메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn , Issue 733, 2008, Pages 247-256

The role of silvicultural thinning in eastern forests threatened by hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae)

Author keywords

Foliar nutrients; Hemlock woolly adelgid; Silvicultural thinning; Stocking

Indexed keywords

INSECT; NUTRIENT; SILVICULTURE; SOIL MOISTURE; STAND DYNAMICS; STAND STRUCTURE; STOCKING DENSITY; SURVIVAL; TEMPERATURE; THINNING;

EID: 40949157561     PISSN: 08874840     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Conference Paper
Times cited : (12)

References (55)
  • 1
    • 40949131181 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bair, M.W. 2002. Eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) mortality in Shenandoah National Park. Proceedings: Hemlock Woolly Adelgid in the Eastern United States Symposium. Feb. 5-7, 2002, East Brunswick, NJ, USDA For. Serv./State Univ. of N. J. Rutgers, Onken, B., R. Reardon, and J. Lashomb (eds.), pp. 61-66.
    • Bair, M.W. 2002. Eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) mortality in Shenandoah National Park. Proceedings: Hemlock Woolly Adelgid in the Eastern United States Symposium. Feb. 5-7, 2002, East Brunswick, NJ, USDA For. Serv./State Univ. of N. J. Rutgers, Onken, B., R. Reardon, and J. Lashomb (eds.), pp. 61-66.
  • 2
    • 4644247496 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early regeneration following the presalvage cutting of hemlock from hemlock-dominated stands
    • Brooks, R.T. 2004. Early regeneration following the presalvage cutting of hemlock from hemlock-dominated stands. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 21(1): 12-18.
    • (2004) Northern Journal of Applied Forestry , vol.21 , Issue.1 , pp. 12-18
    • Brooks, R.T.1
  • 3
    • 40949114850 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cheah, C. M.E. Montgomery, S. Salom, B.L. Parker, S. Costa and M. Skinner. 2004. Biological Control of hemlock woolly adelgid. Technical Coordinators - R. Reardon and B. Onken. Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team - Technology Transfer: Biological Control. FHTET-2004-04.
    • Cheah, C. M.E. Montgomery, S. Salom, B.L. Parker, S. Costa and M. Skinner. 2004. Biological Control of hemlock woolly adelgid. Technical Coordinators - R. Reardon and B. Onken. Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team - Technology Transfer: Biological Control. FHTET-2004-04.
  • 4
    • 3042595964 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Foliar nutrients and induced susceptibility: Genetic mechanisms of Douglas-fir resistance to western spruce budworm defoliation
    • Clancy, K.M., Z. Chen, and T.E. Kolb. 2004. Foliar nutrients and induced susceptibility: genetic mechanisms of Douglas-fir resistance to western spruce budworm defoliation. Can. J. For. Res. 34: 939-949.
    • (2004) Can. J. For. Res , vol.34 , pp. 939-949
    • Clancy, K.M.1    Chen, Z.2    Kolb, T.E.3
  • 5
    • 40949133978 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Colbert, J., M. Seese, and B. Onken, 2002. Hemlock woolly adelgid impact assessment survey. Proceedings: Hemlock Woolly Adelgid in the Eastern United States Symposium. Feb. 5-7, 2002, East Brunswick, NJ, USDA For. Serv./State Univ. of N. J. Rutgers, Onken, B., R. Reardon, and J. Lashomb (eds.), pp. 323-328.
    • Colbert, J., M. Seese, and B. Onken, 2002. Hemlock woolly adelgid impact assessment survey. Proceedings: Hemlock Woolly Adelgid in the Eastern United States Symposium. Feb. 5-7, 2002, East Brunswick, NJ, USDA For. Serv./State Univ. of N. J. Rutgers, Onken, B., R. Reardon, and J. Lashomb (eds.), pp. 323-328.
  • 7
    • 0003750011 scopus 로고
    • New England wildlife: Management of forested habitats. USDA Forest Service, Gen
    • Tech. Rep. NE-144. 271 p
    • DeGraaf, R.M., Yamasaki, M., Leak, W.B. and J.W. Lanier. 1992. New England wildlife: Management of forested habitats. USDA Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-144. 271 p.
