IBM's chess players: On AI and its supplements

Information Society

Volumn 24, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 69-82

  Bloomfield, Brian P ^a   Vurdubakis, Theo ^a  

^a LANCASTER UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Agency; Artificial intelligence; Computer chess; Deep Blue; Human identity

Indexed keywords

EID: 40749130014     PISSN: 01972243     EISSN: 10876537     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01972240701883922     Document Type: Article

References (86)

1. Asimov, I. 1976. The bicentennial man and other stories. New York: Doubleday.
2. Asimov, I. 1981. Asimov on science fiction. New York: Avon Books.
3. Asimov, I. 1989. Robot dreams. London: Gollancz.
4. Barden, L. 1996a. Kasparov crashes computer. The Guardian, February 16:26.
5. Barden, L. 1996b. A black end for "Blue." The Guardian, February 19:21.
6. Barden, L 1997. Kasparov: Deep Blue "is thinking." The Guardian, May 8:25.
7. Barden, L. 2006. Advantage slips from shaken Kramnik in Toiletgate fallout. The Guardian, October 7.
8. Baudrillard, J. 1983. Simulations, trans. P. Beitchman. New York: Semiotext(e).
9. Beal, D. F., ed. 1991. Advances in computer chess 6. London: Ellis Horwood.
10. Bloomfield, B. P. 2003. Narrating the future of intelligent machines: The role of science fiction in technological anticipation. In Narratives we organize by, eds. B. Czarniawska and P. Gagliardi, pp. 193-212. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
11. Bloomfield, B. P., and Vurdubakis, T. 1997. The revenge of the object? Artificial intelligence as a cultural enterprise. Social Analysis 41(1):29-45.
12. Bloomfield, B. P., and Vurdubakis, T. 2003. "Imitation games": Turing, Menard, Van Meegeren. Ethics and Information Technology 5(1):27-38.
13. Boden. M. 1977. Artificial intelligence and natural man. Hassocks, Sussex: Harvester Press.
14. British Telecommunications pic. 2005. 2005 BT technology timeline. www.btplc.com/Innovation/News/timeline/TechnologyTimeline.pdf (accessed March 31, 2007).
15. Calvino, I. 1979. Invisible cities. London: Picador.
16. Caro, P. 1997. An overview of some social and cultural problems with science. Paper presented at the Social Science Bridge Workshop, Lisbon, 4-5 April.
17. Campbell, M. 1997. An enjoyable game: How Hal plays chess. In Hal's legacy: 2001's Computer as dream and reality, ed. D. Stork. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. http://mitpress.mit.edu/e-books/Hal/chap5/five1.html (accessed October 29, 2007).
18. Chapuis, A., and Droz, E. 1958. Automata: A historical and technological study, trans. A. Reid. London: BT Batsford Ltd.
19. Clarke, A. C. 1968. 2001 A space Odyssey. London: Hutchinson.
20. Cohen, J. 1966. Human robots in myth and science. London: Allen and Unwin.
21. Cook, D., and Kroker, A. 1997. The digital prince and the last chess player. CTheory. http://www.ctheory.net/articles.aspx?id=175 (accessed March 31, 2007).
22. Davis, E. 1999. TechGnosis: Myth, magic, and mysticism in the age of information. London: Serpent's Tail.
23. De Firmian, N. 1999. Modern chess openings: MCO-14. New York: Random House.
24. Dennett, D. C. 1996. Did HAL commit murder? http://ase.tufts.edu/cogstud/ papers/didhal.htm (accessed March 31, 2007).
25. Derrida, J. 1976. Of grammatology. Baltimore, MD: John. Hopkins University.
26. Descartes, R. 1968, orig. 1637 and 1641. Discourse on method and The meditations, trans. F. Sutcliffe. Harmondswoth: Penguin.
27. Douglas, M. 1966. Purity and danger. London: Routledge.
28. Dreyfus, H. 1972. What computers can't do. New York: Harper and Row.
29. Dreyfus, H., and Dreyfus, S. 1986. Mind over machine. New York: The Free Press.
