Footprints in the sand: Appraising the archaeology of the Willandra Lakes, western New South Wales, Australia

Antiquity

Volumn 82, Issue 315, 2008, Pages 11-24

  Allen, Harry ^a   Holdaway, Simon ^a   Fanning, Patricia ^b   Littleton, Judith ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AUCKLAND   (New Zealand)

^b MACQUARIE UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Darling; Field method; Holocene; New South Wales; Pleistocene; Spatial theory; Stone age; Survey; Willandra

Indexed keywords

EID: 40949148239     PISSN: 0003598X     EISSN: 0003598X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0003598X0009640X     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. ALLEN, H. 1972. Where the crow flies backwards: Man and land in the Darling Basin. Unpublished PhD dissertation, Australian National University.
2. ALLEN, H. 1990. Environmental history in southwestern New South Wales during the Late Pleistocene, in C. Gamble & O. Soffer (ed.) The World at 18000 BP: Volume 2 Low Latitudes: 296-321. London: Unwin Hyman.
3. ALLEN, H. 1998. Reinterpreting the 1969-1972 Willandra Lakes archaeological surveys, in H. Johnston, P. Clark & J. P. White (ed.) Willandra Lakes: People and Palaeoenvironments (Archaeology in Oceania 33): 207-220. Sydney: University of Sydney, with National Parks and Wildlife Service, New South Wales, and Willandra Lakes World Heritage Area Management Council.
4. BALME, J. 1983. Prehistoric fishing in the Lower Darling, western New South Wales, in C. Grigson & J. Clutton-Brock (ed.) Animals and Archaeology 2. Shell Middens, Fishes and Birds (British Archaeological Reports International Series 183): 19-32. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.
5. BALME, J. 1991. The antiquity of grinding stones in semi-arid western New South Wales. Australian Archaeology 32: 3-9.
6. BALME, J. 1995. 30,000 years of fishery in western New South Wales. Archaeology in Oceania 30: 1-21.
7. BALME, J. & J. HOPE. 1990. Radiocarbon dates from midden sites in the lower Darling River area of western New South Wales. Archaeology in Oceania 25: 85-101.
8. BOWLER, J.M. 1998. Willandra Lakes revisited: environmental framework for human occupation, in H. Johnston, P. Clark & J.P. White (ed.) Willandra Lakes: People and Palaeoenvironments (Archaeology in Oceania 33): 120-55. Sydney: University of Sydney, with National Parks and Wildlife Service, New South Wales, and Willandra Lakes World Heritage Area Management Council.
9. BOWLER, J.M. & J. MAGEE. 2000. Redating Australia's oldest human remains: a sceptic's view. Journal of Human Evolution 38: 719-26.
10. BOWLER, J.M. & D.M. PRICE. 1998. Luminescence dates and stratigraphic analyses at Lake Mungo: review and perspectives, in H. Johnston, P. Clark & J.P. White (ed.) Willandra Lakes: People and Palaeoenvironments (Archaeology in Oceania 33): 156-68. Sydney: University of Sydney, with National Parks and Wildlife Service, New South Wales, and Willandra Lakes World Heritage Area Management Council
11. BOWLER, J.M., R. JONES, H. ALLEN & A.G. THORNE. 1970. Pleistocene human remains from Australia: a living site and human cremation from Lake Mungo, western New South Wales. World Archaeology 2: 39-60.
12. DOUGLASS, M.J., S.J. HOLDAWAY, P.C. FANNING & J.I. SHINER. In press. An assessment and archaeological application of cortex measurement in lithic assemblages. American Antiquity.
13. FANNING, P.C. 1994. Long term contemporary erosion rates in an arid rangelands environment in western NSW, Australia. Journal of Arid Environments 28: 173-87.
14. FANNING, P.C. 1999. Recent landscape history in arid western New South Wales, Australia: a model for regional change. Geomorphology 29: 191-210.
