Atmospheric acid leaching of nickel laterites review. Part I. Sulphuric acid technologies

Hydrometallurgy

Volumn 91, Issue 1-4, 2008, Pages 35-55

  McDonald, R G ^a   Whittington, B I ^a  

^a CSIRO   (Australia)

Author keywords

Atmospheric leaching; High pressure acid leaching; Nickel laterite; Nickel processing; Sulphuric acid

Indexed keywords

EXTRACTION; LEACHING; MINERALS; REACTION KINETICS; SULFURIC ACID;

ATMOSPHERIC LEACHING; HIGH PRESSURE ACID LEACHING; NICKEL LATERITE; NICKEL PROCESSING;

NICKEL COMPOUNDS;

EID: 40649083633     PISSN: 0304386X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2007.11.009     Document Type: Article

References (192)

1. Aaltonen, A., Karpale, K., Malmström, R., 2003. Method for recovering nickel and eventually cobalt by extraction from nickel-containing laterite ore. World Patent 03/004709 A1.
2. Adams M., van der Meulen D., Czerny C., Adamini P., Turner J., Jayasekera S., Amaranti J., Mosher J., Miller M., White D., and Miller G. Piloting of the beneficiation and EPAL circuits for Ravensthorpe Nickel Operations. In: Imrie W.P., et al. (Ed). International Laterite Nickel Symposium - 2004 (2004), The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, Warrendale, PA 347-367
3. Afenya P.M. Extraction of nickel from the Conakry laterite iron ore. Indian Journal of Technology 20 (1982) 407-411
4. Agatzini-Leonardou S., and Dimaki D. Heap leaching of poor nickel laterites by sulphuric acid at ambient temperatures. Hydrometallurgy '94, Pap. Int. Symp. (1994), Chapman and Hall, London 193-208
5. Agatzini-Leonardou, S., Dimaki, D., 1994b. Nickel and cobalt recovery from low grade nickel oxide ores by the technique of heap leaching using dilute sulphuric acid at ambient temperature. Greek Patent 1,001,555.
6. Agatzini-Leonardou, S., Dimaki, D., 2001. Method for the extraction of nickel and/or cobalt from nickel and/or cobalt oxide ores by heap leaching with a dilute sulphuric acid solution prepared from sea water at ambient temperature. Greek Patent 1,003,569.
7. Agatzini-Leonardou S., and Zafiratos I.G. Beneficiation of a Greek serpentinic nickeliferous ore part II. Sulphuric acid heap and agitation leaching. Hydrometallurgy 74 (2004) 267-275
8. Agatzini-Leonardou S., Dimaki D., and Boskos E. Extraction of nickel and cobalt from Greek low-grade nickel oxide ores by heap leaching. In: Cooper W.C., and Mihaylov I. (Eds). Hydrometallurgy and Refining of Nickel and Cobalt vol. 1 (1997), Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Montreal, QC 489-503
9. Amran K., and Ganor J. The combined effect of pH and temperature on smectite dissolution rate under acidic conditions. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 69 (2005) 2535-2546
10. Anthony M.T., and Flett D.S. Nickel processing technology: a review. Minerals Industry International (1997) 26-42 January
11. Apostolidis C.I., and Distin P.A. The kinetics of the sulphuric acid leaching of nickel and magnesium from reduction roasted serpentine. Hydrometallurgy 3 (1978) 181-196
12. Arroyo, J.C., Neudorf, D.A., 2001. Atmospheric leach process for the recovery of nickel and cobalt from limonite and saprolite ores. US Patent 6,261,527 B1.
13. Arroyo, J.C., Neudorf, D.A., 2002. Atmospheric leach process for the recovery of nickel and cobalt from limonite and saprolite ores. US Patent 2002/0041840 A1; a continuation of US Patent 6,261,527.
14. Arroyo, J.C., Neudorf, D.A., 2004. Atmospheric leach process for the recovery of nickel and cobalt from limonite and saprolite ores. US Patent 6,680,035 B2; a continuation of US Patent 6,261,527.
15. Arroyo, J.C., Gillaspie, J.D., Neudorf, D.A., Weenink, E.M., 2002. Method for leaching nickeliferous laterite ores. US Patent 6,379,636 B2.
16. Bailey, R.P., 1959. Method for extracting nickel from laterite ores. US Patent 2,899,300.
17. Baillie M.G., and Cock G.C. Weda Bay Laterite Project, Indonesia, ALTA 1998 Nickel/Cobalt Pressure Leaching and Hydrometallurgy Forum (1998), ALTA Metallurgical Services, Melbourne 38 pp
18. Bakker, H.F., Bell, M.C.E., Sridhar, R., 1977. Gaseous solubilization of reduced metal values. Canadian Patent 1,013,576.
