A review of factors affecting the composition of early Egyptian glasses and faience: alkali and alkali earth oxides

Journal of Archaeological Science

Volumn 35, Issue 5, 2008, Pages 1345-1354

  Rehren, Th ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Analysis; Differential efflorescence; Egyptian faience; Element partitioning; Glass; Salt

Indexed keywords

BRONZE AGE; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; GLASS; OXIDE; SMELTING;

EID: 40749104776     PISSN: 03054403     EISSN: 10959238     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2007.09.005     Document Type: Review

References (52)

1. Angelini I., Artioli G., Bellintani P., Diella V., Gemmi M., Polla A., and Rossi A. Chemical analyses of Bronze Age glasses from Frattesina di Rovigo, Northern Italy. Journal of Archaeological Science 31 (2004) 1175-1184
2. Beerkens R., and Verheijen O. Reactions of alkali vapours with silica based refractory in glass furnaces, thermodynamics and mass transfer. Glass Technology 46 (2005) 371-382
3. Brill R. The chemical interpretation of the texts. In: Oppenheim L., Brill R., Barag D., and von Saldern A. (Eds). Glass and Glassmaking in Ancient Mesopotamia (1970), Corning Museum of Glass, Corning, New York 105-128
4. Brill, R., 1999. Chemical Analyses of Early Glasses. vol. 1, The Catalogue; vol. 2, The Tables. Corning: Corning Museum of Glass.
5. Freestone I., and Gorin-Rosen Y. The great glass slab from Bet She'arim, Israel: an early Islamic glassmaking experiment?. Journal of Glass Studies 41 (1999) 105-116
6. Freestone I., Leslie K., Thirlwall M., and Gorin-Rosen Y. Strontium isotopes in the investigation of early glass production: byzantine and early Islamic glass from the Near East. Archaeometry 45 (2003) 19-32
7. Jackson C., Booth C., and Smedley J. Glass by design? Raw materials, recipes and compositional data. Archaeometry 47 (2005) 781-795
8. Kaczmarczyk A. The source of cobalt in ancient Egyptian pigments. In: Olin J., and Blackman M. (Eds). Proceedings of the 24th International Archaeometry Symposium (1986), Smithonian Inst., Washington, DC 369-376
9. Kaczmarczyk, A., Hedges, R.E.M., 1983. Ancient Egyptian Faience. Warminster.
10. Lilyquist Ch., and Brill R. Studies in Early Egyptian Glass (1993), The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
11. Lucas A., and Harris J. Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries (1962), Edward Arnold, London
12. Merkel St., and Rehren Th. Parting layers, ash trays, and Ramesside glass-making: an experimental study. In: Pusch E., and Rehren Th. (Eds). Hochtemperatur-Technologie in der Ramses-Stadt - Rubinglas für den Pharao (=Forschungen in der Ramses-Stadt, 6) (2007), Gerstenberg-Verlag, Hildesheim 201-221
13. Misra M., Ragland K., and Baker A. Wood ash composition as a function of furnace temperature. Biomass and Bioenergy 4 (1993) 103-116
14. Nicholson P., and Henderson J. Glass. In: Nicholson P., and Shaw I. (Eds). Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology (2000) 195-224 Oxford
15. Noll W. Mineralogy and technology of the painted ceramics of ancient Egypt. In: Hughes M. (Ed). Scientific Studies in Ancient Ceramics. British Museum Occasional Paper vol. 19 (1981) 143-154 London
16. Oppenheim L., Brill R., Barag D., and von Saldern A. Glass and Glassmaking in Ancient Mesopotamia (1970), Corning Museum of Glass, Corning, New York
17. Owens-Illinois. Effect of substituting MgO for CaO on properties of typical soda-lime glasses. Journal of the American Ceramic Society 27 (1944) 221-225
18. Pusch E., and Rehren Th. Hochtemperatur-Technologie in der Ramses-Stadt - Rubinglas für den Pharao (=Forschungen in der Ramses-Stadt, 6) (2007), Gerstenberg-Verlag, Hildesheim
19. Rehren Th. Ramesside glass colouring crucibles. Archaeometry 39 (1997) 355-368
20. Rehren Th. Rationales in Old World base glass compositions. Journal of Archaeological Science 27 (2000) 1225-1234
21. Rehren Th. New aspects of ancient Egyptian glassmaking. Journal of Glass Studies 42 (2000) 13-24
22. Rehren Th. Aspects of the production of cobalt-blue glass in Egypt. Archaeometry 43 (2001) 483-489
23. Rehren Th. Der Handel mit Glas in der Spätbronzezeit. In: Yalcin U., Pulak C., and Slotta R. (Eds). Das Schiff von Uluburun. Weldhandel vor 3000 Jahren (2005), Deutsches Bergbau-Museum, Bochum 533-539
24. Rehren Th., and Pusch E. Late Bronze Age Egyptian glass production at Qantir-Piramesses. Science 308 (2005) 1756-1759
25. Rehren Th., and Pusch E.B. Glas für den Pharao - Glasherstellung in der Spätbronzezeit des Nahen Ostens. In: Wagner G. (Ed). Einführung in die Archäometrie (2007), Springer, Heidelberg 215-235