    • (1992)
    • DeGraaf, R.M.1    Yamasaki, M.2    Leak, W.B.3    Lanier, J.W.4
  • 8
    • 33846491737 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The tree crown distribution of hemlock woolly adlegid, Adelges tsugae (Hem., Adelgidae) from randomized branch sampling
    • Evans, A.M. 2007. The tree crown distribution of hemlock woolly adlegid, Adelges tsugae (Hem., Adelgidae) from randomized branch sampling. J. Appl. Entomol. 131(1): 26-33.
    • (2007) J. Appl. Entomol , vol.131 , Issue.1 , pp. 26-33
    • Evans, A.M.1
  • 9
    • 40949159064 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evans, A.M. 2004. Initial results in measuring hemlock woolly adelgid populations in trees and forests. Forestry Across Borders, 84th Winter Meeting, New England Society of American Foresters, Quebec City, Canada, Mar. 23-26, 2004. USDA For. Serv. NE-314. Ward, J.A. and M.J. Twery (eds.). pp. 3-5.
    • Evans, A.M. 2004. Initial results in measuring hemlock woolly adelgid populations in trees and forests. Forestry Across Borders, 84th Winter Meeting, New England Society of American Foresters, Quebec City, Canada, Mar. 23-26, 2004. USDA For. Serv. NE-314. Ward, J.A. and M.J. Twery (eds.). pp. 3-5.
  • 10
    • 40949107093 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An ecosystem unraveling?
    • Onken, B, R. Reardon, and J. Lashomb eds, America; February 5-7; East Brunswick, NJ. N.J. Agricultural Experiment Station, Rutgers University, pp
    • Evans, R.A. 2002. An ecosystem unraveling? In: Onken, B., R. Reardon, and J. Lashomb (eds.), Proceedings, Symposium on the hemlock woolly adelgid In Eastern North America; 2002 February 5-7; East Brunswick, NJ. N.J. Agricultural Experiment Station, Rutgers University, pp. 9-12.
    • (2002) Proceedings, Symposium on the hemlock woolly adelgid In Eastern North , pp. 9-12
    • Evans, R.A.1
  • 11
    • 34248338678 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A geographically variable model of hemlock woolly adelgid spread
    • In Press
    • Evans, A.M. and T.G. Gregoire. 2007. A geographically variable model of hemlock woolly adelgid spread. Biological Invasions (In Press).
    • (2007) Biological Invasions
    • Evans, A.M.1    Gregoire, T.G.2
  • 12
    • 40949159496 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Integration of silvicultural strategies for hemlock management in eastern forests threatened by Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Adelges tsugae). Study Plan
    • Morgantown, WV. 17 p
    • Fajvan, M.A., Gottschalk, K.W., Turcotte, R. and A. Hille. 2005. Integration of silvicultural strategies for hemlock management in eastern forests threatened by Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Adelges tsugae). Study Plan. On file at: USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 180 Canfield St. Morgantown, WV. 17 p.
    • (2005) On file at: USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 180 Canfield St
    • Fajvan, M.A.1    Gottschalk, K.W.2    Turcotte, R.3    Hille, A.4
  • 13
    • 0028163929 scopus 로고
    • Amount and vertical distribution of foliage of young loblolly pine trees as affected by canopy position and silvicultural treatment
    • Gillespie, A.R., Allen, H.Lee, and J.M. Vose. 1994. Amount and vertical distribution of foliage of young loblolly pine trees as affected by canopy position and silvicultural treatment. Can. J. For. Res. 24: 1337-1344.
    • (1994) Can. J. For. Res , vol.24 , pp. 1337-1344
    • Gillespie, A.R.1    Allen2    Lee, H.3    Vose, J.M.4
  • 14
    • 40949124975 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Godman, R.M. and K. Lancaster. 1990. Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Eastern Hemlock Pinaceae. Pine Family. In: Burns, R.M. and B.H. Honkala (eds.), Silvics of North America, 1, Conifers. USDA, Forest Service, Agricultural Handbook 654. Washington, D.C.
