The construction of an animal plague: Foot and mouth disease in nineteenth-century Britain

Social History of Medicine

Volumn 17, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 23-39

  Woods, Abigail ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Agriculture; Cattle plague; Contagion; Controversies; Foot and mouth disease; Imported disease; Legislative disease control; Meat and livestock trade; Veterinary

Indexed keywords

EID: 4043161218     PISSN: 0951631X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/shm/17.1.23     Document Type: Review

References (193)

1. O. Radostits et al., Veterinary Medicine (8th edn, London, 1994), p. 971.
2. This article is drawn from my unpublished M.Sc. thesis, 'From Occupational Hazard to Animal Plague: Foot-and-Mouth Disease in Britain, 1839-84' (University of Manchester, 1999).
3. Sir F. Floud, The Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries (London, 1927), pp. 64-75; Sir J. Winnifrith, The Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (London, 1962), pp. 97-100; Anon., Animal Health, a Centenary (London, 1965), pp. 134-51.
4. Sir F. Floud, The Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries (London, 1927), pp. 64-75; Sir J. Winnifrith, The Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (London, 1962), pp. 97-100; Anon., Animal Health, a Centenary (London, 1965), pp. 134-51.
5. Sir F. Floud, The Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries (London, 1927), pp. 64-75; Sir J. Winnifrith, The Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (London, 1962), pp. 97-100; Anon., Animal Health, a Centenary (London, 1965), pp. 134-51.
6. R. Cooter, 'Anticontagionism and History's Medical Record', in P. Wright and A. Treacher (eds), The Problem of Medical Knowledge (Edinburgh, 1982), 87-108; C. Rosenberg, 'Explaining Epidemics' and 'Framing Disease' in C. Rosenberg, Explaining Epidemics (Cambridge, 1992), 293-304, 305-18; L. Jordanova, 'The Social Construction of Medical Knowledge', Social History of Medicine, 8 (1995), 361-81.
7. R. Cooter, 'Anticontagionism and History's Medical Record', in P. Wright and A. Treacher (eds), The Problem of Medical Knowledge (Edinburgh, 1982), 87-108; C. Rosenberg, 'Explaining Epidemics' and 'Framing Disease' in C. Rosenberg, Explaining Epidemics (Cambridge, 1992), 293-304, 305-18; L. Jordanova, 'The Social Construction of Medical Knowledge', Social History of Medicine, 8 (1995), 361-81.
8. R. Cooter, 'Anticontagionism and History's Medical Record', in P. Wright and A. Treacher (eds), The Problem of Medical Knowledge (Edinburgh, 1982), 87-108; C. Rosenberg, 'Explaining Epidemics' and 'Framing Disease' in C. Rosenberg, Explaining Epidemics (Cambridge, 1992), 293-304, 305-18; L. Jordanova, 'The Social Construction of Medical Knowledge', Social History of Medicine, 8 (1995), 361-81.
9. J. Fisher, 'The Economic Effects of Cattle Disease in Britain and its Containment, 1850-1900', Agricultural History, 52 (1980), 278-94; M. Worboys, 'Germ Theories of Disease and British Veterinary Medicine, 1860-90', Medical History, 6 (1991), 308-27; J. Fisher, 'British Physicians, Medical Science and the Cattle Plague, 1865-6', Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 67 (1993), 651-69; T. Romano, The Cattle Plague of 1865 and the Reception of the Germ Theory', Journal of the History of Medicins, 52 (1997), 51-80.
10. J. Fisher, 'The Economic Effects of Cattle Disease in Britain and its Containment, 1850-1900', Agricultural History, 52 (1980), 278-94; M. Worboys, 'Germ Theories of Disease and British Veterinary Medicine, 1860-90', Medical History, 6 (1991), 308-27; J. Fisher, 'British Physicians, Medical Science and the Cattle Plague, 1865-6', Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 67 (1993), 651-69; T. Romano, The Cattle Plague of 1865 and the Reception of the Germ Theory', Journal of the History of Medicins, 52 (1997), 51-80.