19. Bakker, H.F., Sridhar, R., 1978. Leaching of oxide materials containing non-ferrous values. Canadian Patent 1,023,560.
20. Balci S. Effect of heating and acid pre-treatment on pore size distribution of sepiolite. Clay Minerals 34 (1999) 647-655
21. Becerril J.M.F., and Rodriguez R.A. Ensayos de lixiviacion a presion atmosferica del niquel contenido en las serpentinas de Ojen (Malaga). Boietin Geologico y Minero (1975) 23-30
22. Bickmore B.R., Bosbach D., Hochella Jr. M.F., Charlet L., and Rufe E. In situ atomic force microscopy study of hectorite and nontronite dissolution: implications for phyllosilicate edge surface structures and dissolution mechanisms. American Mineralogist 86 (2001) 411-423
23. Borbely, G., Curlook, W., Illis, A., 1974. Extraction of nickel or cobalt values form oxide ores. British Patent 1,368,192.
24. Borchardt G. Smectites. In: Bigham J.M., et al. (Ed). Minerals in Soil Environments (1989), Soil Sciences Society of America, Madison, WI 675-727
25. Brand N.W., Butt C.R.M., and Hellsten K.J. Structural and lithological controls in the formation of the Cawse nickel laterite deposits, Western Australia - implications for supergene ore formation and exploration in deeply weathered terrains. Nickel '96, Mineral to Market, Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Special Publication 6/96 (1996) 209-210
26. Burger P.A. The Bulong, Western Australia, Ni/Co laterite deposits - a case history. Nickel '96, Mineral to Market, Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Special Publication 6/96 (1996) 37-41
27. Burkin, A.R., Monhemius, A.J., 1981. Extraction of pre-reduced lateritic ores with aqueous sulphuric acid in the presence of peroxidant. US Patent 4,301,125.
28. Byerley J.J., Rempel G.L., and Garrido G.F. Copper catalysed leaching of magnetite in aqueous sulphur dioxide. Hydrometallurgy 4 (1979) 317-336
29. Çaǧatay A., Altun Y., and Arman B. The mineralogy of Çaldag (Mani{ogonek}sa-Turgutlu) lateritic iron nickel-cobalt deposits. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration Institute of Turkey 95-96 (1980-81) 81-96 Foreign Edition
30. Camuti K.S., and Riel R.G. Mineralogy of the Murrin Murrin nickel laterites. In: Grimsey E.J., and Neuss I. (Eds). Nickel '96, Mineral to Market, Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Special Publication 6/96 (1996) 209-210
31. Canterford J.H. The extractive metallurgy of nickel. Reviews of Pure and Applied Chemistry 22 (1972) 13-46
32. Canterford J.H. Leaching of some Australian nickeliferous laterites with sulphuric acid at atmospheric pressure. Proceedings of the Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 265 (1978) 19-26
33. Canterford J.H. Mineralogical aspects of the extractive metallurgy of nickeliferous laterites. Proceedings of the Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Conference (1978), Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Melbourne 361-370
34. Canterford J.H. The sulphation of oxidized nickel ores. In: Evans D.J.I., Shoemaker R.S., and Veltman H. (Eds). International Laterite Symposium, Society of Mining Engineers (1979), American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers Inc. (SME-AIME), New York, NY 636-677
35. Canterford J.H. Acid leaching of chromite-bearing nickeliferous laterite from Rockhampton, Queensland. Proceedings of the Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 291 (1986) 51-56
36. Canterford J. Is the direct use of sulphur dioxide an alternative to sulphuric acid for recovery of Ni/Co from laterites?. ALTA 1996 Nickel/Cobalt Pressure Leaching and Hydrometallurgy Forum (1996), ALTA Metallurgical Services, Melbourne 10 pp
37. Chander S. Atmospheric pressure leaching of nickeliferous laterites in acidic media. Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals 35 (1982) 366-371
38. Chandra D., Ruud C.O., and Siemens R.E. Characterization of lateritic nickel ores by electron-optical and X-ray techniques. Report of Investigations No. 8835 (1983), US Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, Washington DC. 12 pp
39. Chen T.T., Dutrizac J.E., and White C.W. Serpentine ore microtextures occurring in the Magnola magnesium process. JOM (2000) 20-22 April
40. Cheng T.W., and Hsu C.W. A study of silicon carbide synthesis from waste serpentine. Chemosphere 64 (2006) 510-514
41. Chou, E.C.J., Barlow, C.B., Huggins, D.K., 1978. Roast-neutralization-leach technique for the treatment of laterite ore. US Patent 4,097,575.
