Pharmacotherapy of depression in pregnancy

Annals of Clinical Psychiatry

Volumn 16, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 87-100

  Patkar, Ashwin A ^a   Bilal, Louai ^a   Masand, Prakash S ^b  

^a THOMAS JEFFERSON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b DUKE UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Antidepressants; Depression; Fetus; Pregnancy; Treatment

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL; AMFEBUTAMONE; ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; CARBAMAZEPINE; CITALOPRAM; DOXEPIN; ESCITALOPRAM; FLUOXETINE; FLUVOXAMINE; FLUVOXAMINE MALEATE; GABAPENTIN; HALOPERIDOL; LAMOTRIGINE; LITHIUM; MIRTAZAPINE; MOCLOBEMIDE; MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITOR; NEFAZODONE; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; PAROXETINE; PHENOTHIAZINE DERIVATIVE; SERAZONE; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; SERTRALINE; TOPIRAMATE; TRAZODONE; TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; VALPROATE SEMISODIUM; VENLAFAXINE;

BLEEDING; BLOOD CLOTTING DISORDER; BREAST FEEDING; BREAST MILK; CARDIOVASCULAR MALFORMATION; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONGENITAL HYPOTHYROIDISM; COUNSELING; DEPRESSION; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; FETUS MALFORMATION; FETUS RISK; FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION; HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; HUMAN; HYPOTHALAMUS HYPOPHYSIS ADRENAL SYSTEM; INFANTILE HYPOTONIA; MEDICAL DECISION MAKING; NAIL HYPOPLASIA; NEPHROGENIC DIABETES INSIPIDUS; NEURAL TUBE DEFECT; NONHUMAN; PREGNANCY; PRENATAL EXPOSURE; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK BENEFIT ANALYSIS; SKIN ALLERGY; SPONTANEOUS ABORTION; TERATOGENICITY; WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME;

ADULT; ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS; DECISION MAKING; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; EMBRYONIC AND FETAL DEVELOPMENT; FEMALE; HUMANS; PRACTICE GUIDELINES; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS; RISK ASSESSMENT;

EID: 4043184045     PISSN: 10401237     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10401230490453662     Document Type: Review

References (114)

1. Burke KC, Burke JD Jr, Rae DS, Regier DA. Comparing age at onset of major depression and other psychiatric disorders by birth cohorts in five US community populations. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1991; 48(9):789-95.
2. Marcus SM, Flynn HA, Blow FC, Barry KL. Depressive Symptoms among Pregnant Women Screened in Obstetrics Settings. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2003; 12(4): 373-80.
3. Klein, M.H., and Essex, M.J. Pregnant or depressed? The effect of overlap between symptoms of depression and somatic complaints of pregnancy on rates of major depression in the second trimester. Depression, 1995; 2, 308-314.
4. Nonacs R, Cohen LS. Depression during pregnancy: diagnosis and treatment options. J Clin Psychiatry 2002; 63(Suppl 7):24-30. Review.
5. Cohen LS, Robertson LM, Goldstein J, et al. Impact of pregnancy on risk for relapse of MDD. In: Syllbus and Proceedings Summary of the 150th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, May 17-22, 1997, San Diego, Calif. No. 57:23.
6. Stowe ZN, Nemeroff CB. Women at risk for postpartum-onset major depression. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995; 173(2):639-45. Review.
7. Bergant AM, Heim K, Ulmer H, Illmensee K. Early postnatal depressive mood: associations with obstetric and psychosocial factors. J Psychosom Res 1999; 46(4): 391-394.
8. Stowe ZN, Calhoun K, Ramsay C. Mood disorders during pregnancy and lactation: Defining issues of exposure and treatment. CNS Spectrums 2001; 6(2): 150-166.
9. Wisner KL, Zarin DA, Holmboe ES, et al. Risk-benefit decision making for treatment of depression during pregnancy. Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157(12):1933-1940.
10. Zuckerman B, Amaro H, Bauchner H, Cabral H. Depressive symptoms during pregnancy: relationship to poor health behaviors. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989; 160(5 Pt 1):1107-1111.
