Impact of bacterial genomics on determining quality and safety in the dairy production chain

International Dairy Journal

Volumn 18, Issue 5, 2008, Pages 486-495

  Marco, Maria L ^a   Wells Bennik, Marjon H J ^a  

^a NIZO FOOD RESEARCH   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BACTERIA; BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS; DAIRY PRODUCTS; MOLECULAR STRUCTURE; PATHOGENS;

BACTERIAL GENOMICS; GENOME SEQUENCES; MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTIC METHODS;

GENES;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS);

EID: 40649112042     PISSN: 09586946     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2007.11.017     Document Type: Review

References (115)

1. Abee T., van Schaik W., and Siezen R.J. Impact of genomics on microbial food safety. Trends in Biotechnology 22 (2004) 653-660
2. Allen N.L., Penn C.W., and Hilton A.C. Representational difference analysis: Critical appraisal and method development for the identification of unique DNA sequences from prokaryotes. Journal of Microbiological Methods 55 (2003) 73-81
3. Bae J.W., Rhee S.K., Park J.R., Chung W.H., Nam Y.D., Lee I., et al. Development and evaluation of genome-probing microarrays for monitoring lactic acid bacteria. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71 (2005) 8825-8835
4. Boissinot M., and Bergeron M.G. Toward rapid real-time molecular diagnostic to guide smart use of antimicrobials. Current Opinion in Microbiology 5 (2002) 478-482
5. Borgen K., Simonsen G.S., Sundsfjord A., Wasteson Y., Olsvik O., and Kruse H. Continuing high prevalence of VanA-type vancomycin-resistant enterococci on Norwegian poultry farms three years after avoparcin was banned. Journal of Applied Microbiology 89 (2000) 478-485
6. Bosshard C., Stephan R., and Tasara T. Application of an F57 sequence-based real-time PCR assay for Mycobacterium paratuberculosis detection in bulk tank raw milk and slaughtered healthy dairy cows. Journal of Food Protection 69 (2006) 1662-1667
7. Bradley A.J. Bovine mastitis: An evolving disease. The Veterinary Journal 164 (2002) 116-128
8. Budde I., Steil L., Scharf C., Volker U., and Bremer E. Adaptation of Bacillus subtilis to growth at low temperature: A combined transcriptomic and proteomic appraisal. Microbiology 152 (2006) 831-853
9. Call D.R., Borucki M.K., and Loge F.J. Detection of bacterial pathogens in environmental samples using DNA microarrays. Journal of Microbiological Methods 53 (2003) 235-243
10. Champion O.L., Gaunt M.W., Gundogdu O., Elmi A., Witney A.A., Hinds J., et al. Comparative phylogenomics of the food-borne pathogen Campylobacter jejuni reveals genetic markers predictive of infection source. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102 (2005) 16043-16048
11. Churchill R.L.T., Lee H., and Hall J.C. Detection of Listeria monocytogenes and the toxin listeriolysin O in food. Journal of Microbiological Methods 64 (2006) 141-170
12. Conway T., and Schoolnik G.K. Microarray expression profiling: Capturing a genome-wide portrait of the transcriptome. Molecular Microbiology 47 (2003) 879-889
13. Cooper J.E., and Feil E.J. Multilocus sequence typing-What is resolved?. Trends in Microbiology 12 (2004) 373-377
14. Cooper J.E., and Feil E.J. The phylogeny of Staphylococcus aureus-Which genes make the best intra-species markers?. Microbiology 152 (2006) 1297-1305
15. dela Cruz W.P., Gozum M.M.A., Lineberry S.F., Stassen S.D., Daughtry M., Stassen N.A., et al. Rapid detection of enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens by real-time fluorescence resonance energy transfer PCR. Journal of Food Protection 69 (2006) 1347-1353
16. de Las Rivas B., Marcobal A., and Munoz R. Development of a multilocus sequence typing method for analysis of Lactobacillus plantarum strains. Microbiology 152 (2006) 85-93
17. Dorrell N., Hinchliffe S.J., and Wren B.W. Comparative phylogenomics of pathogenic bacteria by microarray analysis. Current Opinion in Microbiology 8 (2005) 620-626
18. Earl A.M., Losick R., and Kolter R. Bacillus subtilis genome diversity. Journal of Bacteriology 189 (2007) 1163-1170
19. Field D., Wilson G., and van der Gast C. How do we compare hundreds of bacterial genomes?. Current Opinion in Microbiology 9 (2006) 499-504