42. Cicel B., and Novak I. Dissolution of smectites in hydrochloric acid. I. Half-time of dissolution as a measure of reaction rate. Proceedings of the 7th Conference on Clay Mineralogy and Petrology (1977) 163-171
43. Clarkson C.J., and Distin P.A. Leaching of reduction-roasted garnierite in aerated sulphuric acid solutions. Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly 15 (1976) 91-95
44. Coldrey, P.W., Glen, J.B., 1975. Process of selectively recovering nickel and cobalt. US Patent 3,909,249.
45. Cornell R.M., Posner A.M., and Quirk J.P. Crystal morphology and the dissolution of goethite. Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry 36 (1974) 1937-1946
46. Cornell R.M., Posner A.M., and Quirk J.P. The complete dissolution of goethite. Journal of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology 25 (1975) 701-706
47. Cornell R.M., Posner A.M., and Quirk J.P. Kinetics and mechanisms of the acid dissolution of goethite (α-FeOOH). Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry 38 (1976) 563-567
48. Curlook, W., 2002a. Direct atmospheric leaching of highly-serpentinised saprolitic nickel laterite ores with sulphuric acid. US Patent 6,379,637 B1.
49. Curlook, W., 2002b. Acid leaching of nickel laterite ores for the extraction of their nickel and cobalt values. US Patent 6,391,089 B1.
50. Curlook W. Direct atmospheric leaching of saprolitic nickel laterite ores with sulphuric acid. In: Imrie W.P., et al. (Ed). International Laterite Nickel Symposium - 2004 (2004), The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, Warrendale, PA 385-398
51. Dalvi A.D., Bacon W.G., and Osbourne R.C. The past and the future of nickel laterites. PDAC 2004 International Convention (2004), The Prospectors and Developers Association of Canada, Toronto, ON 27 pp
52. Das G.K., Anand S., Das R.P., Muir D.M., Senanayake G., Singh P., and Hefter G. Acid leaching of nickel laterites in the presence of sulphur dioxide at atmospheric pressure. In: Cooper W.C., and Mihaylov I. (Eds). Hydrometallurgy and Refining of Nickel and Cobalt vol. 1 (1997), Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Montreal, QC 471-488
53. de Oliveira S.M.B., Partiti C.S.M., and Enzeiler J. Ochreous laterite: a nickel ore from Punta Gorda, Cuba. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 14 (2001) 307-317
54. Duyvesteyn, W.P.C., Lastra, M.R., Liu, H., 1996. Method for recovering nickel from high magnesium-containing Ni-Fe-Mg lateritic ore. US Patent 5,571,308.
55. Duyvesteyn, W.P.C., Liu, H., Davis, M.J., 2001. Heap leaching of nickel containing ore. US Patent 6,312,500 B1.
56. Duyvesteyn W.P., Wicker G.R., and Doane R.E. An omnivorous process for laterite deposits. In: Evans D.J.I., Shoemaker R.S., and Veltman H. (Eds). International Laterite Symposium, Society of Mining Engineers (1979), American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers Inc., New York, NY 553-569
57. Fleischer M. Glossary of mineral species. The Mineralogical Record (1983) Tucson, AZ
58. Garingarao, R.M., Palad, M.A., 1975. Cyclic acid leaching of nickel bearing oxide and silicate ores with subsequent iron removal from leach liquor. US Patent 3,880,981.
59. Gaudin A., Grauby O., Noack Y., Decarreau A., and Petit S. Accurate crystal chemistry of ferric smectites from the lateritic nickel ore of Murrin Murrin (Western Australia). I. XRD and multi-scale chemical approaches. Clay Minerals 39 (2004) 301-315
60. Gaudin A., Petit S., Rose J., Martin F., Decarreau A., Noack Y., and Borschneck D. Accurate crystal chemistry of ferric smectites from the lateritic nickel ore of Murrin Murrin (Western Australia). II. Spectroscopic (IR and EXAFS) approaches. Clay Minerals 39 (2004) 453-467
61. Gaudin A., Decarreau A., Noack Y., and Grauby O. Clay mineralogy of the nickel laterite ore developed from serpentinised peridotites at Murrin Murrin, Western Australia. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 52 (2005) 231-241
62. Giovanoli R., and Cornell R.M. Crystallization of metal substituted ferrihydrites. Zeitschrift für Pflanzenernährung und Bodenkdunde 155 (1992) 455-460
63. Girgis B.S., and Mourad W.E. Textural variations of acid-treated serpentine. Journal of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology 26 (1976) 9-14
64. Gjelsvik, N., Torgersen, J.H., 1983. Method of acid leaching of silicates. US Patent 4,367,215.
65. Glaum, G.V., O'Neill, C.E., Subramanian, N., 1977. Reductive leaching of limonitic ores with hydrogen sulfide. US Patent 4,062,924.