    • Godman, R.M. and K. Lancaster. 1990. Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Eastern Hemlock Pinaceae. Pine Family. In: Burns, R.M. and B.H. Honkala (eds.), Silvics of North America, Vol. 1, Conifers. USDA, Forest Service, Agricultural Handbook 654. Washington, D.C.
  • 15
    • 0013598620 scopus 로고
    • Silvicultural guidelines for forest stands threatened by the gypsy moth. Gen
    • Tech. Rep. NE-171. USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. 49 p
    • Gottschalk, K.W. 1993. Silvicultural guidelines for forest stands threatened by the gypsy moth. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-171. USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. 49 p.
    • (1993)
    • Gottschalk, K.W.1
  • 16
    • 0542396547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hemlock woolly adelgid dispersion and the failure of binomial sampling to estimate population density
    • Gray, D.R., Evans, R.A. and S.M. Salom. 1998. Hemlock woolly adelgid dispersion and the failure of binomial sampling to estimate population density. Environmental Entomology 27(3):564-571.
    • (1998) Environmental Entomology , vol.27 , Issue.3 , pp. 564-571
    • Gray, D.R.1    Evans, R.A.2    Salom, S.M.3
  • 18
    • 0033018419 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hemlock wooly adelgid impacts on community structure and N cycling rates in eastern hemlock forests
    • Jenkins, J.C., Aber, J.D., and Canham, C.D. 1999. Hemlock wooly adelgid impacts on community structure and N cycling rates in eastern hemlock forests. Can. J. For. Res. 29: 630-645.
    • (1999) Can. J. For. Res , vol.29 , pp. 630-645
    • Jenkins, J.C.1    Aber, J.D.2    Canham, C.D.3
  • 19
    • 0024933936 scopus 로고
    • Productivity of New England hemlock/hardwood stands as affected by species composition and canopy structure
    • Kelty, M.J. 1989. Productivity of New England hemlock/hardwood stands as affected by species composition and canopy structure. Forest Ecology and Management 28:237-257.
    • (1989) Forest Ecology and Management , vol.28 , pp. 237-257
    • Kelty, M.J.1
  • 20
    • 40949100209 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial pattern of HWA damage and impacts on tree physiology and water use in the black rock forest, Southern New York
    • Onken, B, R. Reardon, and J. Lashomb eds, America;, February 5-7; East Brunswick, NJ. NJ. Agricultural Experiment Station, Rutgers University
    • Kimple, A. and W. Schuster. 2002. Spatial pattern of HWA damage and impacts on tree physiology and water use in the black rock forest, Southern New York. In: Onken, B., R. Reardon, and J. Lashomb (eds.), Proceedings, Symposium on the hemlock woolly adelgid In Eastern North America; 2002. February 5-7; East Brunswick, NJ. NJ. Agricultural Experiment Station, Rutgers University.
    • (2002) Proceedings, Symposium on the hemlock woolly adelgid In Eastern North
    • Kimple, A.1    Schuster, W.2
  • 21
    • 30744461743 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An initiative for management of hemlock woolly adelgid
    • Onken, B, R. Reardon, and J. Lashomb eds, America; February 5-7; East Brunswick, NJ. NJ. Agricultural Experiment Station, Rutgers University, pp
    • Knauer, K., J. Linnane, K Sheilds, and R. Bridges. 2002. An initiative for management of hemlock woolly adelgid. In: Onken, B., R. Reardon, and J. Lashomb (eds.), Proceedings, Symposium on the hemlock woolly adelgid In Eastern North America; 2002 February 5-7; East Brunswick, NJ. NJ. Agricultural Experiment Station, Rutgers University, pp. 9-12.
    • (2002) Proceedings, Symposium on the hemlock woolly adelgid In Eastern North , pp. 9-12
    • Knauer, K.1    Linnane, J.2    Sheilds, K.3    Bridges, R.4
  • 23
    • 40949129362 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lambdin, P.L. and J.F. Grant. 2004. Final report: A checklist of the insect fauna associated with eastern hemlock, Tsuga canadensis (L.), in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN. Unpub. Report. 17 p.
    • Lambdin, P.L. and J.F. Grant. 2004. Final report: A checklist of the insect fauna associated with eastern hemlock, Tsuga canadensis (L.), in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN. Unpub. Report. 17 p.