30. Dreyfus, H. L., and Dreyfus, S. 1992. What artificial experts can and cannot do. AI and Society 6(1):18-26.
31. Fleck, L. 1979. Genesis and development of a scientific fact. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
32. Gibson, W. 1984. Neuromancer New York: Ace Books.
33. Hamilton, S. N. 2000. The last chess game: Computers, media events, and the production of spectacular intelligence. Canadian Review of American Studies 30(3):339-360.
34. Harding, L., and Barden, L. 1997. Deep Blue's victory proves giant step for computerkind. The Guardian, May 12:5.
35. Hargrave, S. 1997. Deeper Blue's next move is to check cancer drugs. The Sunday Times, Features Section, May 11:14.
36. Hartson, W. 1997. Deep Blue quits while ahead. The Independent, September 25:10.
37. Horgan, J. 1996. The Deep Blue team plots its next move. Scientific American, March 8. http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?articleID=00058BE2-DD78- 1CD9-B4A8809EC588EEDF&sc=I100322 (accessed October 30, 2007).
38. Hsu, Feng-Hsiung. 2002 Behind Deep Blue: Building the computer that defeated the world chess champion. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
39. Jones, T. 1994. When the silicon chips were down for Kasparov. The Times, Home News, September 1:1.
40. Kallinikos, J. 1992. The signification of machines. The Scandinavian Journal of Management 82: 113-132.
41. Kallinikos, J. 1995. The architecture of the invisible. Organization 2(1):117-140.
42. Khodarkovsky, M., and Shamkovich, L. 1997. A new era: How Garry Kasparov changed the world of chess. New York: Ballantine Books.
43. Krauthammer, C. 1996. Deep Blue funk. Time, February 26:48-49.
44. Kim, J. 1997. Upcoming chess match not as simple as "man vs. Computer." USA Today, Tech Report, February 9. http://www.usatoday. com:80/life/cyber/tech/cta402.htm (accessed March 24, 1998).
45. Kurzweil, R. 1999. The age of spiritual machines: When computers exceed human intelligence. London: Phoenix.
46. La Mettrie, J. O. De. 1912, orig. 1741. Man a machine, http://www.cscs.umich.edu/~crshalizi/LaMettrie/Machine/ (accessed October 30, 2007).
47. Latour, B. 1993. We have never been modern. London: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
48. Latour B., and Powers, R. 1998. Two writers facing one Turing Test: A dialog in honor of HAL between Richard Powers and Bruno Latour. Common Knowledge 7(1): 177-191. http://www.bruno-latour.fr/poparticles/poparticle/ p072.html (accessed October 30, 2007).
49. Leithauser, B. 1990. Kasparov beats Deep Thought.The New York Times, January 14. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res= 9C0CE0DE1E3FF937A25752C0A966958260&sec= &spon=&pagewanted=1 (accessed October 30, 2007).
50. Levy, D. 1995. It's the thought that counts. The Guardian, OnLine Page, June 8:T7.
51. Levy, D. 1996. The devil in Deep Blue. The Guardian, February 1:6.
52. McCarthy, J. 1999. Review of "Artificial Intelligence: The Very Idea." http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/reviews/haugeland.html (accessed March 31, 2007).
53. McCarthy, J. 2002. What is artificial intelligence? http://www-formal. stanford.edu/jmc/ (accessed March 31, 2007).
54. McCorduck, P. 1979. Machines who think. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.
55. Monk, R. 1996. Morons from inner space. The Observer, Review Page February 18:3.
56. Moravec, H. 1988. Mind children. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
57. Moss, S. 2005. Beaten by a microchip. The Guardian, Guardian Life Pages, June 30:21.
58. Munn, N. 1986. The fame of Gawa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
59. Nelkin, D. 1987. Selling science: How the press covers science and technology. New York: W. H. Freeman.