20. Fleischmann R.D., Adams M.D., White O., Clayton R.A., Kirkness E.F., Kerlavage A.R., et al. Whole-genome random sequencing and assembly of Haemophilus influenzae Rd. Science 269 (1995) 496-512
21. Francois P., Hernandez D., and Schrenzel J. Genome content determination in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Future Microbiology 2 (2007) 187-198
22. Fraser C.M., Gocayne J.D., White O., Adams M.D., Clayton R.A., Fleischmann R.D., et al. The minimal gene complement of Mycoplasma genitalium. Science 270 (1995) 397-403
23. Frye J.G., Jesse T., Long F., Rondeau G., Porwollik S., McClelland M., et al. DNA microarray detection of antimicrobial resistance genes in diverse bacteria. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 27 (2006) 138-151
24. Fuchs D., Winkelmann I., Johnson I.T., Mariman E., Wenzel U., and Daniel H. Proteomics in nutrition research: Principles, technologies and applications. British Journal of Nutrition 94 (2005) 302-314
25. Fukushima H., Katsube K., Hata Y., Kishi R., and Fujiwara S. Rapid separation and concentration of food-borne pathogens in food samples prior to quantification by viable-cell counting and real-time PCR. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73 (2007) 92-100
26. Fux C.A., Costerton J.W., Stewart P.S., and Stoodley P. Survival strategies of infectious biofilms. Trends in Microbiology 13 (2005) 34-40
27. Fux C.A., Shirtliff M., Stoodley P., and Costerton J.W. Can laboratory reference strains mirror 'real-world' pathogenesis?. Trends in Microbiology 13 (2005) 58-63
28. Gao H., Yang Z.K., Gentry T.J., Wu L., Schadt C.W., and Zhou J. Microarray-based analysis of microbial community RNAs by whole-community RNA amplification. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73 (2007) 563-571
29. Garaizar J., Rementeria A., and Porwollik S. DNA microarray technology: A new tool for the epidemiological typing of bacterial pathogens?. FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology 47 (2006) 178-189
30. Gaynor E.C., Cawthraw S., Manning G., MacKichan J.K., Falkow S., and Newell D.G. The genome-sequenced variant of Campylobacter jejuni NCTC 11168 and the original clonal clinical isolate differ markedly in colonization, gene expression, and virulence-associated phenotypes. Journal of Bacteriology 186 (2004) 503-517
31. Gentry T.J., Wickham G.S., Schadt C.W., He Z., and Zhou J. Microarray applications in microbial ecology research. Microbial Ecology 52 (2006) 159-175
32. Gill S.R., Pop M., Deboy R.T., Eckburg P.B., Turnbaugh P.J., Samuel B.S., et al. Metagenomic analysis of the human distal gut microbiome. Science 312 (2006) 1355-1359
33. Gillespie B.E., and Oliver S.P. Simultaneous detection of mastitis pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus uberis, and Streptococcus agalactiae by multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction. Journal of Dairy Science 88 (2005) 3510-3518
34. Glynn B., Lahiff S., Wernecke M., Barry T., Smith T.J., and Maher M. Current and emerging molecular diagnostic technologies applicable to bacterial food safety. International Journal of Dairy Technology 59 (2006) 126-139
35. Goff H.D., and Griffiths M.W. Major advances in fresh milk and milk products: Fluid milk products and frozen desserts. Journal of Dairy Science 89 (2006) 1163-1173
36. Goldberg S.M.D., Johnson J., Busam D., Feldblyum T., Ferriera S., Friedman R., et al. A Sanger/pyrosequencing hybrid approach for the generation of high-quality draft assemblies of marine microbial genomes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103 (2006) 11240-11245
37. Gunasekera T.S., Veal D.A., and Attfield P.V. Potential for broad applications of flow cytometry and fluorescence techniques in microbiological and somatic cell analyses of milk. International Journal of Food Microbiology 85 (2003) 269-279
38. Hain T., Steinweg C., and Chakraborty T. Comparative and functional genomics of Listeria spp. Journal of Biotechnology 126 (2006) 37-51
39. Handelsman J. Metagenomics: Application of genomics to uncultured microorganisms. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 68 (2004) 669-685
40. Heeschen, W. H. (1996). Bacteriological quality of raw milk: Legal requirements and payment systems. Situation in the EU and IDF member countries. In Symposium on bacteriological quality of raw milk. IDF special issue 9601, Brussels, Belgium.
