Environment of Genetically Modified Organisms and Repealing Council Directive 90/220/EEC', Official Journal of the European Communities, L106/1.
19. European Council (2000), 'Council Resolution on the Precautionary Principle', Bulletin EU 12-2000 Annexes to the European Council Conclusions 4/7, Annex III.
20. Feldhaus, Gerhard (1998), Bundesimmissionsschutzrecht: Entscheidungssammlung (Federal Pollution Protection Law: Law Reports), Volume 3,§ 5, No. 38, Heidelberg: C.F. Müller 5, No. 38, Heidelberg: C.F. Müller.
21. Freestone, David and E. Hey (1996), The Precautionary Principle and International Law: The Challenge of Implementation, The Hague: Kluwer.
22. Friends of the Earth Press Release (29 November 2004), 'Europe Votes to Keep GM Crop Bans', http://www.gmwatch.org/archive2.asp?arcid=4674.
23. Gentechnikgesetz (GenTG) of 20 June 1990 BGBl I 1990, 1080 as amended 16 December 1993 - BGBl, I S. 2066.
24. GMO Panel (2004), 'Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms on the Use of Antibiotic Resistance Genes as Marker Genes in Genetically Modified Plants', European Food Safety Authority Journal, 48, 1-18.
25. 'Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublic Deutschland' (Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany, Bundgesetzblatt (Federal Law Gazette)) III 100-101, 23 May 1949.
26. Harremoës, Poul, D. Gee, M. McGarvin, A. Stirling, J. Keys, B. Wynnie and S. Guedes Vaz (eds) (2002), The Precautionary Principle in the 20th Century. Late Lessons from Early Warnings, London: Earthscan.
27. Hermann, A. and B. Tappeser (2004), 'Entwurf des Dritten Gesetzes zur Änderung des GenTG vom 16.01.2004. Bewertung der Änderungen im GenTG unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Koexistenz in der Landwirtschaft. Gutachten des Ökoinstituts vom Februar 2004', http://www.oeko.de.
28. Hervey, T.K. (2001), 'Regulation of Genetically Modified Products in a Multi-level System of Governance: Science or Citizens?', Review of European Community and International Environmental Law, 10(3), 321-33.
29. Jonas, Hans (1979), Das Prinzip Verantwortung. Versuch einer Ethik für die technologische Zivilisation, Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.
30. Judgement of the Court of First Instance (CFI), 11 September 2002/ C 289/41, 'Case T-70/99 Alpharma Inc. v. Council', Official Journal of the European Communities, 23 November 2002, ECR II-3495.
31. Levidow, L., S. Carr and D. Wield (2000) 'Genetically Modified Crops in the European Union: Regulatory Conflicts as Precautionary Opportunities', Journal of Risk Research, 3(3), 261-70.
32. O'Riordan, Timothy and James Cameron (eds) (1994), Interpreting the Precautionary Principle, London: Earthscan.
33. Ossenbühl, F. (1986), 'Vorsorge als Rechtsprinzip im Gesundheits-, Arbeits- und Umweltschutz', Neue Zeitschrift für Verwaltungsrecht, 5(3), 161-71.
34. Raffensberger, Carolyn and Joël Tickner (eds) (1999), Protecting Public Health and the Environment: Implementing the Precautionary Principle, Washington, DC: Island Press.
35. Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (1992), International Legal Materials, 31, 874.
36. Slovic, Paul (2000), The Perception of Risk, London: Earthscan.
37. Tait, J. and L. Levidow (1992), 'Proactive and Reactive Approaches to Regulation: The Case of Biotechnology', Futures (April), 219-31.
38. United States Code, 15, § 2605 (a).
39. van den Daele, Wolfgang (1999), 'Von rechtlicher Risikovorsorge zu politischer Planung: Begründungen für Innovationskontrollen in einer partizipativen Technikfolgenabschätzung zu gentechnisch erzeugten herbizidresistenten Pflanzen', in Alfons Bora (ed.), Rechtliches Risikomanagement: Form, Funktion und Leistungsfähigkeit des Rechts in der Risikogesellschaft, Berlin: Dunckler & Humblot, pp. 259-91.
40. Verwaltungsgerichtshof of Baden-Württemberg (2002), 'Verwaltungsgerichtshof Baden-Württemberg 18 December 2002', (2002) Die Öffentliche Verwaltung, 55(20), 871-5.
41. Waldhäusl, Martin (1995), 'Soziale Unverträglichkeit - Rechtlicher Rahmen und Anknüpfungspunkte in der Österreichischen Rechtsordnung', in Helge Torgersen and Franz Seifert (eds), Die Sozialverträglichkeitsprüfung von gentechnischen Produkten zwischen Anspruch und Umsetzbarkeit, Vienna: Institut für Technikfolgen-Abschätzung der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
42. Wet milieugevaarlijke stoffen, 5 December 1985, Art. 24, Stb. 639, last amended 18 October 2001, Stb. 517.
43. Wynne, B. (1992), 'Uncertainty and Environmental Learning:Reconceiving Science and Policy in the Preventive Paradigm', Global Environmental Change, 2(2), 111-27.