A numerical study of the tidal circulation and buoyancy effects in a Scottish fjord: Loch Torridon

Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans

Volumn 112, Issue 5, 2007, Pages

  Gillibrand, Philip A ^a   Amundrud, Trisha L ^b  

^a SCOTTISH MARINE INSTITUTE   (United Kingdom)

^b MARINE LABORATORY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BUOYANCY; DENSITY (SPECIFIC GRAVITY); NUMERICAL METHODS; OCEAN CURRENTS; TIDES;

BUOYANCY; COASTAL CIRCULATION; FJORD; INTERNAL TIDE; LEE WAVE; MODELING; TIDAL CURRENT;

EURASIA; EUROPE; HIGHLAND; LOCH TORRIDON; SCOTLAND; UNITED KINGDOM; WESTERN EUROPE;

EID: 41049115050     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21699291     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2006JC003806     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. Afanasyev, Y. D., and W. R. Peltier (2001), On breaking internal waves over the sill in Knight Inlet, Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 457, 2799-2825.
2. Arneborg, L., C. Janzen, B. Liljebladh, T. P. Rippeth, J. H. Simpson, and A. Stigebrandt (2004), Spatial variability of diapycnal mixing and turbulent dissipation rates in a stagnant fjord basin, J. Phys. Oceanogr, 34, 1679-1691.
3. Asplin, L., A. G. V. Salvanes, and J. B. Kristoffersen (1999), Nonlocal wind-driven fjord-coast advection and its potential effect on plankton and fish recruitment, Fish. Oceanogr., 8, 255-263.
4. Atakturk, S. S., and K. B. Katsaros (1999), Wind stress and surface waves observed on Lake Washington, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 29, 633-650.
5. Backhaus, J. O. (1985), A three-dimensional model for the simulation of shelf sea dynamics, Dtsch. Hydrogr. Z., 38, 165-187.
6. Cummins, P. F., S. Vagle, L. Armi, and D. M. Farmer (2003), Stratified flow over topography: Upstream influence and generation of nonlinear internal waves, Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 459, 1467-1487.
7. Cushman-Roisin, B., L. Asplin, and H. Svendsen (1994), Upwelling in broad fjords, Cont. Shelf Res., 14, 1701-1721.
8. Edwards, A., and D. Edelsten (1977), Deep water renewal of Loch Etive: A three basin Scottish fjord, Estuarine Coastal Mar. Sci., 5, 575-595.
9. Eliassen, I. K., Y. Heggelund, and M. Haakstad (2001), A numerical study of the circulation in Saltfjorden, Saltstraumen and Skjerstadforden, Cont. Shelf Res., 21, 1669-1689.
10. Fanner, D. M., and L. Armi (1999), Stratified flow over topography: The role of small-scale entramment and mixing in flow establishment, Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 455, 3221-3258.
11. Farmer, D. M., and L. Armi (2001), Stratified flow over topography: Models versus observations, Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 457, 2827-2830.
12. Farmer, D., and H. Freeland (1983), The physical oceanography of fjords, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 12, 147-220.
13. Foreman, M. G. G., D. J. Stucchi, Y. Zhang, and A. M. Baptista (2006), Estuarine and tidal currents in the Broughton Archipelago, Atmos. Ocean, 44, 47-63.
14. Galperin, B., and G. L. Mellor (1990a), A time-dependent, three-dimensional model of the Delaware Bay and River system. part 2: Three-dimensional flow fields and residual circulation, Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sei., 31, 255-281.
15. Galperin, B., and G. L. Mellor (1990b), A time-dependent, three-dimensional model of the Delaware Bay and River system. part 1: Description of the model and tidal analysis, Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci., 31, 231-253.
16. Galperin, B., L. H. Kantha, S. Hassid, and A. Rosati (1988), A quasi-equilibrium turbulent energy model for geophysical flows, J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 55-62.
17. Gargett, A. E., and G. Holloway (1984), Dissipation and diffusion by internal wave breaking, J. Mar. Res., 42, 15-27.
18. Gillibrand, P. A., W. R. Turrell, and A. J. Elliott (1995), Deep-water renewal in the upper basin of Loch Sunart, a Scottish fjord, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 1488-1503.
19. Holt, J. T., and I. D. James (2001), An s coordinate density evolving model of the northwest European continental shelf: 1. Model description and density structure, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 14,015-14,034.
20. Inall, M. E., and T. P. Rippeth (2002), Dissipation of tidal energy and associated mixing in a wide fjord, Environ. Fluid Mech., 2, 219-240.
21. Inall, M. E., F. R. Cottier, C. Griffiths, and T. P. Rippeth (2004), Sill dynamics and energy transformation in a jet fjord, Ocean Dyn., 54, 307-314.
22. Inall, M., T. Rippeth, C. Griffiths, and P. Wiles (2005), Evolution and distribution of TKE production and dissipation within stratified flow over topography, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L08607, doi:10.1029/ 2004GL022289.
23. Kantha, L., and C. A. Clayson (1994), An improved mixed layer model for geophysical applications, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 25,235-25,266.
24. Klymak, J. M., and M. C. Gregg (2001), Three-dimensional nature of flow near a sill, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 22,295 -22,311.
25. Klymak, J. M., and M. C. Gregg (2003), The role of upstream waves and a downstream density pool in the growth of lee waves: Stratified flow over the Knight Inlet sill, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 33, 1446-1461.