41. Hefford M.A., D'Aoust S., Cyr T.D., Austin J.W., Sanders G., Kheradpir E., et al. Proteomic and microscopic analysis of biofilms formed by Listeria monocytogenes 568. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 51 (2005) 197-208
42. Helgason E., Tourasse N.J., Meisal R., Caugant D.A., and Kolsto A.B. Multilocus sequence typing scheme for bacteria of the Bacillus cereus group. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70 (2004) 191-201
43. Helmann J.D., Wu M.F.W., Kobel P.A., Gamo F.J., Wilson M., Morshedi M.M., et al. Global transcriptional response of Bacillus subtilis to heat shock. Journal of Bacteriology 183 (2001) 7318-7328
44. Hofreuter D., Tsai J., Watson R.O., Novik V., Altman B., Benitez M., et al. Unique features of a highly pathogenic Campylobacter jejuni strain. Infection and Immunity 74 (2006) 4694-4707
45. Jayarao B.M., Pillai S.R., Sawant A.A., Wolfgang D.R., and Hegde N.V. Guidelines for monitoring bulk tank milk somatic cell and bacterial counts. Journal of Dairy Science 87 (2004) 3561-3573
46. Kalmokoff M., Lanthier P., Tremblay T.L., Foss M., Lau P.C., Sanders G., et al. Proteomic analysis of Campylobacter jejuni 11168 biofilms reveals a role for the motility complex in biofilm formation. Journal of Bacteriology 188 (2006) 4312-4320
47. Karns J.S., Van Kessel J.S., McCluskey B.J., and Perdue M.L. Prevalence of Salmonella enterica in bulk tank milk from US dairies as determined by polymerase chain reaction. Journal of Dairy Science 88 (2005) 3475-3479
48. Khachatryan A.R., Hancock D.D., Besser T.E., and Call D.R. Role of calf-adapted Escherichia coli in maintenance of antimicrobial drug resistance in dairy calves. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70 (2004) 752-757
49. Khan S.A., Nawaz M.S., Khan A.A., Steele R.S., and Cerniglia C.E. Characterization of erythromycin-resistant methylase genes from multiple antibiotic resistant Staphylococcus spp isolated from milk samples of lactating cows. American Journal of Veterinary Research 61 (2000) 1128-1132
50. Kubota K., Ohashi A., Imachi H., and Harada H. Visualization of mcr mRNA in a methanogen by fluorescence in situ hybridization with an oligonucleotide probe and two-pass tyramide signal amplification (two-pass TSA-FISH). Journal of Microbiological Methods 66 (2006) 521-528
51. Lammers A., Kruijt E., van de Kuijt C., Nuijten P.J.M., and Smith H.E. Identification of Staphylococcus aureus genes expressed during growth in milk: A useful model for selection of genes important in bovine mastitis?. Microbiology 146 (2000) 981-987
52. Lazazzera B.A. Lessons from DNA microarray analysis: The gene expression profile of biofilms. Current Opinion in Microbiology 8 (2005) 222-227
53. Leigh J.A., Ward P.N., and Field T.R. The exploitation of the genome in the search for determinants of virulence in Streptococcus uberis. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 100 (2004) 145-149
54. Leveau J. The magic and menace of metagenomics: Prospects for the study of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. European Journal of Plant Pathology 119 (2007) 279-300
55. Levin B.R., and Rozen D.E. Non-inherited antibiotic resistance. Nature Reviews in Microbiology 4 (2006) 556-562
56. Li L.L., Bannantine J.P., Zhang Q., Amonsin A., May B.J., Alt D., et al. The complete genome sequence of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102 (2005) 12344-12349
57. Marsh I.B., and Whittington R.J. Deletion of an mmpL gene and multiple associated genes from the genome of the S strain of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis identified by representational difference analysis and in silico analysis. Molecular and Cellular Probes 19 (2005) 371-384
58. Martins M.L., Pinto C.L., Rocha R.B., de Araujo E.F., and Vanetti M.C. Genetic diversity of Gram-negative, proteolytic, psychrotrophic bacteria isolated from refrigerated raw milk. International Journal of Food Microbiology 111 (2006) 144-148