  • 25
    • 0002861241 scopus 로고
    • The growth of hemlock before and after release from suppression
    • 43 p
    • Marshall, R. 1927. The growth of hemlock before and after release from suppression. Harvard Forest Bulletin #11. 43 p.
    • (1927) Harvard Forest Bulletin , vol.11
    • Marshall, R.1
  • 26
    • 20344365153 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thirteen years of monitoring hemlock woolly adelgid in New Jersey forests
    • Onken, B, R. Reardon, and J. Lashomb eds, America; February 5-7; East Brunswick, NJ. NJ. Agricultural Experiment Station, Rutgers University, pp
    • Mayer, M., R. Chianese, T. Scudder, J. White, K. Vongpaseuth, and R. Ward. 2002. Thirteen years of monitoring hemlock woolly adelgid in New Jersey forests. In: Onken, B., R. Reardon, and J. Lashomb (eds.), Proceedings, Symposium on the hemlock woolly adelgid in Eastern North America; 2002 February 5-7; East Brunswick, NJ. NJ. Agricultural Experiment Station, Rutgers University, pp. 50-60
    • (2002) Proceedings, Symposium on the hemlock woolly adelgid in Eastern North , pp. 50-60
    • Mayer, M.1    Chianese, R.2    Scudder, T.3    White, J.4    Vongpaseuth, K.5    Ward, R.6
  • 27
    • 0003188184 scopus 로고
    • Evidence of a polymorphic life cycle in the hemlock woolly adelgid. Adelges tsugae (flomoptera: Adelgidae)
    • McClure, M.S. 1989. Evidence of a polymorphic life cycle in the hemlock woolly adelgid. Adelges tsugae (flomoptera: Adelgidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 82:50-54.
    • (1989) Annals of the Entomological Society of America , vol.82 , pp. 50-54
    • McClure, M.S.1
  • 28
    • 85073618377 scopus 로고
    • Role of wind, birds, deer and humans in the dispersal of hemlock woolly adelgid (Homoptera: Adelgidae)
    • McClure, M.S. 1990. Role of wind, birds, deer and humans in the dispersal of hemlock woolly adelgid (Homoptera: Adelgidae). Environ. Entomol. 19(1): 36-43.
    • (1990) Environ. Entomol , vol.19 , Issue.1 , pp. 36-43
    • McClure, M.S.1
  • 29
    • 85073633219 scopus 로고
    • Density-dependent feedback and population cycles in Adelges tsugae (Homoptera: Adelgidae) on Tsuga canadensis
    • McClure, M.S. 1991a. Density-dependent feedback and population cycles in Adelges tsugae (Homoptera: Adelgidae) on Tsuga canadensis. Environ. Entomol. 20(1): 258-264.
    • (1991) Environ. Entomol , vol.20 , Issue.1 , pp. 258-264
    • McClure, M.S.1
  • 30
    • 2342483408 scopus 로고
    • Pesticides will protect ornamentals from hemlock woolly adelgid
    • McClure, M.S. 1991b. Pesticides will protect ornamentals from hemlock woolly adelgid. Frontiers of Plant Science 44 (1):2-3.
    • (1991) Frontiers of Plant Science , vol.44 , Issue.1 , pp. 2-3
    • McClure, M.S.1
  • 32
    • 40949148829 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • McClure, M.S. 2001. Biological control of hemlock woolly adelgid in the eastern United States. FHTET 2000-08. Morgantown, WV: USDA Forest Service. Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team; 10 p.
    • McClure, M.S. 2001. Biological control of hemlock woolly adelgid in the eastern United States. FHTET 2000-08. Morgantown, WV: USDA Forest Service. Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team; 10 p.
  • 33
    • 40949159953 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • McClure, M.S., Salom, S.M., and K.S. Shields. 2001. Hemlock woolly adelgid. FHTET-2001-03. Morgantown, WV: USDA Forest Service. Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team; 14 p.
    • McClure, M.S., Salom, S.M., and K.S. Shields. 2001. Hemlock woolly adelgid. FHTET-2001-03. Morgantown, WV: USDA Forest Service. Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team; 14 p.