26. Rehren, Th., Pusch, E.B., in press. Crushed rock and molten salt? Some aspects of the primary glass production at Qantir/Pi-Ramesse. In: Jackson, C., Wager, E. (Eds.), Vitreous Materials in the Late Bronze Age Aegean: a Window to the East Mediterranean World. Oxbow, Oxford.
27. Santopadre P., and Verita M. Analyses of production technologies of Italian vitreous materials of the Bronze Age. Journal of Glass Studies 42 (2000) 25-40
28. Sayre E.V., and Smith R.W. Analytical studies of ancient Egyptian glass. In: Bishay A. (Ed). Recent Advances in the Science and Technology of Materials vol. 3 (1974), Plenum Press, New York 47-70
29. Schoer B., and Rehren Th. The composition of glass and associated ceramics from Qantir. In: Pusch E., and Rehren Th. (Eds). Hochtemperatur-Technologie in der Ramses-Stadt - Rubinglas für den Pharao (=Forschungen in der Ramses-Stadt, 6) (2007), Gerstenberg-Verlag, Hildesheim 171-199
30. 2. Physics and Chemistry of Glasses 13 (1972) 27-42
31. Shortland A., and Tite M. Raw materials of glass from Amarna and implications for the origins of Egyptian glass. Archaeometry 42 (2000) 141-151
32. Shortland, A., 2005. The raw materials of early glasses: the implications of new LA-ICPMS analyses. In: Annales du 16e Congres de l'Association Internationale pour l'Histoire du Verre, pp. 1-5.
33. Shortland A., and Eremin K. The analysis of second millennium glass from Egypt and Mesopotamia, Part 1: new WDS analyses. Archaeometry 48 (2006) 581-603
34. Shortland A., Tite M., and Ewart I. Ancient exploitation and use of cobalt alums from the Western Oases of Egypt. Archaeometry 48 (2006) 153-168
35. Shortland A., Rogers N., and Eremin K. Trace element discriminants between Egyptian and Mesopotamian Late Bronze Age glasses. Journal of Archaeological Science 34 (2007) 781-789
36. Shugar A., and Rehren Th. Formation and composition of glass as a function of firing temperature. Glass Technology 43C (2002) 145-150
37. Stapleton C., and Swanson S. Batch material processing and glassmaking technology of 9th century B.C. artifacts excavated from the site of Hasanlu, Northwest Iran. Materials Issues in Art and Archaeology vol. VI (2002) paper II7.4
38. Tanimoto, S., 2007. Experimental Study of Late Bronze Age Glass-making Practice. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of London, London.
39. Tanimoto, S., Rehren, Th. Interactions between silicate and salt melts in LBA glass-making. Journal of Archaeological Science, submitted for publication.
40. Tite M. Characterisation of early vitreous materials. Archaeometry 29 (1987) 21-34
41. Tite M., and Bimson M. Faience: an investigation of the microstructures associated with the different methods of glazing. Archaeometry 28 (1986) 69-78
42. Tite M., and Shortland A. Production technology for copper- and cobalt-blue vitreous materials from the New Kingdom site of Amarna - a reappraisal. Archaeometry 45 (2003) 285-312
43. Tite M., Freestone I., and Bimson M. Egyptian faience: an investigation of the methods of production. Archaeometry 25 (1983) 17-27
44. Tite M.P., Manti P., and Shortland A. A technological study of ancient faience from Egypt. Journal of Archaeological Science 34 (2007) 1568-1583
45. Tite M., Shortland A., Maniatis Y., Kavoussanaki D., and Harris S. The composition of the soda-rich and mixed alkali plant ashes used in the production of glass. Journal of Archaeological Science 33 (2006) 1284-1292
46. Turner W.E.S. Studies in ancient glasses and glassmaking processes. Part I. Crucibles and melting temperatures employed in ancient Egypt at about 1370 B.C. Journal of the Society of Glass Technology 38 (1954) 436-444
47. Turner W.E.S. Studies in ancient glasses and glassmaking processes. Part V. Raw materials and melting processes. Journal of the Society of Glass Technology 40 (1956) 277-300
48. Vandiver P. Egyptian faience technology, Appendix A. In: Kaczmarczyk A., and Hedges R.E.M. (Eds). Ancient Egyptian Faience: an Analytical Survey of Egyptian Faience from Predynastic to Roman times (1983), Aris and Phillips, Warminster A1-A144
49. Vandiver P. A review and proposal of new criteria for production technologies of Egyptian faience. In: Colinart S., and Menu M. (Eds). La Couleur dans le Peinture et l'Emaillage de 'Egypte Ancienne (1998), Edipuglia, Bari 121-139
50. Wedepohl K.H. Mittelalterliches Glas in Mitteleuropa: Zusammensetzung, Herstellung, Rohstoffe. Nachrichten der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen, II. Mathematisch-Physikalische Klasse Nr 1 (1998), Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht, Göttingen
51. In: Yalcin U., Pulak C., and Slotta R. (Eds). Das Schiff von Uluburun - Welthandel vor 3000 Jahren (2005), Deutsches Bergbau-Museum, Bochum
52. Zhang S., and Lee W. Use of phase diagrams in studies of refractories corrosion. International Materials Reviews 45 (2000) 41-58