Rethinking the threats to scientific balance in contexts of litigation and regulation

Environmental Health Perspectives

Volumn 116, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 142-147

  Freudenburg, William R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Awareness of pressure; Ethnography; Power relations; Scientific biases

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CONFLICT OF INTEREST; FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT; LEGAL ASPECT; SCIENCE; SOCIAL CONTROL; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY;

CONFLICT OF INTEREST; FINANCIAL SUPPORT; PREJUDICE; SCIENCE; SOCIAL CONTROL, FORMAL;

EID: 40949121975     PISSN: 00916765     EISSN: 15529924     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1289/ehp.9988     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. Bekelman J. E, Li Y, Gross CP. 2003. Scope and impact of financial conflicts of interest in biomedical research: a systematic review. JAMA 289:454-465.
2. Brownlee S. 2004. Doctors without borders: why you can't trust medical journals anymore. Washington Monthly, 1 April, 38-43. Available: http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/ features/2004/0404.brownlee.html [accessed 7 September 2006].
3. Clarke L. 1985. The origins of nuclear power: a case of institutional conflict. Soc Probl 32:474-487.
4. Clarke L. 1993. The disqualification heuristic: when do organizations misperceive risk? Res Soc Probl Public Policy 5:289-312.
5. Curfman G. D, Morrissey S, Drazen JM. 2005. Expression of concern: Bombardier et al., "Comparison of upper gastrointestinal toxicity of rofecoxib and naproxen in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. " N Engl J Med 2000;343:1520-1528. N Engl J Med 353:2813-2814.
6. Dietz T., Stern PC, Rycroft RW. 1989. Definitions of conflict and the legitimation of resources: the case of environmental risk. Sociol Forum 4(1):47-70.
7. Eisenberg, T. 2001. Damage awards in perspective: behind the headline-grabbing awards in Exxon Valdez and Engle. Wake Forest Law Rev 36:1129-1155.
8. Freudenburg W.R. 1996. Strange chemistry: environmental risk conflicts in a world of science, values, and blind spots. In: Handbook of Environmental Risk Decision Making: Values, Perceptions, and Ethics (Cothern CR, ed). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 11-36.
9. Freudenburg W.R. 2001. Risky thinking: facts, values and blind spots in societal decisions about risks. Reliability Eng Syst Saf 72:125-130. doi:10.1016/S0951-8320(01)00013-8 [Online 9 April 2001].
10. Freudenburg W.R. 2005. Seeding science, courting conclusions: reexamining the intersection of science, corporate cash, and the law. Sociol Forum 20(1):3-33. doi:10.1007/s11206-005-1896-1.
11. Freudenburg W. R, Alario M. 2007. Weapons of mass distraction: magicianship, misdirection, and the dark side of legitimation. Sociol Forum 22(2):146-173. doi:10.1111/j.1573-7861. 2007.00011.x [Online 16 May 2007].
12. Freudenburg W. R, Gramling R. 2002. Scientific expertise and natural resource decisions: social science participation on interdisciplinary scientific committees. Soc Sci Q 83(1):119-136.
13. Freudenburg W. R, Gramling R, Davidson D. In press. Scientific certainty argumentation methods (SCAMs): science and the politics of doubt. Sociol Inq.
14. Freudenburg W. R, Youn T. 1999. Institutional failure in environmental management: toward a fuller understanding of social problems and public policy. Res Soc Probl Public Policy 7:3-18.
15. Galanter M. 1983. Reading the landscape of disputes: what we know and don't know (and think we know) about our allegedly contentious and litigious society. UCLA Law Rev 31:4-71.
16. Gieryn T.F. 1983. Boundary work and the demarcation of science from non-science: strains and interests in professional ideologies of scientists. Am Sociol Rev 48:781-795.
17. Girion L. 2005. Lawyers evaluate censure of Merck: as jurors deliberate in one Vioxx trial, experts say Merck will be hurt in the many other cases. Los Angeles Times, 10 December, C1.
18. Henderson D. 2005. Pfizer reveals study linking Celebrex to heart risks. Boston Globe, 1 February. Available: http:// www.boston.com/news/globe/health_science/articles/2005/ 02/01/pfizer_reveals_study_linking_celebrex_to_heart_ risks/ [accessed 7 September 2006].
19. Hirt P.W. 1994. A Conspiracy of Optimism: Management of the National Forests since World War Two. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
20. Kinchy A. J, Kleinman DL. 2005. Democratizing science, debating values. Dissent (summer). Available: http://www. dissentmagazine.org/article/?article=213 [accessed 3 March 2007].
21. Kleinman D.L. 1995. Politics on the Endless Frontier: Postwar Research Policy in the United States. Durham, NC:Duke University Press.
22. Kloppenburg J.R. 1988. First the Seed: The Political Economy of Biotechnology, 1492-2000. Cambridge, UK:Cambridge.
23. Krimsky S. 2000. Hormonal Chaos: The Scientific and Social Origins of the Environmental Endocrine Hypothesis. Baltimore, MD:Johns Hopkins University Press.
24. Krimsky S. 2003. Science in the Private Interest: Has the Lure of Profits Corrupted Biomedical Research? Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
25. Kupersanin E. 2002. Course teaches residents how to have ethical dealings with drug companies. Psychiatric News 37(11):24. Available: http://pn.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/ content/full/37/11/24 [accessed 20 August 2007].
26. LaPorte T.R. 1996. Highly reliable organizations: unlikely, demanding, and at risk. J Crisis Contingency Manag 4(2):60-71.
27. LaPorte T. R, Keller A. 1996. Assuring institutional constancy: requisite for managing long-lived hazards. Public Admin Rev 56(6):535-544.
28. Lawless W.F. 1993. Interdependence and science: the problem of military nuclear weapons waste management. Res Soc Probl Public Policy 5:271-288.
29. Levins R., Lewontin R. 1985. The Dialectical Biologist. Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press.
30. Martin B. 1999. Suppression of dissent in science. Res Soc Probl Public Policy 7:105-135.
31. Merton R.K. 1973. The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations. Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
32. Michaels D., Monforton C. 2005. Manufacturing uncertainty: contested science and the protection of the public's health and environment. Am J Publ Health 96:S39-S48. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2004.043059.
33. Molotch H. 1970. Oil in Santa Barbara and power in America. Sociol Inq 40:131-144.
34. Rosner D., Markowitz G. 1985. A 'gift of God'?: The public health controversy over leaded gasoline during the 1920s. Am J Public Health 75(4):344-352.
35. Shrader-Frechette K. 1993. Risk methodology and institutional bias. Res Soc Probl Public Policy 5:207-223.
36. Silverstein F. E, Faich G, Goldstein JL, Simon LS, Pincus T, Whelton A., et al. 2000. Gastrointestinal toxicity with celecoxib vs nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. The CLASS study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 284:1247-1255.