66. Gleeson S.A., Butt C.R.M., and Elias M. Nickel laterites: a review. SEG Newsletter 54 (2003) 9-16
67. Griffin A., Nofal P., Johnson G., and Evans H. Laterites - squeeze or ease?. ALTA 2002 Nickel/Cobalt 8 (2002), ALTA Metallurgical Services, Melbourne 18 pp
68. Halikia I. Parameters influencing kinetics of nickel extraction from a Greek laterite during leaching with sulphuric acid at atmospheric pressure. Transactions of the Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 100 (1991) C154-C164 Section C
69. Hansen, B.J., Stensrud, J.C., Zambrano, A.R., Chilcote, D.D., 1978. Nickel and magnesia recovery from laterites by low temperature self-sulfation. US Patent 4,125,588.
70. Hatch, W.R., Dunn, R.R., 1983. Acid leaching of nickel from serpentinic laterite ores. US Patent 4,410,498.
71. Hayward, C.R., 1952. Treatment of iron pre containing impurities, including nickel and chromium. US Patent 2,584,700.
72. Hellsten K., and Stewart J. Cawse pits and plants. New Generation Nickel Laterites in the Eastern Goldfields (2000), WMC Conference Centre, Kalgoorlie March 23-25, 12 pp
73. Hirasawa R., and Horita H. Dissolution of nickel and magnesium from garnierite ore in acid solution. International Journal of Mineral Processing 19 (1987) 273-284
74. Hunter, C.J., 2006, Improved leaching of base metals, World Patent 2006/000020 A1.
75. Irons K. An acid heap leach process my prove more cost-effective than conventional nickel production technologies. Materials World 14 2 (2006) 28-30
76. Jay, W., 2005. Process for refining lateritic ore. Australian Patent 2005100146 A4.
77. Jurinski J.B., and Rimstidt J.D. Biodurability of talc. American Mineralogist 86 (2001) 392-399
78. Kanungo S.B. Recovery of nickel and cobalt from lateritic ores of Orissa, India, by selective sulphation roasting. Transactions of the Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 96 (1987) C13-C20 Section C
79. Kanungo S.B., Sukla L.B., and Jena P.K. Preferential extraction of cobalt from laterite ore or concentrate by leaching in aqueous sulphur dioxide solution. Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals 41 (1988) 527-533
80. Kar B.B., Swamy Y.V., and Murthy B.V.R. Design of experiments to study the extraction of nickel from lateritic ore by sulphatization using sulphuric acid. Hydrometallurgy 56 (2000) 387-394
81. 2-air mixtures. Transactions of the Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 110 (2001) C73-C78 Section C
82. 2+ sites in 2:1 layered silicates. An assessment of edge attack and gallery access mechanisms. Clays and Clay Minerals 42 (1994) 717-723
83. Kawahara M., Mitsuo T., Shirane Y., and Mitsune Y. Dilute sulphuric-acid leaching of garnierite ore after magnetic-roasting the ore mixed with iron powder. International Journal of Mineral Processing 19 (1987) 285-296
84. Kim D.-J., and Chung H.-S. Effect of grinding on the structure and chemical extraction of metals from serpentine. Particle Science and Technology 20 (2002) 159-168
85. Koike, S., Murai, K., Yakushizi, H., Izumimoto, S., Wakamatsu, R., Nishimura, E., Hayami, S., 1993. Process for recovering metal from oxide ores. European Patent 0547744 A1.
86. Komadel P. Chemically modified smectites. Clay Minerals 38 (2003) 127-138
87. Komadel P., Schmidt D., Madejová J., and Číčel B. Alteration of smectites by treatments with hydrochloric acid and sodium carbonate solutions. Applied Clay Science 5 (1990) 113-122
88. Kontopoulos, A., 1981. Procédé pour la recuperation de nickel et de cobalt à partir de latérites par lixiviation à l'acide sulfurique à la pression atmosphérique (Recovery of nickel and cobalt from laterites by leaching with sulphuric acid at atmospheric pressure). French Patent 2,459,295.