  • 34
    • 27744450086 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Composition, structure and sustainability of hemlock ecosystems in eastern North America
    • K.A. McManus, K.S. Shields and D.R. Souto eds, Newtown Square, PA; USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station, pp
    • McWilliams, W.H. and T.L. Schmidt. 2000. Composition, structure and sustainability of hemlock ecosystems in eastern North America. In: K.A. McManus, K.S. Shields and D.R. Souto eds. Proc. Symposium on sustainable management of hemlock ecosystems in eastern North America; 1999 June 22-24; Durham, NH. GTR-NE-267. Newtown Square, PA; USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station, pp. 5-10.
    • (2000) Proc. Symposium on sustainable management of hemlock ecosystems in eastern North America; 1999 June 22-24; Durham, NH. GTR-NE-267 , pp. 5-10
    • McWilliams, W.H.1    Schmidt, T.L.2
  • 36
    • 77951999079 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predicting invasions of nonindigenous plants and plant pests. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C
    • National Research Council. 2002. Predicting invasions of nonindigenous plants and plant pests. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.
    • National Research Council. 2002
  • 37
    • 0001885612 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stand dynamics associated with chronic hemlock woolly adelgid infestation in southern New England
    • Onken, B, R. Reardon, and J. Lashomb eds, America; February 5-7; East Brunswick, NJ. NJ. Agricultural Experiment Station, Rutgers University, pp
    • Orwig, D.A. 2002. Stand dynamics associated with chronic hemlock woolly adelgid infestation in southern New England. In: Onken, B., R. Reardon, and J. Lashomb (eds.), Proceedings, Symposium on the hemlock woolly adelgid in Eastern North America; 2002 February 5-7; East Brunswick, NJ. NJ. Agricultural Experiment Station, Rutgers University, pp. 36-46.
    • (2002) Proceedings, Symposium on the hemlock woolly adelgid in Eastern North , pp. 36-46
    • Orwig, D.A.1
  • 38
    • 0031785552 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forest response to the introduced hemlock woolly adelgid in southern New England, USA
    • Orwig, D.A. and D.R. Foster. 1998. Forest response to the introduced hemlock woolly adelgid in southern New England, USA. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 125 (1): 60-73.
    • (1998) Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society , vol.125 , Issue.1 , pp. 60-73
    • Orwig, D.A.1    Foster, D.R.2
  • 39
    • 44149101489 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of winter temperature and climate change on the survival and future range expansion of the hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae) in eastern North America
    • In Press
    • Paradis, A., Elkinton, J., Hayhoe, K., and J. Buonaccorsi. 2007. Role of winter temperature and climate change on the survival and future range expansion of the hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae) in eastern North America. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change (In Press).
    • (2007) Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change
    • Paradis, A.1    Elkinton, J.2    Hayhoe, K.3    Buonaccorsi, J.4
  • 42
    • 40949134862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in soil and foliar nutrient status of eastern hemlock - A cause or consequences of HWA attack? Study Plan
    • Morgantown, WV. 8 p
    • Piatek, K 2006. Changes in soil and foliar nutrient status of eastern hemlock - A cause or consequences of HWA attack? Study Plan. On file at: USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 180 Canfield St. Morgantown, WV. 8 p.
    • (2006) On file at: USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 180 Canfield St
    • Piatek, K.1
  • 43
    • 40949084138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rentch J. 2007. Dendrochronological analyses for determination of host plant resistance to hemlock woolly adelgid: a logistic model. 33. p. Unpublished report. On file with: Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Northern Research Station, 180 Canfield St., Morgantown, WV 26505.
    • Rentch J. 2007. Dendrochronological analyses for determination of host plant resistance to hemlock woolly adelgid: a logistic model. 33. p. Unpublished report. On file with: Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Northern Research Station, 180 Canfield St., Morgantown, WV 26505.
  • 44
    • 33846394516 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SAS/STAT 9.1 User's Guide. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc
    • SAS Institute Inc. 2004. SAS/STAT 9.1 User's Guide. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc.
    • SAS Institute Inc. 2004
  • 45
    • 40949114849 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scudder, T., M. Mayer and R. Chianese. 2002. The effect of the Hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae (Homoptera: Adelgidae) in the natural hemlock stands in New Jersey. Annual Report. Division of Plant Industry, Phillip Alampi Beneficail Insect Laboratory, Trenton, NJ. 8 p.