26. Lavelle, J. W., E. D. Cokelet, and G. A. Cannon (1991), A model study of density intrusions and circulation within a deep, silled estuary: Puget Sound, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 16,779-16,800.
27. Marshall, J., C. Hill, L. Perelman, and A. Adcroft (1997), Hydrostatic, quasi-hydrostatic, and nonhydrostatic ocean modeling, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 5733-5752.
28. Mellor, G. L., and T. Yamada (1982), Development of a turbulence closure model for geophysical fluid problems, Rev. Geophys., 20, 851-875.
29. Murray, A. G., and P. A. Gillibrand (2006), Modelling salmon lice dispersal in Loch Torridon, Scotland, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 53, 128-135.
30. Nakamura, T., T. Awaji, T. Hatayama, and K. Akitomo (2000), The generation of large-amplitude unsteady lee waves by subinertial K1 tidal flow: A possible vertical mixing mechanism in the Kuril Straits, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 30, 1601-1621.
31. Oey, L. Y., G. L. Mellor, and R. I. Hires (1985a), A 3-dimensional simulation of the Hudson-Raritan Estuary. 1. Description of the model and model simulations, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 15, 1676-1692.
32. Oey, L. Y., G. L. Mellor, and R. I. Hires (1985b), A 3-dimensional simulation of the Hudson-Raritan Estuary. 2. Comparison with observation, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 15, 1693-1709.
33. Saucier, F. J., and J. Chassé (2000), Tidal circulation and buoyancy effects in the St. Lawrence Estuary, Atmos. Ocean, 38, 505-556.
34. Saucier, F. J., F. Roy, D. Gilbert, P. Pellerin, and H. Ritchie (2003), Modeling the formation and circulation processes of water masses and sea ice in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada, J. Geophys. Res., 108(C8), 3269, doi:10.1029/2000JC000686.
35. Smagorinsky, J. (1963), General circulation experiments with primitive equations. I. The basic experiment, Mon. Weather Rev., 91, 99-164.
36. Stacey, M. W., and S. Pond (2005), Energy fluxes due to the surface and internal tides in Knight Inlet, British Columbia, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 35, 2219-2227.
37. Stacey, M. W., S. Pond, and Z. P. Nowak (1995), A numerical model of the circulation in Knight Inlet, British Columbia, Canada, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 1038-1062.
38. Stacey, M. W., R. Pieters, and S. Pond (2002), The simulation of deep water exchange in a fjord: Indian Ann, British Columbia, Canada, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 32, 2753-2765.
39. Stashchuk, N., M. E. Inall, and V. Vlasenko (2007), Analysis of super-critical stratified tidal flow in a Scottish fjord, J. Phys. Oceanogr., in press.
40. Stigebrandt, A. (1999), Resistance to barotropic tidal flow in straits by baroclinic wave drag, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 29, 191-197.
41. Stigebrandt, A., and J. Aure (1989), Vertical mixing in basin waters of fjords, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 19, 917-926.
42. Stronach, J. A., J. O. Backhaus, and T. S. Murty (1993), An update on the numerical simulation of oceanographic processes in the waters between Vancouver Island and the mainland: The GF9 model, Oceanogr. Mar. Biol., 31, 1-86.
43. Utnes, T., and B. Brors (1993), Numerical modelling of 3-D circulation in restricted waters, Appl. Math. Modell., 17, 522-535.
44. Vlasenko, V., N. Stashchuk, and K. Hutter (2002), Water exchange in fjords induced by tidally generated internal lee waves, Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 35, 63-89.
45. Warner, J. C., C. R. Sherwood, H. G. Arango, and R. P. Signell (2005), Performance of four turbulence closure models implemented using a generic length scale method, Ocean Modell., 8, 81-113.
46. Willmott, C. J., S. G. Ackleson, R. E. Davis, J. J. Feddema, K. M. Klink, D. R. Legates, J. O'Donnell, and C. M. Rowe (1985), Statistics for evaluation and comparison of models, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 8995-9005.
47. Xing, J., and A. M. Davies (2001), A three-dimensional baroclinic model of the Irish Sea: Formation of the thermal fronts and associated circulation, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 3, 94-114.
48. Xing, J., and A. M. Davies (2004), On the influence of a surface coastal front on near-inertial wind-induced internal wave generation, J. Geophys. Res., 109, C01023, doi:10.1029/2003JC001794.
49. Xing, J., and A. M. Davies (2006), Processes influencing tidal mixing in the region of sills, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L04603, doi:10.1029/ 2005GL025226.
50. Yeremy, M. L., and M. W. Stacey (1998), A two-dimensional numerical model which simulates the temperature, salinity and velocity fields in Knight Inlet, British Columbia, Atmos. Ocean, 36, 1-27.
51. Zheng, L., and R. H. Weisberg (2004), Tide, buoyancy, and wind-driven circulation of the Charlotte Harbor estuary: A model study, J. Geophys. Res., 109, C06011, doi:10.1029/2003JC001996.
52. Zheng, L., C. Chen, and H. Liu (2003), A modeling study of the Satilla River Estuary, Georgia, part I: Flooding/drying process and water exchanges over the salt marsh-estuary-shelf complex, Estuaries, 26, 651-669.