89. Kontopoulos A. Sulphuric acid leaching of laterites. In: Gaskell D.R. (Ed). Extraction and Processing Division Congress, The Minerals (1991), Metals and Materials Society, Warrendale, PA 147-163
90. Kosuge K., Shimada K., and Tsunashima A. Micropore formation by acid treatment of antigorite. Chemistry of Materials 7 (1995) 2241-2246
91. Kumar R. Leaching characteristics of disordered birnessite and goethite doped with Ni, Co and Cu in sorption mode. Material Transactions 35 (1994), Japanese Institute of Metals 27-34
92. Kumar R., Ray R.K., and Biswas A.K. Physico-chemical nature and leaching behaviour of goethites containing Ni, Co and Cu in the sorption and coprecipitation mode. Hydrometallurgy 25 (1990) 61-83
93. Kumar R., Das S., Ray R.K., and Biswas A.K. Leaching of pure and cobalt bearing goethites in sulphurous acid: kinetics and mechanisms. Hydrometallurgy 32 (1993) 39-59
94. Lee H.Y., Kim S.G., and Oh J.K. Electrochemical leaching of nickel from low-grade laterites. Hydrometallurgy 77 (2005) 263-268
95. Lim-Nunez R., and Gilkes R. Acid dissolution of synthetic metal-containing goethites and hematites. In: Schultz L.G., van Olphen H., and Mumpton F.A. (Eds). Proceedings of the International Clay Conference, Denver, 1985 (1987), The Clay Minerals Society, Bloomington, IN 197-204
96. Lin F.-C., and Clemency C.V. The dissolution kinetics of brucite, antigorite, talc, and phlogopite at room temperature and pressure. American Mineralogist 66 (1981) 801-806
97. Linssen T., Cool P., Baroudi M., Cassiers K., Vansant E.F., Lebedev O., and Van Landuyt J. Leached natural saponite as the silicate source in the synthesis of aluminosilicate hexagonal mesoporous materials. Journal of Physical Chemistry B: Materials, Surfaces, Interfaces and Biophysical 106 (2002) 4470-4476
98. Liu, H., 2006. An improved process for heap leaching of nickeliferous oxidic ores. World Patent 2006/119559 A1.
99. Liu, H., Krebs, D.G.I., 2006. Process for the enhanced acid leaching of laterite ores. World Patent 2006/084335 A1.
100. Liu, H., Duarte, A., Meihack, W., 2006. Consecutive or simultaneous leaching of nickel and cobalt containing ores. World Patent 2006/053376 A1.
101. Liu H., Gillaspie J.D., Lewis C.A., Neudorf D., and Barnett S. Atmospheric leaching of laterites with iron precipitation as goethite. In: Imrie W.P., et al. (Ed). International Laterite Nickel Symposium - 2004 (2004), The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, Warrendale, PA 347-367
102. Liu, H., Gillaspie, J.D., Lewis, C.A., Neudorf, D., Barnett, S., 2005. Atmospheric pressure leach process for lateritic nickel ore. US Patent 2005/0226797 A1.
103. Longworth M., von Perger D., and Bartsch P. Jump-up Dam Nickel Laterite Heap Leach Project, ALTA 2007 Nickel/Cobalt 12 (2007), ALTA Metallurgical Services, Melbourne 10 pp
104. Lowenhaupt, E.H., Litz, J.E., Howe, D.L., 1985. Method of recovering nickel from laterite ores. US Patent 4,548,794.
105. Lu Z.-Y., and Muir D.M. Dissolution of metal ferrites and iron oxides by HCl under oxidising and reducing conditions. Hydrometallurgy 21 (1988) 9-21
106. Lussiez, G.W., Duterque, J.-P., Polkinghorn, T.W., 1985. Conditioning of laterite pressure leach liquor. US Patent 4,547,348.
107. Lynch J.E., Baillie M.G., Steemson M., and Buhrer D.A. Recent Advances in the Weda Bay Nickel/Cobalt Laterite Project, ALTA 2005 Nickel/Cobalt 10, (2005), ALTA Metallurgical Services, Melbourne 19 pp
108. Madejova J., Bujdak J., Janek M., and Komadel P. Comparative FT-IR study of structural modifications during acid treatment of dioctahedral smectites and hectorite. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular Spectroscopy 54A (1998) 1397-1406
109. Manceau A., Llorca S., and Calas G. Crystal chemistry of cobalt and nickel in lithiophorite and asbolane from New Caledonia. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 51 (1987) 105-113
110. Manceau A., Schlegel M.L., Musso M., Sole V.A., Gauthier C., Petit P.E., and Trolard F. Crystal chemistry of trace elements in natural and synthetic goethite. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 64 (2000) 3643-3661
111. McDonald, R.G., Whittington, B.I., in press. Acid Atmospheric Leaching of Nickel Laterites Review. Part II. Chloride and Bio-technologies, Hydrometallurgy, this edition.
112. Metz V., Amran K., and Ganor J. Stoichiometry of smectite dissolution reaction. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 69 (2005) 1755-1772
113. Miller, G.W., Liu, H., 2005. Process for recovery of nickel and cobalt by heap leaching of low grade nickel or cobalt containing material. World Patent 2005/005671 A1.
114. Minara Resources. Investor Relations Presentation - October 2006 (2006). http://www.minara.com.au/uploads/Investor http://www.minara.com.au/uploads/Investor%20Relations%20Presentation%20- %2024%20October%202006.pdf
115. Motteram G., Ryan M., Berezowsky R., and Raudsepp R. Murrin Murrin Nickel/Cobalt Project: Project Overview and Development, ALTA 1996 Nickel/Cobalt Pressure Leaching and Hydrometallurgy Forum (1996), ALTA Metallurgical Services, Melbourne 28 pp
116. Murai, K., Yakushiji, H., Ito, S., Fujimura, T., 2000. Process for recovering valuable metals from oxide ore. Australian Patent 725,800.