11. J. Fisher, 'The Economic Effects of Cattle Disease in Britain and its Containment, 1850-1900', Agricultural History, 52 (1980), 278-94; M. Worboys, 'Germ Theories of Disease and British Veterinary Medicine, 1860-90', Medical History, 6 (1991), 308-27; J. Fisher, 'British Physicians, Medical Science and the Cattle Plague, 1865-6', Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 67 (1993), 651-69; T. Romano, The Cattle Plague of 1865 and the Reception of the Germ Theory', Journal of the History of Medicins, 52 (1997), 51-80.
12. J. Fisher, 'The Economic Effects of Cattle Disease in Britain and its Containment, 1850-1900', Agricultural History, 52 (1980), 278-94; M. Worboys, 'Germ Theories of Disease and British Veterinary Medicine, 1860-90', Medical History, 6 (1991), 308-27; J. Fisher, 'British Physicians, Medical Science and the Cattle Plague, 1865-6', Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 67 (1993), 651-69; T. Romano, The Cattle Plague of 1865 and the Reception of the Germ Theory', Journal of the History of Medicins, 52 (1997), 51-80.
13. Fisher, 'The Economic Effects of Cattle Disease', pp. 279-86.
14. Worboys, 'Germ Theories of Disease', pp. 309, 318, 326-7.
15. The Times, 31 October 1840, p. 6.
16. N. Goddard, Harvests of Change: The Royal Agricultural Society of England, 1838-1988 (London, 1988).
17. 'The Epidemic among Cattle', Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England (hereafter JRASE), 1 (1840), cxii-cxcvi; Professor W. Sewell, 'Report on the Epidemic among Cattle', JRASE, 2 (1841), cxix-cxxi.
18. 'The Epidemic among Cattle', Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England (hereafter JRASE), 1 (1840), cxii-cxcvi; Professor W. Sewell, 'Report on the Epidemic among Cattle', JRASE, 2 (1841), cxix-cxxi.
19. M. Pelling, Cholera, Fever and English Medicine, 1825-65 (Oxford, 1978), ch. 1. The midnineteenth century saw an important shift in theories of disease and in the measures used to control them. Diseases such as cholera and yellow fever, which were previously defined as contagious and controlled by quarantine, were increasingly believed capable of spontaneous generation, and, from the 1870s, were tackled by sanitary improvements, medical inspection, and the isolation of the sick. K. Maglen, '"The First Line of Defence": British Quarantine and the Port Sanitary Authorities in the Nineteenth Century', Social History of Medicine, 15 (2002), 413-28; A. Hardy, 'Cholera, Quarantine and the English Preventive System, 1850-95', Medical History, 37 (1993), 250-69.
20. M. Pelling, Cholera, Fever and English Medicine, 1825-65 (Oxford, 1978), ch. 1. The midnineteenth century saw an important shift in theories of disease and in the measures used to control them. Diseases such as cholera and yellow fever, which were previously defined as contagious and controlled by quarantine, were increasingly believed capable of spontaneous generation, and, from the 1870s, were tackled by sanitary improvements, medical inspection, and the isolation of the sick. K. Maglen, '"The First Line of Defence": British Quarantine and the Port Sanitary Authorities in the Nineteenth Century', Social History of Medicine, 15 (2002), 413-28; A. Hardy, 'Cholera, Quarantine and the English Preventive System, 1850-95', Medical History, 37 (1993), 250-69.
21. M. Pelling, Cholera, Fever and English Medicine, 1825-65 (Oxford, 1978), ch. 1. The midnineteenth century saw an important shift in theories of disease and in the measures used to control them. Diseases such as cholera and yellow fever, which were previously defined as contagious and controlled by quarantine, were increasingly believed capable of spontaneous generation, and, from the 1870s, were tackled by sanitary improvements, medical inspection, and the isolation of the sick. K. Maglen, '"The First Line of Defence": British Quarantine and the Port Sanitary Authorities in the Nineteenth Century', Social History of Medicine, 15 (2002), 413-28; A. Hardy, 'Cholera, Quarantine and the English Preventive System, 1850-95', Medical History, 37 (1993), 250-69.