11. Murray L, Fiori-Cowley A, Hooper R, Cooper P. The impact of postnatal depression and associated adversity on early mother-infant interactions and later infant outcome. Child Dev 1996; 67(5):2512-2526
12. Arborelius L, Owens MJ, Plotsky PM, Nemeroff CB. The role of corticotropin-releasing factor in depression and anxiety disorders. J Endocrinol 1999; 160(1):1-12. Review.
13. Newport DJ, Wilcox MM, Stowe ZN. Antidepressants during pregnancy and lactation: defining exposure and treatment issues. Semin Perinatol 2001; 25(3):177-190. Review.
14. Chung TK, Lau TK, Yip AS, Chiu HF, Lee DT. Antepartum depressive symptomatology is associated with adverse obstetric and neonatal outcomes. Psychosom Med 2001; 63(5):830-834.
15. Stewart D, Robinson G. Psychotropic drugs and ECT during pregnancy and lactation. In: Psychological Aspects of Women's Health Care: The Interface Between Psychiatry and Obstetrics and Gynaecology. (Stewart DE, Stotland NL, eds.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 2000:75-103.
16. Loebstein R, Lalkin A, Koren G. Pharmacokinetic changes during pregnancy and their clinical relevance. Clin Pharmacokinet 1997; 33(5):328-343. Review.
17. Hostetter A, Stowe ZN, Strader JR Jr, McLaughlin E, Llewellyn A. Dose of selective serotonin uptake inhibitors across pregnancy: clinical implications. Depress Anxiety 2000; 11(2):51-57.
18. Goldstein DJ. Effects of third trimester fluoxetine exposure on the newborn. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1995; 15(6):417-420
19. Goldstein DJ, Corbin LA, Sundell KL. Effects of first-trimester fluoxetine exposure on the newborn. Obstet Gynecol 1997; 89(5 Pt 1):713-718.
20. Hendrick V, Smith LM, Suri R, Hwang S, Haynes D, Altshuler L. Birth outcomes after prenatal exposure to antidepressant medication. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003; 188(3):812-815.
21. Nulman I, Rovet J, Stewart DE, Wolpin J, Pace-Asciak P, Shuhaiber S, Koren G. Child development following exposure to tricyclic antidepressants or fluoxetine throughout fetal life: a prospective, controlled study. Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159(11):1889-1895.
22. Pastuszak A, Schick-Boschetto B, Zuber C, et al. Pregnancy outcome following first-trimester exposure to fluoxetine (Prozac). JAMA 1993; 269(17): 2246-2248
23. Chambers CD, Johnson KA, Dick LM, Felix RJ, Jones KL. Birth outcomes in pregnant women taking fluoxetine. N Engl J Med 1996; 335(14):1010-1015.
24. Cohen LS, Heller VL, Bailey JW, Grush L, Ablon JS, Bouffard SM. Birth outcomes following prenatal exposure to fluoxetine. Biol Psychiatry 2000; 48(10): 996-1000.
25. Spencer MJ. Fluoxetine hydrochloride (Prozac) toxicity in a neonate. Pediatrics 1993; 92(5):721-722.
26. Mhanna MJ, Bennet JB 2nd, Izatt SD. Potential fluoxetine chloride (Prozac) toxicity in a newborn. Pediatrics 1997; 100(1):158-159.
27. Laine K, Heikkinen T, Ekblad U, Kero P. Effects of exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors during pregnancy on serotonergic symptoms in newborns and cord blood monoamine and prolactin concentrations. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2003; 60(7):720-726.
28. Nordeng H, Lindemann R, Perminov KV, Reikvam A. Neonatal withdrawal syndrome after in utero exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Acta Paediatr 2001; 90(3):288-291
29. Kulin NA, Pastuszak A, Sage SR, et al. Pregnancy outcome following maternal use of the new selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: a prospective controlled multicenter study. JAMA 1998; 279(8):609-610
30. Ericson A, Kullen B, Wilholm BE. Delivery outcome after the use of antidepressants in early pregnancy. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1999; 55:503-508.
