What is "religion" for purposes of employment discrimination cases?

Employee Relations Law Journal

Volumn 29, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 35-45

  Shureen, Douglas ^a  

^a Employment and Labor Law Group   (United States)

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EID: 40949140804     PISSN: 00988898     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (28)

1. Thomas v. Review Bd., Ind. Empl. Sec. Div., 450 US 707, 714 (1981).
2. 42 U.S.C. 2000e-2(a)(l).
3. 42U.S.C. 2000e(j).
4. 133 US 333 (1890).
5. 367 US 488 (1961).
6. Id. at p. 495, fn. 11.
7. 380 US 163 (1965).
8. 50 U.S.C. Section 456(j).
9. 398 US 333 (1970).
10. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission's construction of the term reli-gion is in 29 C.F.R. 1605.1.
11. 279 R3d 49 (1st Cir. 2002).
12. 592 F.2d 197 (3d Cir. 1979).
13. Love v. Reed, 216 F.3d 682, 687 (8th Cir. 2000) (adopting analysis based on Third Circuit ruling premised entirely on Judge Adams' concurring opinion in Malnak);.
14. United States v. Meyers, 95 F.3d 1475, 1483 (10th Cir. 1996) (analyzing religion issue using in part a Third Circuit ruling premised upon Judge Adams's Malnak concurring opinion);.
15. Alvarado v. City of San Jose, 94 F.3d 1223, 1227 (9th Cir. 1994);.
16. Dcttmcr v. Landon, 799 F.2d 929, 931 (4th Cir. 1986);.
17. Grove v. Mead School Distr. No. 344, 753 F.2d 1528, 1534 (9th Cir. 1985);.
18. Wiggins v. Sargent, 753 F.2d 663, 666 (8th Cir. 1985) (adopting Third Circuit test);.
19. Africa v. Com. of Pa., 662 F.2d 1025, 1033-1034 (3d Cir. 1981). Commentators also have recognized Judge Adams's opinion as the most influential judicial opinion in the past several decades in terms of defining religion.
20. See, e.g., Note, The Concept of Religion, 107 Yale.L.J. 791, 799 (1997);.
21. Note, Constitutional "Religion" A Survey of First Amendment Definitions of Religion Tex. F. on C.L. & C.R. 117, 139-144 (Summer 2001);.
22. Feofanov, Defining Religion: An Immodest Proposal 23 Hofstm L.R. 309, 375-377 (Winter 1994).
23. Smith v. Fair Employment & Housing Com., 12 Cal. 4th 1143 (1996).
24. 153 Cal. App. 2d 673 (1957).
25. 122 Cal. App. 3d 559 (1981).
26. Friedman v. Southern California Permanente Medical Group, 102 Cal. App. 4th 39 (Ct. App. 2002).
27. Cf. United States v. Meyers, 95 F.3d 1475 (10th Cir. 1996).
28. Cf. Peterson v. Wilmur Communications, Inc., 205 F. Supp. 2d 1014 (E.D. Wise. 2002).