59. Mashego M.R., Rumbold K., De Mey M., Vandamme E., Soetaert W., and Heijnen J.J. Microbial metabolomics: Past, present and future methodologies. Biotechnology Letters 29 (2007) 1-16
60. Maukonen J., Matto J., Wirtanen G., Raaska L., Mattila-Sandholm T., and Saarela M. Methodologies for the characterization of microbes in industrial environments: A review. Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology 30 (2003) 327-356
61. McKillip J.L., and Drake M. Real-time nucleic acid-based detection methods for pathogenic bacteria in food. Journal of Food Protection 67 (2004) 823-832
62. Medini D., Donati C., Tettelin H., Masignani V., and Rappuoli R. The microbial pan-genome. Current Opinion Genetics and Development 15 (2005) 589-594
63. Meer R.R., Baker J., Bodyfelt F.W., and Griffiths M.W. Psychrotrophic Bacillus spp in fluid milk-products-A review. Journal of Food Protection 54 (1991) 969-979
64. Melchior M.B., Vaarkamp H., and Fink-Gremmels J. Biofilms: A role in recurrent mastitis infections?. Veterinary Journal 171 (2006) 398-407
65. Mihoub F., Mistou M.Y., Guillot A., Leveau J.Y., Boubetra A., and Billaux F. Cold adaptation of Escherichia coli: Microbiological and proteomic approaches. International Journal of Food Microbiology 89 (2003) 171-184
66. Murinda S.E., Ebner P.D., Nguyen L.T., Mathew A.G., and Oliver S.P. Antimicrobial resistance and class 1 integrons in pathogenic Escherichia coli from dairy farms. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 2 (2005) 348-352
67. Myers K.M., Gaba J., and Al-Khaldi S.F. Molecular identification of Yersinia enterocolitica isolated from pasteurized whole milk using DNA microarray chip hybridization. Molecular and Cellular Probes 20 (2006) 71-80
68. Nam H.M., Srinivasan V., Gillespie B.E., Murinda S.E., and Oliver S.P. Application of SYBR green real-time PCR assay for specific detection of Salmonella spp. in dairy farm environmental samples. International Journal of Food Microbiology 102 (2005) 161-171
69. Nelson K.E., Fouts D.E., Mongodin E.F., Ravel J., DeBoy R.T., Kolonay J.F., et al. Whole genome comparisons of serotype 4b and 1/2a strains of the food-borne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes reveal new insights into the core genome components of this species. Nucleic Acids Research 32 (2004) 2386-2395
70. Oliveira T.C., Barbut S., and Griffiths M.W. A robotic DNA purification protocol and real-time PCR for the detection of Campylobacter jejuni in foods. Journal of Food Protection 68 (2005) 2131-2135
71. Oliver S.P., Jayarao B.M., and Almeida R.A. Foodborne pathogens in milk and the dairy farm environment: Food safety and public health implications. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 2 (2005) 115-129
72. Oosthuizen M.C., Steyn B., Theron J., Cosette P., Lindsay D., von Holy A., et al. Proteomic analysis reveals differential protein expression by Bacillus cereus during biofilm formation. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68 (2002) 2770-2780
73. Pamp S.J., Frees D., Engelmann S., Hecker M., and Ingmer H. Spx is a global effector impacting stress tolerance and biofilm formation in Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of Bacteriology 188 (2006) 4861-4870
74. Perdue M.L., Karns J., Higgins J., and Van Kessel J.A. Detection and fate of Bacillus anthracis (Sterne) vegetative cells and spores added to bulk tank milk. Journal of Food Protection 66 (2003) 2349-2354
75. Pernthaler A., and Amann R. Simultaneous fluorescence in situ hybridization of mRNA and rRNA in environmental bacteria. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70 (2004) 5426-5433
76. Perreten V., Vorlet-Fawer L., Slickers P., Ehricht R., Kuhnert P., and Frey J. Microarray-based detection of 90 antibiotic resistance genes of Gram-positive bacteria. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 43 (2005) 2291-2302
77. Pfeiler E.A., and Klaenhammer T.R. The genomics of lactic acid bacteria. Trends in Microbiology 15 (2007) 546-553