    • Scudder, T., M. Mayer and R. Chianese. 2002. The effect of the Hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae (Homoptera: Adelgidae) in the natural hemlock stands in New Jersey. Annual Report. Division of Plant Industry, Phillip Alampi Beneficail Insect Laboratory, Trenton, NJ. 8 p.
  • 46
    • 40949126328 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of site conditions in survival of hemlocks infested with the hemlock woolly adelgid: Amelioration through the use of organic biostimulants
    • K.A. McManus, K.S. Shields and D.R. Souto eds, North America, pp
    • Sivaramakrishnan, S and G.P. Berlyn. 2000. The role of site conditions in survival of hemlocks infested with the hemlock woolly adelgid: Amelioration through the use of organic biostimulants. In: K.A. McManus, K.S. Shields and D.R. Souto eds. Proc. Symposium on sustainable management of hemlock ecosystems in eastern North America, pp. 201-204.
    • (2000) Proc. Symposium on sustainable management of hemlock ecosystems in eastern , pp. 201-204
    • Sivaramakrishnan, S.1    Berlyn, G.P.2
  • 48
    • 33746513681 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ecology of energy and nutrient fluxes in hemlock forests invaded by hemlock woolly adelgid
    • Stadler, B., Muller, T and D. Orwig. 2006. The ecology of energy and nutrient fluxes in hemlock forests invaded by hemlock woolly adelgid. Ecology 87(7): 1792-1804.
    • (2006) Ecology , vol.87 , Issue.7 , pp. 1792-1804
    • Stadler, B.1    Muller, T.2    Orwig, D.3
  • 49
    • 0003400427 scopus 로고
    • Manager's handbook for northern hardwoods in the North Central States. USDA For. Serv. Gen
    • Tech. Rep. NC-39. 29 p
    • Tubbs, C.H. 1977. Manager's handbook for northern hardwoods in the North Central States. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-39. 29 p.
    • (1977)
    • Tubbs, C.H.1
  • 50
    • 0024187742 scopus 로고
    • Leaf area, stemwood growth and nutrient relationships in loblolly pine
    • Vose, J.M. and H.L. Allen. 1988. Leaf area, stemwood growth and nutrient relationships in loblolly pine. For. Sci. 34:547-563.
    • (1988) For. Sci , vol.34 , pp. 547-563
    • Vose, J.M.1    Allen, H.L.2
  • 51
    • 40949097952 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ward, J.S., Montgomery, M.E., Cheah, CA.S.-J., Onken, B.P. and R.S. Cowles. 2004. Eastern hemlock forests: Guidelines to minimize the impacts of hemlock woolly adelgid. USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Area State and Private Forestry, NA-TP-03-04, Morgantown, WV. 27 p.
    • Ward, J.S., Montgomery, M.E., Cheah, CA.S.-J., Onken, B.P. and R.S. Cowles. 2004. Eastern hemlock forests: Guidelines to minimize the impacts of hemlock woolly adelgid. USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Area State and Private Forestry, NA-TP-03-04, Morgantown, WV. 27 p.
  • 53
    • 15944420254 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Silvicultural strategies in forest ecosystems affected by introduced pests
    • Waring, K.M., and K.L. O'Hara. 2005. Silvicultural strategies in forest ecosystems affected by introduced pests. Forest Ecology and Management 209: 27-41.
    • (2005) Forest Ecology and Management , vol.209 , pp. 27-41
    • Waring, K.M.1    O'Hara, K.L.2
  • 55
    • 0001078138 scopus 로고
    • Hemlock woolly adelgid (Homoptera: Adelgidae): Stylet bundle insertion and feeding sites
    • Young, R.F., Shields, K.S. and G.P. Berlyn. 1995. Hemlock woolly adelgid (Homoptera: Adelgidae): Stylet bundle insertion and feeding sites. Ann. Entomol. Soc. America. 88(6):827-835.
    • (1995) Ann. Entomol. Soc. America , vol.88 , Issue.6 , pp. 827-835
    • Young, R.F.1    Shields, K.S.2    Berlyn, G.P.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.