31. Diav-Citrin OS, Shechtman S, Weinbaum D, et al. Pregnancy outcome after gestational exposure to paroxetine: a prospective controlled chort study. Abstract (#13) presented at Teratology Soceity 42nd Annual Meeting, June 22-27, 2002, Scottsdale, AZ, www. teratology.org
32. McConnell PJ, Linn K, Filkins K. Depression and pregnancy: use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in pregnancy. Prim Care Update Ob Gyns 1998; 5(1):11-15.
33. McElhatton PR, Garbis HM, Elefant E, et al. The outcome of pregnancy in 689 women exposed to therapeutic doses of antidepressants. A collaborative study of the European network of the teratology information services (ENTIS). Repro Tox 1996; 10(4):285-294.
34. Costei AM, Kozer E, Ho T, Ito S, Koren G. Perinatal outcome following third trimester exposure to paroxetine. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2002; 156(11): 1129-1132
35. Wilton LV, Pearce GL, Martin RM, Mackay FJ, Mann RD. The outcomes of pregnancy in women exposed to newly marketed drugs in general practice in England. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1998; 105(8):882-889.
36. Hendrick V, Stowe ZN, Altshuler LL, Hwang S, Lee E, Haynes D. Placental passage of antidepressant medications. Am J Psychiatry 2003; 160(5):993-996.
37. Nijhuis IJ, Kok-Van Rooij GW, Bosschaart AN. Withdrawal reactions of a premature neonate after maternal use of paroxetine. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2001; 84(1):F77.
38. Stiskal JA, Kulin N, Koren G, Ho T, Ito S. Neonatal paroxetine withdrawal syndrome. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2001; 84(2):F134-135.
39. Kent LS, Laidlaw JD. Suspected congenital sertraline dependence. Br J Psychiatry 1995; 167(3):412-413.
40. Haddad PM. Antidepressant discontinuation syndromes. Drug Saf 2001; 24(3):183-197.
41. Simon GE, Cunningham ML, Davis RL. Outcomes of prenatal antidepressant exposure. Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159(12):2055-2061
42. Altshuler LL, Richards M, Yonkers K. Treatment of bipolar disorder in pregnancy. Curr Psychiatry 2003; 2(7):14-26.
43. Einarson A, Fatoye B, Sarkar M, Lavigne SV, Brochu J, Chambers C, Mastroiacovo P, Addis A, Matsui D, Schuler L, Einarson TR, Koren G. Pregnancy outcome following gestational exposure to venlafaxine: a multicenter prospective controlled study. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158(10):1728-1730.
44. Pearson KH, Cohen LS, Heller VL, et al. Birth outcome following prenatal exposure to antidepressants. Abstact (#NR299) Presented at the American Psychiatric Association Annual Meeting, May 18-23, 2002, Philadelphia, PA.
45. Einarson A, Bonari L, Voyer-Lavigne S, et al. A multicentre prospective controlled study to determine the safety of trazodone and nefazodone use during pregnancy. Can J Psychiatry 2003; 48(2):106-110
46. Amsterdam JD. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the safety and efficacy of selegiline transdermal system without dietary restrictions in patients with major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2003; 64(2):208-214.
47. Bodkin JA, Amsterdam JD. Transdermal selegiline in major depression: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study in outpatients. Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159(11):1869-1875.
48. Gracious BL, Wisner KL. Phenelzine use throughout pregnancy and the puerperium: case report, review of the literature, and management recommendations. Depress Anxiety 1997; 6(3):124-128. Review.
49. Rybakowski JK. Moclobemide in pregnancy. Pharmacopsychiatry 2001; 34(2):82-83.
50. Iqbal MM, Gundlapalli SP, Ryan WG, Ryals T, Passman TE. Effects of antimanic mood-stabilizing drugs on fetuses, neonates, and nursing infants. South Med J 2001; 94(3):304-322. Review.
51. Ernst CL, Goldberg JF. The reproductive safety profile of mood stabilizers, atypical antipsychotics, and broad-spectrum psychotropics. J Clin Psychiatry 2002; 63(Suppl 4):42-55. Review.