78. Phadtare S., and Inouye M. Genome-wide transcriptional analysis of the cold shock response in wild-type and cold-sensitive, quadruple-csp-deletion strains of Escherichia coli. Journal of Bacteriology 186 (2004) 7007-7014
79. Pretzer G., Snel J., Molenaar D., Wiersma A., Bron P.A., Lambert J., et al. Biodiversity-based identification and functional characterization of the mannose-specific adhesin of Lactobacillus plantarum. Journal of Bacteriology 187 (2005) 6128-6136
80. Rajkovic A., El Moualij B., Uyttendaele M., Brolet P., Zorzi W., Heinen E., et al. Immunoquantitative real-time PCR for detection and quantification of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B in foods. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72 (2006) 6593-6599
81. Raskin D.M., Seshadri R., Pukatzki S.U., and Mekalanos J.J. Bacterial genomics and pathogen evolution. Cell 124 (2006) 703-714
82. Rasko D.A., Altherr M.R., Han C.S., and Ravel J. Genomics of the Bacillus cereus group of organisms. FEMS Microbiology Reviews 29 (2005) 303-329
83. Ray K.A., Warnick L.D., Mitchell R.M., Kaneene J.B., Ruegg P.L., Wells S.J., et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella from organic and conventional dairy farms. Journal of Dairy Science 89 (2006) 2038-2050
84. Resch A., Leicht S., Saric M., Pasztor L., Jakob A., Gotz F., et al. Comparative proteome analysis of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm and planktonic cells and correlation with transcriptome profiling. Proteomics 6 (2006) 1867-1877
85. Riesenfeld C.S., Schloss P.D., and Handelsman J. Metagenomics: Genomic analysis of microbial communities. Annual Review of Genetics 38 (2004) 525-552
86. Roesch M., Perreten V., Doherr M.G., Schaeren W., Schallibaum M., and Blum J.W. Comparison of antibiotic resistance of udder pathogens in dairy cows kept on organic and on conventional farms. Journal of Dairy Science 89 (2006) 989-997
87. Rowe M.T., and Grant I.R. Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis and its potential survival tactics. Letters in Applied Microbiology 42 (2006) 305-311
88. Salcedo C., Arreaza L., Alcala B., de la Fuente L., and Vazquez J.A. Development of a multilocus sequence typing method for analysis of Listeria monocytogenes clones. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 41 (2003) 757-762
89. Schoeni J.L., and Wong A.C. Bacillus cereus food poisoning and its toxins. Journal of Food Protection 68 (2005) 636-648
90. Sergeev N., Distler M., Courtney S., Al-Khaldi S.F., Volokhov D., Chizhikov V., et al. Multipathogen oligonucleotide microarray for environmental and biodefense applications. Biosensors and Bioelectronics 20 (2004) 684-698
91. Sergeev N., Distler M., Vargas M., Chizhikov V., Herold K.E., and Rasooly A. Microarray analysis of Bacillus cereus group virulence factors. Journal of Microbiological Methods 65 (2006) 488-502
92. Sharma M., and Anand S.K. Characterization of constitutive microflora of biofilms in dairy processing lines. Food Microbiology 19 (2002) 627-636
93. Shendure J., Porreca G.J., Reppas N.B., Lin X.X., McCutcheon J.P., Rosenbaum A.M., et al. Accurate multiplex polony sequencing of an evolved bacterial genome. Science 309 (2005) 1728-1732
94. Shin S.J., Wu C.W., Steinberg H., and Talaat A.M. Identification of novel virulence determinants in Mycobacterium paratuberculosis by screening a library of insertional mutants. Infection and Immunity 74 (2006) 3825-3833
95. Sorum M., Johnsen P.J., Aasnes B., Rosvoll T., Kruse H., Sundsfjord A., et al. Prevalence, persistence, and molecular characterization of glycopeptide-resistant enterococci in Norwegian poultry and poultry farmers 3 to 8 years after the ban on avoparcin. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72 (2006) 516-521
96. Srinivasan V., Nam H.M., Nguyen L.T., Tamilselvam B., Murinda S.E., and Oliver S.P. Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance genes in Listeria monocytogenes isolated from dairy farms. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 2 (2005) 201-211