15. FANNING, P.C. & S.J. HOLDAWAY. 2004. Artifact visibility at open sites in western New South Wales, Australia. Journal of Field Archaeology 29(3-4): 255-71.
16. FANNING, P.C., S.J. HOLDAWAY & E. RHODES. 2007. A geomorphic framework for understanding the surface archaeological record in arid environments. Geodinamica Acta 20: 275-86.
17. FANNING, P.C., S.J. HOLDAWAY & E. RHODES. In press. A new geoarchaeology of Aboriginal artefact deposits in western NSW, Australia: establishing spatial and temporal geomorphic controls on the surface archaeological record. Geomorphology.
18. HISCOCK, P. & H. ALLEN. 2000. Assemblage variability in the Willandra Lakes. Archaeology in Oceania 35: 97-103.
19. HOLDAWAY, S.J. & L.A. WANDSNIDER. 2006. Temporal scales and archaeological landscapes from the eastern desert of Australia and intermontane North America, in G. Lock & B. Molyneaux (ed.) Confronting Scale in Archaeology: Issues of Theory and Practice: 183-202. New York: Springer.
20. HOLDAWAY, S.J., P.C. FANNING & D.C. WITTER. 2000. Prehistoric Aboriginal occupation of the rangelands: interpreting the surface archaeological record of far western New South Wales Australia. The Rangelands Journal 22: 44-57.
21. HOLDAWAY, S.J., P.C. FANNING, D.C. WITTER, M. JONES, G. NICHOLLS & J. SHINER. 2002. Variability in the chronology of Late Holocene Aboriginal occupation on the arid margin of southeastern Australia. Journal of Archaeological Science 29: 351-63.
22. HOLDAWAY, S.J., J. SHINER & P.C. FANNING. 2004. Hunter-gatherers and the archaeology of the long term: an analysis of surface stone artefact scatters from Sturt National Park, New South Wales, Australia. Asian Perspectives 43: 34-72.
23. HOLDAWAY, S.J., P.C. FANNING & J. SHINER. 2005. Absence of evidence or evidence of absence? Understanding the chronology of Indigenous occupation of western New South Wales, Australia. Archaeology in Oceania 40: 33-49.
24. HOLDAWAY, S.J., P.C. FANNING & J. SHINER. 2006. Geoarchaeological Investigation of Aboriginal Landscape Occupation in Paroo-Darling National Park, western NSW, Australia (eRAL 1). Auckland: Anthropology Department, University of Auckland.
25. HOLDAWAY, S.J., P.C. FANNING & F. RHODES. In press. Assemblage accumulation as a time dependent process in the arid zone of western New South Wales, Australia, in S.J. Holdaway & L.A. Wandsnider (ed.) Time in Archaeology. Salt Lake City (UT): University of Utah Press.
26. HOPE, J.H. 1993. Pleistocene archaeological sites in the central Murray-Darling basin, in M.A. Smith, M. Spriggs & B. Fankhauser (ed.) Sahul in Review: Pleistocene Archaeology in Australia, New Guinea and Island Melanesia (Occasional Papers in Prehistory 24): 183-96. Canberra: Department of Prehistory, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University.
27. HOPE, J.H., A. DARE-EDWARDS & M.L. MCINTYRE. 1983. Middens and megafauna: stratigraphy and dating of Lake Tandou lunette, western New South Wales. Archaeology in Oceania 18: 38-45.
28. JOHNSTON, H. 1993. Pleistocene shell middens of the Willandra Lakes, in M.A. Smith, M. Spriggs & B. Fankhauser (ed.) Sahul in review: Pleistocene Archaeology in Australia, New Guinea and island Melanesia (Occasional Papers in Prehistory 24): 197-203. Canberra: Department of Prehistory, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University.
29. JOHNSTON, H. & P. CLARK. 1998. Willandra Lakes archaeological investigations, in H. Johnston, P. Clark & J.P. White (ed.) Willandra Lakes: People and Palaeoenvironments (Archaeology in Oceania 33): 105-19. Sydney: University of Sydney, with National Parks and Wildlife Service, New South Wales, and Willandra Lakes World Heritage Area Management Council.