22. C. Hamlin, 'Predisposing Causes and Public Health in Early Nineteenth-century Medical Thought', Social History of Medicine, 5 (1992), 43-70; J. Pickstone, 'Dearth, Dirt and Fever Epidemics: Rewriting the History of British Public Health', in T. Ranger and P. Slack (eds), Epidemics and Ideas (Cambridge, 1992), 125-48.
23. C. Hamlin, 'Predisposing Causes and Public Health in Early Nineteenth-century Medical Thought', Social History of Medicine, 5 (1992), 43-70; J. Pickstone, 'Dearth, Dirt and Fever Epidemics: Rewriting the History of British Public Health', in T. Ranger and P. Slack (eds), Epidemics and Ideas (Cambridge, 1992), 125-48.
24. Professor W. Sewell, 'Report on the Epidemic among Cattle', cxix-cxxi; J. B. Simonds, 'A Lecture on the Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology of the Organs of Respiration and Circulation', JRASE, 10 (1849), 570-610; J. B. Simonds, evidence to Select Committee on the Sheep etc. Contagious Diseuses Prevention Bill, P.P. 1857 (129, sess. 2) IX, 649; E. Greenhow, Report on Murrain in Homed Cattle, P.P. 1857 (2233, sess. 2) XX, 377; J. Giblett, letter to The Times, 24 November 1863, p. 5.
25. Professor W. Sewell, 'Report on the Epidemic among Cattle', cxix-cxxi; J. B. Simonds, 'A Lecture on the Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology of the Organs of Respiration and Circulation', JRASE, 10 (1849), 570-610; J. B. Simonds, evidence to Select Committee on the Sheep etc. Contagious Diseuses Prevention Bill, P.P. 1857 (129, sess. 2) IX, 649; E. Greenhow, Report on Murrain in Homed Cattle, P.P. 1857 (2233, sess. 2) XX, 377; J. Giblett, letter to The Times, 24 November 1863, p. 5.
26. Professor W. Sewell, 'Report on the Epidemic among Cattle', cxix-cxxi; J. B. Simonds, 'A Lecture on the Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology of the Organs of Respiration and Circulation', JRASE, 10 (1849), 570-610; J. B. Simonds, evidence to Select Committee on the Sheep etc. Contagious Diseuses Prevention Bill, P.P. 1857 (129, sess. 2) IX, 649; E. Greenhow, Report on Murrain in Homed Cattle, P.P. 1857 (2233, sess. 2) XX, 377; J. Giblett, letter to The Times, 24 November 1863, p. 5.
27. Professor W. Sewell, 'Report on the Epidemic among Cattle', cxix-cxxi; J. B. Simonds, 'A Lecture on the Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology of the Organs of Respiration and Circulation', JRASE, 10 (1849), 570-610; J. B. Simonds, evidence to Select Committee on the Sheep etc. Contagious Diseuses Prevention Bill, P.P. 1857 (129, sess. 2) IX, 649; E. Greenhow, Report on Murrain in Homed Cattle, P.P. 1857 (2233, sess. 2) XX, 377; J. Giblett, letter to The Times, 24 November 1863, p. 5.
28. Professor W. Sewell, 'Report on the Epidemic among Cattle', cxix-cxxi; J. B. Simonds, 'A Lecture on the Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology of the Organs of Respiration and Circulation', JRASE, 10 (1849), 570-610; J. B. Simonds, evidence to Select Committee on the Sheep etc. Contagious Diseuses Prevention Bill, P.P. 1857 (129, sess. 2) IX, 649; E. Greenhow, Report on Murrain in Homed Cattle, P.P. 1857 (2233, sess. 2) XX, 377; J. Giblett, letter to The Times, 24 November 1863, p. 5.
29. J. Blackman, 'The Cattle Trade and Agrarian Change on the Eve of the Railway Age', Agricultural History Review, 23 (1975), 48-62; D. Taylor, 'The Importance of Cattle Enterprises in British Agriculture, 1815-1930', Veterinary History, 5 (1975), pp. 19-20; R. Perren, The Meat Trade in Britain, 1840-1914 (London, 1978), ch. 2.