97. Stintzi A. Gene expression profile of Campylobacter jejuni in response to growth temperature variation. Journal of Bacteriology 185 (2003) 2009-2016
98. Stratmann J., Dohmann K., Heinzmann J., and Gerlach G.-F. Peptide aMptD-mediated capture PCR for detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in bulk milk samples. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72 (2006) 5150-5158
99. Sung N., Takayama K., and Collins M.T. Possible association of GroES and antigen 85 proteins with heat resistance of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70 (2004) 1688-1697
100. Tam L.T., Antelmann H., Eymann C., Albrecht D., Bernhardt J., and Hecker M. Proteome signatures for stress and starvation in Bacillus subtilis as revealed by a 2-D gel image color coding approach. Proteomics 6 (2006) 4565-4585
101. te Giffel M.C., Meeuwisse J., and de Jong P. Control of milk processing based on rapid detection of micro-organisms. Food Control 12 (2001) 305-309
102. Tettelin H., Masignani V., Cieslewicz M.J., Donati C., Medini D., Ward N.L., et al. Genome analysis of multiple pathogenic isolates of Streptococcus agalactiae: Implications for the microbial "pan-genome". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102 (2005) 13950-13955
103. Torpdahl M., Skov M.N., Sandvang D., and Baggesen D.L. Genotypic characterization of Salmonella by multilocus sequence typing, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and amplified fragment length polymorphism. Journal of Microbiological Methods 63 (2005) 173-184
104. Tsai T.Y., Lee W.J., Huang Y.J., Chen K.L., and Pan T.M. Detection of viable enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157 using the combination of immunomagnetic separation with the reverse transcription multiplex TaqMan PCR system in food and stool samples. Journal of Food Protection 69 (2006) 2320-2328
105. Tyson G.W., Chapman J., Hugenholtz P., Allen E.E., Ram R.J., Richardson P.M., et al. Community structure and metabolism through reconstruction of microbial genomes from the environment. Nature 428 (2004) 37-43
106. Van Kessel J.S., Karns J.S., and Perdue M.L. Using a portable real-time PCR assay to detect Salmonella in raw milk. Journal of Food Protection 66 (2003) 1762-1767
107. Walte H.G., Suhren G., and Reichmuth J. Bacteriological raw-milk quality: Factors influencing the relationship between colony-forming units and Bactoscan-FC counts. Milchwissenschaft-Milk Science International 60 (2005) 28-31
108. Wegener H.C. Antibiotics in animal feed and their role in resistance development. Current Opinion in Microbiology 6 (2003) 439-445
109. Wells J.M., and Bennik M.H.J. Genomics of food-borne bacterial pathogens. Nutrition Research Reviews 16 (2003) 21-35
110. Wiedmann M., Weilmeier D., Dineen S.S., Ralyea R., and Boor K.J. Molecular and phenotypic characterization of Pseudomonas spp. isolated from milk. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66 (2000) 2085-2095
111. Wilmes P., and Bond P.L. Metaproteomics: Studying functional gene expression in microbial ecosystems. Trends in Microbiology 14 (2006) 92-97
112. Yu Z.T., Michel F.C., Hansen G., Wittum T., and Morrison M. Development and application of real-time PCR assays for quantification of genes encoding tetracycline resistance. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71 (2005) 6926-6933
113. Zhang T., and Fang H.H.P. Applications of real-time polymerase chain reaction for quantification of microorganisms in environmental samples. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 70 (2006) 281-289
114. Zhang R., and Zhang C.T. The impact of comparative genomics on infectious disease research. Microbes and Infection 8 (2006) 1613-1622
115. Zwirglmaier K., Ludwig W., and Schleifer K.H. Recognition of individual genes in a single bacterial cell by fluorescence in situ hybridization-RING-FISH. Molecular Microbiology 51 (2004) 89-96