52. Zisook S, Burt VK. Psychiatric disorders during pregnancy. Special report. Psychiatric Times 2003; Jan: Vol. XX Issue 1.
53. Calabrese JR, Bowden CL, Sachs G, Yatham LN, Behnke K, Mehtonen OP, et al. Lamictal 605 Study Group. A placebo-controlled 18-month trial of lamotrigine and lithium maintenance treatment in recently depressed patients with bipolar I disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2003; 64(9):1013-1024.
54. Calabrese JR, Bowden CL, Sachs GS, Ascher JA, Monaghan E, Rudd GD. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of lamotrigine monotherapy in outpatients with bipolar I depression. Lamictal 602 Study Group. J Clin Psychiatry 1999; 60:79-88.
55. Santiago-Gomez R, Diaz-Obregon Santos MC, Dominguez-Salgado M. Follow up of newborns from mothers treated with lamotrigine as monotherapy during pregnancy. J Neurol 2001; 248(suppl 2):147-149.
56. Tennis P, Eldrige RR and the International Lamotrigine Pregnancy Registry Scientific Advisory Committee. Preliminary results on pregnancy outcomes in women using lamotrigine. Epilepsia 2002; 43(10):1161-1167.
57. Altshuler LL, Frye MA, Gitlin MJ. Acceleration and augmentation strategies for treating bipolar depression. Biol Psychiatry 2003; 53(8):691-700. Review.
58. Brambilla P, Barale F, Soares JC. Atypical antipsychotics and mood stabilization in bipolar disorder. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2003; 166(4):315-332.
59. Thase ME. New approaches to managing difficult-to-treat depressions. J Clin Psychiatry 2003; 64(Suppl 1): 3-4.
60. Goldstein DJ, Corbin LA, Fung MC. Olanzapine-exposed pregnancies and lactation: early experience. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2000; 20(4):399-403.
61. Dickson RA, Dawson DT. Olanzapine in pregnancy. Can J Psychiatry 1998; 43(2):196-197.
62. Ratnayake T, Libretto SE. No complications with risperidone treatment before and throughout pregnancy and during the nursing period. J Clin Psychiatry 2002; 63(1):76-77.
63. Mackay FJ, Wilton GL, Pearce SN, et al. The Safety of risperidone: a post-marketing study on 7684 patients. Hum Psychpharmacolo Clin Exp 1998; 13:413-418.
64. Edlund MJ, Craig TJ. Antipsychotic drug use and birth defects: an epidemiologic reassessment. Compr Psychiatry 1984; 25(1):32-37.
65. Patton SW, Misri S, Corral MR, Perry KF, Kuan AJ. Antipsychotic medication during pregnancy and lactation in women with schizophrenia: evaluating the risk. Can J Psychiatry 2002; 47(10):959-965. Review.
66. Stowe ZN. Antidepressants in pregnancy and lactation. Presentation at Continuing Medical Education Program (CNS Summit), Naples, Florida, July 2003.
67. Lester BM, Cucca J, Andreozzi L, Flanagan P, Oh W. Possible association between fluoxetine hydrochloride and colic in an infant. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1993; 32(6):1253-1255.
68. Winans EA. Antidepressant use during lactation. J Hum Lact 2001; 17(3):256-261.
69. Hendrick V, Stowe ZN, Altshuler LL, et al. Fluoxetine and norfluoxetine concentrations in nursing infants and breast milk. Biol Psychiatry 2001; 50(10):775-782.
70. Kristensen JH, Ilett KF, Hackett LP, Yapp P, Paech M, Begg EJ. Distribution and excretion of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine in human milk. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1999; 48(4):521-527.
71. Taddio A, Ito S, Koren G. Excretion of fluoxetine and its metabolite, norfluoxetine, in human breastmilk. J Clin Pharmacol 1996; 36(1):42-47.