30. J. Blackman, 'The Cattle Trade and Agrarian Change on the Eve of the Railway Age', Agricultural History Review, 23 (1975), 48-62; D. Taylor, 'The Importance of Cattle Enterprises in British Agriculture, 1815-1930', Veterinary History, 5 (1975), pp. 19-20; R. Perren, The Meat Trade in Britain, 1840-1914 (London, 1978), xch. 2.
31. J. Blackman, 'The Cattle Trade and Agrarian Change on the Eve of the Railway Age', Agricultural History Review, 23 (1975), 48-62; D. Taylor, 'The Importance of Cattle Enterprises in British Agriculture, 1815-1930', Veterinary History, 5 (1975), pp. 19-20; R. Perren, The Meat Trade in Britain, 1840-1914 (London, 1978), ch. 2.
32. Select Committee on Adulteration of Food, Drinks and Drugs, Second Report, P.P. 1854-5 (480) VIII, 373; Hansard [HC], 173, col. 1750, 9 March 1864; J. Giblett and J. Honk, evidence to Select Committee on the Cattle Diseases Prevention Bill, P.P. 1864 (431) VII, 1; 'The Cattle Disease Question', Farmers Magazine, 25 (1865), pp. 119-22, 217-20, 331-3.
33. Select Committee on Adulteration of Food, Drinks and Drugs, Second Report, P.P. 1854-5 (480) VIII, 373; Hansard [HC], 173, col. 1750, 9 March 1864; J. Giblett and J. Honk, evidence to Select Committee on the Cattle Diseases Prevention Bill, P.P. 1864 (431) VII, 1; 'The Cattle Disease Question', Farmers Magazine, 25 (1865), pp. 119-22, 217-20, 331-3.
34. Select Committee on Adulteration of Food, Drinks and Drugs, Second Report, P.P. 1854-5 (480) VIII, 373; Hansard [HC], 173, col. 1750, 9 March 1864; J. Giblett and J. Honk, evidence to Select Committee on the Cattle Diseases Prevention Bill, P.P. 1864 (431) VII, 1; 'The Cattle Disease Question', Farmers Magazine, 25 (1865), pp. 119-22, 217-20, 331-3.
35. Select Committee on Adulteration of Food, Drinks and Drugs, Second Report, P.P. 1854-5 (480) VIII, 373; Hansard [HC], 173, col. 1750, 9 March 1864; J. Giblett and J. Honk, evidence to Select Committee on the Cattle Diseases Prevention Bill, P.P. 1864 (431) VII, 1; 'The Cattle Disease Question', Farmers Magazine, 25 (1865), pp. 119-22, 217-20, 331-3.
36. The Times, 31 October 1840, p. 6; The Times, 28 December 1840, p. 3; H. Keary, 'Management of Cattle', JRASE, 9 (1848), p. 446; Simonds, evidence to Select Committee on Cattle Diseases (1864); Perren, The Meat Trade in Britain, ch. 4.
37. The Times, 31 October 1840, p. 6; The Times, 28 December 1840, p. 3; H. Keary, 'Management of Cattle', JRASE, 9 (1848), p. 446; Simonds, evidence to Select Committee on Cattle Diseases (1864); Perren, The Meat Trade in Britain, ch. 4.
38. The Times, 31 October 1840, p. 6; The Times, 28 December 1840, p. 3; H. Keary, 'Management of Cattle', JRASE, 9 (1848), p. 446; Simonds, evidence to Select Committee on Cattle Diseases (1864); Perren, The Meat Trade in Britain, ch. 4.
39. The Times, 31 October 1840, p. 6; The Times, 28 December 1840, p. 3; H. Keary, 'Management of Cattle', JRASE, 9 (1848), p. 446; Simonds, evidence to Select Committee on Cattle Diseases (1864); Perren, The Meat Trade in Britain, ch. 4.
40. The Times, 31 October 1840, p. 6; The Times, 28 December 1840, p. 3; H. Keary, 'Management of Cattle', JRASE, 9 (1848), p. 446; Simonds, evidence to Select Committee on Cattle Diseases (1864); Perren, The Meat Trade in Britain, ch. 4.
