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•], this study provides some helpful recommendations regarding use of the retropulsion test in clinical practice. In particular, this paper describes the most reliable variant to examine postural instability in PD.
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•], highlighting common errors in the current use of the retropulsion test in clinical practice.
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••], again using 'multidirectional posturography' in the same group of patients, but now with analyses restricted to the kinematics.
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•], this demonstration of abnormal proprioception-related potentials in PD patients highlights the importance of impaired kinaesthetic processing in causing motor impairment in PD.
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Gait Posture
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Bloem BR, Hausdorff JM, Visser JE, Giladi N. Falls and freezing in Parkinson's disease: a review of two interconnected, episodic phenomena. Mov Disord 2004; DOI: 10.1002/mds.20115 [Epub ahead of print]. A comprehensive review of falls and freezing of gait in PD, covering many publications that fell outside the review period for the present paper.
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Hausdorff JM, Schaafsma JD, Balash Y, et al. Impaired regulation of stride variability in Parkinson's disease subjects with freezing of gait. Exp Brain Res 2003; 149:187-194. An interesting study that used pressure-sensitive insoles to characterize further FOG in PD. A new and thought-provoking finding was that patients with freezing also have an abnormal gait pattern outside overt freezing episodes, suggesting that FOG is more than a pure 'paroxysmal' gait disorder. The 'interictal' gait abnormality observed in freezers consisted of an increased stride variability, a feature previously shown to correlate with falls in other populations.
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••]. The aforementioned increase in stride variability is here shown to correlate with a history of previous falls.
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Bloem BR, Overeem S, van Dijk JG. Syncopal falls, drop attacks and their mimics. In: Bronstein AM, Brandt T, Nutt JG, Woollacott MH, editors. Clinical disorders of balance, posture and gait. London: Arnold; 2004. pp. 286-316. This chapter contains practical clinical 'tips and tricks' for recognizing and treating falls that are preceded by a loss of consciousness. Topics covered include syncopal falls sustained by patients with PD or multiple system atrophy.
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van Vaerenbergh J, Vranken R, Baro F. The influence of rotational exercises on freezing in Parkinson's disease. Funct Neurol 2003; 18:11-16. This open-label study was not without shortcomings, but the new treatment approach for FOG (placing patients on a rapidly spinning chair until they became nauseous) is provocative and warrants further study.
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Cubo E, Moore CG, Leurgans S, Goetz CG. Wheeled and standard walkers in Parkinson's disease patients with gait freezing. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2003; 10:9-14. A practical reminder for clinicians that walking aids can have adverse effects if the wrong model is prescribed or if the inappropriate patient is targeted.
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