72. Yoshida K, Smith B, Craggs M, Kumar RC. Fluoxetine in breast-milk and developmental outcome of breastfed infants. Br J Psychiatry 1998; 172:175-178
73. Isenberg KE. Excretion of fluoxetine in human breast milk. J Clin Psychiatry 1990; 51(4):169.
74. Burch KJ, Wells BG. Fluoxetine/norfluoxetine concentrations in human milk. Pediatrics 1992; 89(4 Pt 1): 676-677.
75. Hendrick V, Fukuchi A, Altshuler L, Widawski M, Wertheimer A, Brunhuber MV. Use of sertraline, paroxetine and fluvoxamine by nursing women. Br J Psychiatry 2001; 179:163-166.
76. Misri S, Kim J, Riggs KW, Kostaras X. Paroxetine levels in postpartum depressed women, breast milk, and infant serum. J Clin Psychiatry 2000; 61(11):828-832.
77. Ohman R, Hagg S, Carleborg L, Spigset O. Excretion of paroxetine into breast milk. J Clin Psychiatry 1999; 60(8):519-523.
78. Stowe ZN, Cohen LS, Hostetter A, Ritchie JC, Owens MJ, Nemeroff CB. Paroxetine in human breast milk and nursing infants. Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157(2):185-189.
79. Spigset O, Carleborg L, Norstrom A, Sandlund M. Paroxetine level in breast milk. J Clin Psychiatry 1996; 57(1):39.
80. Stowe ZN, Hostetter AL, Owens MJ, et al. The pharmacokinetics of sertraline excretion into human breast milk: determinants of infant serum concentrations. J Clin Psychiatry 2003; 64(1):73-80.
81. Stowe ZN, Owens MJ, Landry JC, et al. Sertraline and desmethylsertraline in human breast milk and nursing infants. Am J Psychiatry 1997; 154(9):1255-1260.
82. Dodd S, Stocky A, Buist A, Burrows GD, Maguire K, Norman TR. Sertraline in paired blood plasma and breast-milk samples from nursing mothers. Hum Psychopharmacol 2000; 15(4):161-264.
83. Epperson N, Czarkowski KA, Ward-O'Brien D, Weiss E, Gueorguieva R, Jatlow P, Anderson GM. Maternal sertraline treatment and serotonin transport in breast-feeding mother-infant pairs. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158(10):1631-1637.
84. Kristensen JH, Ilett KF, Dusci LJ, Hackett LP, Yapp P, Wojnar-Horton RE, Roberts MJ, Paech M. Distribution and excretion of sertraline and N-desmethylsertraline in human milk. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1998; 45(5):453-457.
85. Wisner KL, Perel JM, Blumer J. Serum sertraline and N-desmethylsertraline levels in breast-feeding mother-infant pairs. Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155(5):690-692.
86. Mammen O, Perel JM, Rudolph G, Foglia JP, Wheeler SB: Sertraline and norsertraline levels in three breastfed infants. J Clin Psychiatry 1997; 58:100-103.
87. Epperson CN, Anderson GM, McDougle CJ. Sertraline and breastfeeding. N Engl J Med 1997; 336:1189-1190.
88. Altshuler LL, Burt VK, McMullen M, Hendrick V. Breastfeeding and sertraline: a 24-hour analysis. J Clin Psychiatry 1995; 56(6):243-245.
89. Wright S, Dawling S, Ashford JJ. Excretion of fluvoxamine in breast milk. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1991; 31(2):209.
90. Piontek CM, Wisner KL, Perel JM, Peindl KS. Serum fluvoxamine levels in breastfed infants. J Clin Psychiatry 2001; 62(2):111-113.
91. Hagg S, Granberg K, Carleborg L. Excretion of fluvoxamine into breast milk. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2000; 49(3):286-288.
92. Kristensen JH, Hackett LP, Kohan R, Paech M, Ilett KF. The amount of fluvoxamine in milk is unlikely to be a cause of adverse effects in breastfed infants. J Hum Lact 2002; 18(2):139-143.
93. Heikkinen T, Ekblad U, Kero P, Ekblad S, Laine K. Citalopram in pregnancy and lactation. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2002; 72(2):184-191.