117. Neudorf, D., 2006. Method for nickel and cobalt recovery from laterite ores by reaction with concentrated acid and water leaching. US Patent 2006/0002835 A1.
118. Neudorf D. Atmospheric Leaching Forum, ALTA 2007 Nickel/Cobalt 12 (2007), ALTA Metallurgical Services, Melbourne 5 pp
119. Neudorf, D., Huggins, D.A., 2006. Method for nickel and cobalt recovery from laterite ores by combination of atmospheric and moderate pressure leaching. US Patent 2006/0024224 A1.
120. Novak I., and Cicel B. Dissolution of smectites in hydrochloric acid: II. Dissolution rates as a function of crystallochemical composition. Clays and Clay Minerals 26 (1978) 341-344
121. Okada K., Temuujin J., Kameshima Y., and MacKenzie K.J.D. Selective acid leaching of talc. Clay Science 12 (2003) 159-165
122. Okada K., Arimitsu N., Kameshima Y., Nakajima A., and MacKenzie K.J.D. Preparation of porous silica from chlorite by selective acid leaching. Applied Clay Science 30 (2005) 116-124
123. O'Neill, C.E., 1974. Acid leaching of lateritic ores. Canadian Patent 1947,089.
124. O'Neill, C.E., 1978. Leaching nickeliferous silicate ores with hydrochloric acid. Canadian Patent 1,024,353.
125. Oxley A., Sirvanci N., and Purkiss S. Çaldaǧ nickel laterite atmospheric heap leach kinetics. In: Önal G., et al. (Ed). Proceedings of the XXXIII International Mineral Processing Congress, Promedadvertisingagency, Istanbul, vol. 2 (2006) 1511-1514
126. Panagiotopoulos N., Agatzini S., and Kontopoulos A. Extraction of nickel and cobalt from laterites by atmospheric pressure sulfuric acid leaching. 115th TMS-AIME Annual Meeting (1986), The Metallurgical Society, Warrendale, PA Paper No. A86-30
127. Panagiotopoulos N., and Kontopoulos A. Atmospheric pressure sulfuric acid leaching of low-grade hematitic laterites. In: Tyroler G.P., and Landolt C.A. (Eds). Extractive Metallurgy of Nickel and Cobalt (1988), The Metallurgical Society, Warrendale, PA 447-459
128. 2 production. High Technology Ceramics, Part C, vol. 38C (1987) 2267-2278
129. 2 powder through leaching of serpentine. Metalurgija 43 4 (2004) 299-304
130. Pozas R., Rojas T.C., Ocaña M., and Serna C.J. The nature of Co in synthetic Co-substituted goethites. Clays and Clay Minerals 52 (2004) 760-766
131. Prieto O., Vicente M.A., and Bañares-Muñoz M.A. Study of the porous solids obtained by acid treatment of a high surface area saponite. Journal of Porous Materials 6 (1999) 335-344
132. Purkiss, S.A.R., 2004. Heap leaching base metals from oxide ores. World Patent 2004/031422 A1.
133. Purkiss S. Çaldaǧ Nickel Laterite Heap Leach Project, ALTA 2006 Nickel/Cobalt 11 (2006), ALTA Metallurgical Services, Melbourne 12 pp.
134. Purwanto H., Shimada T., Takahashi R., and Yagi J. Recovery of nickel from selectively reduced laterite ore by sulphuric acid leaching. ISIJ International 42 (2003) 181-186
135. Queneau, P.B., Chou, E.C., 1976. High temperature neutralization of laterite leach slurry. US Patent 3,991,159.
136. Queneau, P.B., Chou, E.C., 1977. Sulfuric acid leaching of nickeliferous laterites. US Patent 4,044,096.
137. Queneau P.B., and Berthold C.E. Silica in hydrometallurgy: an overview. Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly 25 (1986) 201-209
138. Reid J., and Barnett S. Nickel Laterite Hydrometallurgical Processing Update, ALTA 2002 Nickel/Cobalt 8 (2002), ALTA Metallurgical Services, Melbourne 18 pp.
139. Rice N.M., and Strong L.W. The leaching of lateritic nickel ores in hydrochloric acid. Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly 13 (1974) 485-493
140. Rice N.M., and Strong L.W. The leaching of nickeliferous laterites with hydrochloric acid (optimization of process variables). In: Davies G.A., and Scuffham J.B. (Eds). Hydrometallurgy, I. Chem. E. Symposium Series No. 42 (1974), The Institution of Chemical Engineers, Rugby 6.1-6.13
141. Rinn G., and Fetting F. The leaching of a serpentinite with hydrochloric acid. Erzmetall. 35 (1982) 432-435
142. Rodriguez, M., Wedderburn, B.J., 2007. Hydrometallurgical method for the extraction of nickel and cobalt from laterite ores. World Patent 2007/016737 A1.