60. Newborn, M. 1997. Kasparov versus Deep Blue. New York: Springer.
61. Pandolfini, B. 1997. Kasparov and Deep Blue: The historic chess match between man and machine. New York: Fireside.
62. Pfaffenberger, B. 1995. Technical ritual: Of yams, canoes, and the delegitimation of technology studies in social anthropology. Paper presented in ESRC Seminar on Technology as Skilled Practice, University of Manchester, January 18.
63. Poe, E.A. 1982, orig. 1855. Maelzel's chess player. In The Penguin Edgar Allan Poe, pp. 421-439. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
64. Robertson, I. 1994. Out of Alzheimer's, a testament of courage. The Times, Features Section, September 6:19.
65. Schaffer, S. 1994. Babbage's intelligence: Calculating engines and the factory system. Critical Inquiry 21:203-227.
66. Schaffer, S. 1995. Babbage's dancer and Kempelen's Turk. Paper presented at Humans, Animals, Machines, the Fourth Bath Quinquennial Science Studies Workshop, Bath, July 27-2.1.
67. Scientific American Explorations. 1996. Deep Blue team plots its next move. www.sciam.com/explorations/042197/chess/ 042197blueinter.html (accessed March 31).
68. Shannon, C. E. 1950. Programming a computer for playing chess, Philosophical Magazine Ser. 7, 41314:256-275. http://archive. computerhistory.org/projects/chess/related_materials/text/2-0%20and% 202-1.Programming_a_computer_for_playing_chess.shannon/2-0% 20and%202-1. Programming_a_computer_for_playing_chess.shannon.062303002.pdf
69. Shelley, M. W. 1992, orig, 1818. Frankenstein; or the modern Prometheus. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
70. Simon, H., and Munakata, T. 1997. AI lessons. Communications of the ACM 408:23-25.
71. Simon, H. A., and Newell, A. 1958. Heuristic problem solving: The next advance in operations research. Operations Research 6(1): 1-10.
72. Stork, D. G., ed. 1997. Hal's legacy: 2001's Computer as dream and reality. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
73. Stork, D. n.d. The end of an era, The beginning of another? HAL, Deep Blue and Kasparov. http://researchweb.watson.ibm.com/deepblue/learn/html/e.8.1. html (accessed October 30, 2007).
74. Suchman, L. 2007. Human-machine reconfigurations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
75. The Sunday Times. 1997 Computer cheats at chess says champion. May 11:1, 22.
76. Tran, M. 1996a. Chess champ in Deep Blues. The Guardian, February 12:12.
77. Tran, M. 1996b. Man draws level with monster. The Guardian, February 13:26.
78. Tran, M. 1997. Computer leaves Kasparov Blue. The Guardian, May 12:1.
79. Turkle, S. 1984. The second self: Computers and the human spirit. New York: Simon and Schuster.
80. Turney, J. 1998. Frankenstein's footsteps. London: Yale University Press.
81. Vendy, P., and Nofz, M. 1999. HAL's long, long run: Computers and social performance in Stanley Kubrick's 2001. Computers and Society 29(4):8-10.
82. Warwick, K. 1998. In the mind of the machine. London: Arrow, (originally published in 1997 as March of the Machines. London: Century Books).
83. Weber, B. 1997. IBM chess machine beats humanity's champ. The New York Times, CyberTimes, May 12. http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~cfs/472_html/Intro/ NYT_Intro/ChessMatch/IBMChessMachineBeats.html (accessed October 30, 2007).
84. Wiener, N. 1950. The human use of human beings. New York: Houghton Mifflin.
85. Winner, L. 1985. Autonomous technology: Technics-out-of-control as a theme in political thought. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
86. Wright, R., 1996. Can machines think? Time, March 25. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,984304,00.html (accessed October 30, 2007).