94. Rampono J, Kristensen JH, Hackett LP, Paech M, Kohan R, Ilett KF. Citalopram and demethylcitalopram in human milk; distribution, excretion and effects in breast fed infants. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2000; 50(3): 263-268.
95. Jensen PN, Olesen OV, Bertelsen A, Linnet K. Citalopram and desmethylcitalopram concentrations in breast milk and in serum of mother and infant. Ther Drug Monit 1997; 19(2):236-239.
96. Spigset O, Carieborg L, Ohman R, Norstrom A. Excretion of citalopram in breast milk. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1997; 44(3):295-298.
97. Schmidt K, Olesen OV, Jensen PN. Citalopram and breast-feeding: serum concentration and side effects in the infant. Biol Psychiatry 2000; 47(2):164-165.
98. Wisner KL, Perel JM, Findling RL. Antidepressant treatment during breast-feeding. Am J Psychiatry 1996; 153(9):1132-1137. Review.
99. Birnbaum CS, Cohen LS, Bailey JW, Grush LR, Robertson LM, Stowe ZN. Serum concentrations of antidepressants and benzodiazepines in nursing infants: A case series. Pediatrics 1999; 104(1):e11.
100. Briggs GG, Samson JH, Ambrose PJ, Schroeder DH. Excretion of bupropion in breast milk. Ann Pharmacother 1993; 27(4):431-433.
101. Baab SW, Peindl KS, Piontek CM, Wisner KL. Serum bupropion levels in 2 breastfeeding mother-infant pairs. J Clin Psychiatry 2002; 63(10):910-911.
102. Dodd S, Buist A, Burrows GD, Maguire KP, Norman TR. Determination of nefazodone and its pharmacologically active metabolites in human blood plasma and breast milk by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl 1999; 730(2):249-255.
103. Yapp P, Ilett KF, Kristensen JH, Hackett LP, Paech MJ, Rampono J. Drowsiness and poor feeding in a breast-fed infant: association with nefazodone and its metabolites. Ann Pharmacother 2000; 34(11): 1269-1272.
104. Pons G, Schoerlin MP, Tam YK, Moran C, Pfefen JP, Francoual C, Pedarriosse AM, Chavinie J, Olive G. Moclobemide excretion in human breast milk. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1990; 29(1):27-31.
105. Verbeeck RK, Ross SG, McKenna EA. Excretion of trazodone in breast milk. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1986; 22(3):367-370.
106. Ilett KF, Kristensen JH, Hackett LP, Paech M, Kohan R, Rampono J. Distribution of venlafaxine and its O-desmethyl metabolite in human milk andtheir effects in breastfed infants. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2002; 53(1):17-22.
107. Ilett KF, Hackett LP, Dusci LJ, et al. Distribution and excretion of venlafaxine and O-desmethylvenlafaxine in human milk. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1998; 45(5): 459-462.
108. Hendrick V, Altshuler L, Wertheimer A, Dunn WA. Venlafaxine and breast-feeding. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158(12):2089-2090.
109. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Drugs: The transfer of drugs and other chemicals into human milk. Pediatrics 1994; 93(1):137-150.
110. Chaudron LH, Jefferson JW. Mood stabilizers during breastfeeding: a review. J Clin Psychiatry 2000; 61(2): 79-90.
111. Moretti ME, Koren G, Verjee Z, Ito S. Monitoring lithium in breast milk: an individualized approach for breast-feeding mothers. Ther Drug Monit 2003; 25(3):364-366.
112. Ohman I, Vitos S, Tomson T. Lamotrigine in pregnancy: pharmacokinetics during delivery, in the neonate and during lactaion. Epilepsia 2000; 41:709-713.
113. Hill RC, McIvor RJ, Wojnar-Horton RE, Hackett LP, Ilett KF. Risperidone distribution and excretion into human milk: case report and estimated infant exposure during breast-feeding. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2000; 20(2):285-286.
114. Morrison SJ, Grunau RE, Oberlander TE, et al. Infant social behavior and development in the first year of life following prolonged prenatal psychotropic medication exposure. Pediatr Res 2001; 49(4 Part 2):28 A.