143. Sanchez E.C., Sugiyama K., and Saito F. Extraction of magnesium from mechanochemically activated talc by acid leaching. Shigen-to-Sozai 112 (1996) 719-722
144. Sanchez E.C., Saito F., and Horita H. Enhancement of magnesium and nickel extraction from garnierite by mechanochemical treatment. Shigen-to-Sozai 113 (1997) 35-38
145. Santos de Pontes Pereira, G., De Araújo Gobbo, O.R., 2007. Process for extraction of nickel, cobalt, and other base metals from laterite ores by using heap leaching and product containing nickel, cobalt and other metals from laterite ores. European Patent 1,790,739 A1.
146. Schwertmann U. Solubility and dissolution of iron oxides. Plant and Soil 130 (1991) 1-25
147. Schwertmann U., Cambier P., and Murad E. Properties of goethites of varying crystallinity. Clays and Clay Minerals 33 (1985) 369-378
148. Senanayake G. A surface reaction kinetic model to compare the reductive leaching or iron from goethite, magnetite, and limonitic nickel laterite ores by acidic sulfur dioxide. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B: Process Metallurgy and Materials Processing Science, vol. 34B (2003) 735-738
149. Senanayake G., and Das G.K. A comparative study of leaching kinetics of limonitic laterite and synthetic iron oxides in sulphuric acid containing sulphur dioxide. Hydrometallurgy 72 (2004) 59-72
150. Shirane Y., Kawahara M., and Mitsune Y. The mechanism of liberation of nickel oxide from garnierite ore by means of adding iron steam roasting. Journal of the Mining and Metallurgical Institute of Japan 99 (1983) 999-1003
151. Sidhu P.S., Gilkes R.J., Cornell R.M., Posner A.M., and Quirk J.P. Dissolution of iron oxides and oxyhydroxides in hydrochloric and perchloric acids. Clays and Clay Minerals 29 (1981) 269-276
152. Simons, C.S., Carlson, E.T., 1961. Recovery of nickel, cobalt and other valuable metals. Canadian Patent 618,826.
153. Singh B., Sherman D.M., Gilkes R.J., Wells M., and Mosselmans J.F.W. Structural chemistry of Fe, Mn and Ni in synthetic hematites as determined by extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. Clays and Clay Minerals 48 (2000) 521-527
154. Singh B., Sherman D.M., Gilkes R.J., Wells M.A., and Mosselmans J.F.W. Incorporation of Cr, Mn and Ni into goethite (α-FeOOH): mechanism from extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. Clay Minerals 37 (2002) 639-649
155. Smit, J.T., Steyl, J.D.T., 2006. Leaching process in the presence of hydrochloric acid for the recovery of a value metal from an ore. World Patent 2006/043158 A1.
156. Stevens, L.G., Goeller, L.A., Miller, M., 1975. Hydrometallurgical recovery of nickel values from laterites. US Patent 3,903,241.
157. Strong, L.W., 1978. Leaching of lateritic nickel ores. PhD thesis, Department of Mining and Mineral Sciences, University of Leeds, 303 pp.
158. Subramanian, K.N., Glaum, G.V., 1980. Reductive leach of oxidic mixtures. Canadian Patent 1,086,075.
159. Sudol S. The thunder from down under: everything you wanted to know about laterites but were afraid to ask. Canadian Mining Journal (2005) August, 2005
160. Sukla L.B., and Das R.P. Leaching behaviour of Sukinda lateritic nickel ore with sulphuric acid. Transactions of the Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 95 (1986) C53-C55 Section C
161. Sukla L.B., and Das R.P. Kinetics of nickel dissolution from roasted laterites. Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals 40 (1987) 351-353
162. Sukla L.B., Kanungo S.B., and Jena P.K. Leaching of nickel and cobalt-bearing lateritic overburden of chrome ore in hydrochloric and sulphuric acids. Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals 42 (1989) 27-35
163. Suquet H. Effects of dry grinding and leaching on the crystal structure of chrysotile. Clays and Clay Minerals 37 (1989) 439-445
164. Surana V.S., and Warren I.H. The leaching of goethite. Transactions of the Institute of Mining and Metallurgy vol. 78 (1969) C133-C139 Section C
165. Suter D., Banwart S., and Stumm W. Dissolution of hydrous iron oxides by reductive mechanisms. Langmuir 7 (1991) 809-813
166. Swamy Y.V., Kar B.B., and Mohanty J.K. Physico-chemical characterization and sulphatization roasting of low-grade nickeliferous laterites. Hydrometallurgy 69 (2003) 89-98
167. Swamy Y.V., and Kasipati Rao K.V. Extraction of nickel and cobalt from reduced chromite overburden by dilute sulfuric acid leaching. Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals 47 (1994) 409-411