30. JOHNSTON, H., P. CLARK & J.P. WHITE (ed.). 1998. Willandra Lakes: People and Palaeoenvironments (Archaeology in Oceania 33). Sydney: University of Sydney, with National Parks and Wildlife Service, New South Wales, and Willandra Lakes World Heritage Area Management Council.
31. LITTLETON. J. 1999. East and West: burial practices along the Murray River. Archaeology in Oceania 34(1): 1-14.
32. LITTLETON. J. 2000. Taphonomic effects of erosion on deliberately buried bodies. Journal of Archaeological Science 27: 5-18.
33. LITTLETON. J. 2002. Do cemeteries exist? Aboriginal burials on the Hay Plain. Archaeology in Oceania 37: 105-21.
34. LITTLETON. J. 2007. From the perspective of time: hunter-gatherer burials in south-eastern Australia. Antiquity 81: 1013-28.
35. LITTLETON, J. & H. ALLEN. 2007. Hunter-gatherer burials and the creation of persistent places in southeastern Australia. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 26: 283-98.
36. MCINTYRE, M.L. & J.H. HOPE. 1978. Procoptodon fossils from the Willandra Lakes, western New South Wales. The Artefact 3: 117-32.
37. MUHLEN-SCHULTE, R. 1985. Mungo rocks: a technological analysis of stone assemblages from Lake Mungo. Unpublished BA (Hons) dissertation, Australian National University.
38. MULVANEY, D.J. & J. KAMMINGA. 1999. Prehistory of Australia. St Leonards (NSW): Allen & Unwin.
39. PARDOE, C. 1988. The cemetery as symbol: the distribution of Aboriginal burial grounds in southeastern Australia. Archaeology in Oceania 23: 1-16.
40. PARDOE, C. 1995. Riverine, biological and cultural evolution in southeastern Australia. Antiquity 69: 696-714.
41. SHAWCROSS, W. 1998. Archaeological excavations at Mungo, in H. Johnston, P. Clark & J.P. White (ed.) Willandra Lakes: People and Palaeoenvironments (Archaeology in Oceania 33): 183-200. Sydney: University of Sydney, with National Parks and Wildlife Service, New South Wales, and Willandra Lakes World Heritage Area Management Council.
42. SHINER, J., S.J. HOLDAWAY, H. ALLEN & P.C. FANNING. 2005. Stone artefact assemblage variability in Late Holocene contexts in western New South Wales: Burkes Cave, Stud Creek and Fowlers Gap, in C. Clarkson & L. Lamb (ed.) Lithics 'Down Under': Australian Perspectives on Lithic Reduction, Use and Classification (British Archaeological Reports International Series 1408): 67-80. Oxford: Archaeopress.
43. SHINER, J., S.J. HOLDAWAY, H. ALLEN & P.C FANNING. 2007. Burkes Cave and flaked stone assemblage variability in western New South Wales, Australia. Australian Archaeology 64: 35-45.
44. STERN, N. 1994. The implications of time-averaging for reconstructing the land-use patterns of early tool-using hominids. Journal of Human Evolution 27: 89-105.
45. THORNE, A. & D. CURNOE. 2000. Sex and significance of Lake Mungo 3: reply to Brown 'Australian Pleistocene variation and the sex of Lake Mungo 3'. Journal of Human Evolution 39: 587-600.
46. WALSHE, K. 1998. Taphonomy of Mungo B assemblage: indicators for subsistence and occupation of Lake Mungo, in H. Johnston, P. Clark & J.P. White (ed.) Willandra Lakes: People and Palaeoenvironments (Archaeology in Oceania 33): 210-16. Sydney: University of Sydney, with National Parks and Wildlife Service, New South Wales, and Willandra Lakes World Heritage Area Management Council.
47. WEBB, S.G. 1989. The Willandra Lakes Hominids. Canberra: Department of Prehistory, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University.
48. WEBB, S.G., M.L. CUPPER & R. ROBINS. 2006. Pleistocene human footprints from the Willandra Lakes, southeastern Australia. Journal of Human Evolution 50: 405-13.
49. WILLIAMS, D. 1991. The case of the shattered stones: an analysis of three Aboriginal quarry/reduction sites from the Willandra Lakes World Heritage Area, south western New South Wales. Unpublished BA (Hons) dissertation, Australian National University.