168. 2+ leaching from serpentenites. Magnesium Research 13 (2000) 167-173
169. Taylor A. Process Selection, ALTA 1997 Nickel/Cobalt Laterite Project Development Seminar (1997), ALTA Metallurgical Services, Melbourne
170. Temuujin J., Okada K., Jadambaa T., MacKenzie K.J.D., and Amarsanaa J. Effect of grinding on the preparation of porous material from talc by selective leaching. Journal of Materials Science Letters 21 (2002) 1607-1609
171. Temuujin J., Okada K., and MacKenzie K.J.D. Preparation of porous silica from vermiculite by selective leaching. Applied Clay Science 22 (2003) 187-195
172. Temuujin J., Senna M., Jadambaa T., Burmaa D., Erdenechimeg S., and MacKenzie K.J.D. Characterization and bleaching properties of acid-leached montmorillonite. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology 81 (2006) 688-693
173. Terry B. The acid decomposition of silicate minerals part I: reactivities and modes of dissolution of silicates. Hydrometallurgy 10 (1983) 135-150
174. Tindall G.P., and Muir D.M. Transformation of iron oxide in nickel laterite processing. In: Dutrizac J.E., and Harris G.B. (Eds). Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Iron Control in Hydrometallurgy (1996), Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Montreal, QC 249-262
175. Trolard F., Bourrie G., Jeanroy E., Herbillon A.J., and Martin H. Trace metals in natural iron oxides from laterites. A study using selective kinetic extraction. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 59 (1995) 1285-1297
176. Verbaan N., Sist F., Mackie S., Todd I., and Neudorf D. Development and Piloting of Skye Resources Sulphation Atmospheric Leach (SAL) Process at SGS Minerals, ALTA 2007 Nickel/Cobalt 12 (2007), ALTA Metallurgical Services, Melbourne 23 pp.
177. Warren I.H., and Hay M.G. Leaching of iron oxides with aqueous solutions of sulphur dioxide. Transactions of the Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 84 (1975) C49-C53 Section C
178. Wedderburn B. Heap Leaching of Nickel Laterites (2005). http://www.malachiteconsulting.com/documents/Randoll-LateriteHeapLeachin gPresentation.pdf http://www.malachiteconsulting.com/documents/Randoll-LateriteHeapLeachin gPresentation.pdf
179. Weston, D., 1974a. Hydrometallurgical treatment of nickel, cobalt and copper containing materials. US Patent 3,793,430.
180. Weston, D., 1974b. Hydrometallurgical treatment of nickel group ores. US Patent 3,793,432.
181. White, M.G., White Jr., J.H., 1963. Treatment of lateritic ores. US Patent 3,093,559.
182. Whittington B.I., and Muir D. Pressure acid leaching of nickel laterites: a review. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review 21 (2000) 527-600
183. Wicker G.R., and Jha M.C. Developments in the AMAX-COFREMMI acid leach process for nickel laterites. Nickel Metallurgy Symposium, Proceedings of the 25th Annual Conference on Metallurgy, vol. 1 (1986) 566-577
184. Willis B. Downstream Processing Options for Nickel Laterite Heap Leach Liquors, ALTA 2006 Nickel/Cobalt 11 (2007), ALTA Metallurgical Services, Melbourne 25 pp.
185. Xu Y., Xie Y., Yan L., and Yang R. A new method for recovering valuable metals from low-grade nickeliferous oxide ores. Hydrometallurgy 80 (2005) 280-285
186. Yang B.-J., Yu S.-M., and Shan C.-X. A new technology of comprehensive utilization of serpentine. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering (China) 23 1 (2003) 47-49
187. Yang H., Du C., Hu Y., Jin S., Yang W., Tang A., and Avvakumov E.G. Preparation of porous material from talc by mechanochemical treatment and subsequent leaching. Applied Clay Science 31 (2006) 290-297
188. Yorio C., Betancourt E., Vivas R., and Rus J. Ni, Co recovery study and Fe by acid leaching in columns. Revista de Metalurgia 42 (2006) 41-48
189. Zhang Q., Sugiyama K., and Saito F. Enhancement of acid extraction of magnesium and silicon from serpentine by mechanochemical treatment. Hydrometallurgy 45 (1997) 323-331
190. Zubryckyj N., Evans D.J.I., and Mackiw V.N. Preferential sulphation of nickel and cobalt in lateritic ores. Journal of Metals 17 (1965) 478-486
191. Zubryckyj, N., Mehl, E., Mackiw, V.N., 1966. Process for the treatment of lateritic ores to obtain cobalt and nickel values. US Patent 3,244,513.
192. Zundel, W.P., Lane, J.W., Taylor, M.W., 1974. Ore conditioning process for the efficient recovery of nickel from relatively high magnesium containing oxidic nickel ores. US Patent 3,804,613.