41. I. Pattison, The British Veterinary Profession, 1791-1894 (London, 1984), ch. 1; J. Fisher, 'Not Quite a Profession: The Aspirations of Veterinary Surgeons in England in the Mid-nineteenth Century', Historical Research, 66 (1993), 284-302.
42. I. Pattison, The British Veterinary Profession, 1791-1894 (London, 1984), ch. 1; J. Fisher, 'Not Quite a Profession: The Aspirations of Veterinary Surgeons in England in the Mid-nineteenth Century', Historical Research, 66 (1993), 284-302.
43. J. B. Simonds, Address Delivered at the Opening of the Session 1852-3 at the RVC (London, 1852).
44. S. Hall, 'The Struggle for the Charter of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons', Veterinary History, 8 (1994), 2-14.
45. A return taken in 1863 revealed that there were 1,189 farriers, 1,244 unqualified veterinary surgeons, and 1,081 Members of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons in the UK. 'Report of Annual Meeting', Veterinarian, 36 (1863), 360-1; R. Dyer, 'The Social Position of the Veterinary Surgeon', Veterinarian, 38 (1865), 360-5.
46. A return taken in 1863 revealed that there were 1,189 farriers, 1,244 unqualified veterinary surgeons, and 1,081 Members of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons in the UK. 'Report of Annual Meeting', Veterinarian, 36 (1863), 360-1; R. Dyer, 'The Social Position of the Veterinary Surgeon', Veterinarian, 38 (1865), 360-5.
47. G. Fleming, 'Eczema Epizootica', Veterinarian, 42 (1869), 881-94; Professor Brown, 'Observations on the Prevailing Disease of Cattle', Veterinarian, 43 (1870), pp. 65-70; Report of the Veterinary Department 1871, P.P. 1872 (C. 619) XVIII, 629.
48. G. Fleming, 'Eczema Epizootica", Veterinarian, 42 (1869), 881-94; Professor Brown, 'Observations on the Prevailing Disease of Cattle', Veterinarian, 43 (1870), pp. 65-70; Report of the Veterinary Department 1871, P.P. 1872 (C. 619) XVIII, 629.
49. G. Fleming, 'Eczema Epizootica", Veterinarian, 42 (1869), 881-94; Professor Brown, 'Observations on the Prevailing Disease of Cattle', Veterinarian, 43 (1870), pp. 65-70; Report of the Veterinary Department 1871, P.P. 1872 (C. 619) XVIII, 629.
50. An exception was F. Clater, Every Man His Own Cattle Doctor (llth edn, London, 1853), pp. 140-1.
51. I. Pattison, A Great British Veterinarian Forgotten, J. B. Simonds (London 1990), pp. 35-44.
52. Select Committee on the Contagious Diseases Prevention Bill (1857); J. Giblett, J. Honk, and W. Simmonds, evidence to Select Committee on the Cattle Diseases Prevention Bill (1864).
53. Select Committee on the Contagious Diseases Prevention Bill (1857); J. Giblett, J. Honk, and W. Simmonds, evidence to Select Committee on the Cattle Diseases Prevention Bill (1864).
54. J. Gamgee, 'Unwholesome Meat', Lancet, II (1860), pp. 595-6; idem, 'Cattle Diseases in Relation to the Supply of Meat and Milk', Fifth Report of the Medical Officer of Health of the Privy Council, P.P. 1863 (161) XXV, 1; J. Fisher, 'Professor Gamgee and the Farmers', Veterinary History, 1 (1979-80), 47-63.
55. J. Gamgee, 'Unwholesome Meat', Lancet, II (1860), pp. 595-6; idem, 'Cattle Diseases in Relation to the Supply of Meat and Milk', Fifth Report of the Medical Officer of Health of the Privy Council, P.P. 1863 (161) XXV, 1; J. Fisher, 'Professor Gamgee and the Farmers', Veterinary History, 1 (1979-80), 47-63.
56. J. Gamgee, 'Unwholesome Meat', Lancet, II (1860), pp. 595-6; idem, 'Cattle Diseases in Relation to the Supply of Meat and Milk', Fifth Report of the Medical Officer of Health of the Privy Council, P.P. 1863 (161) XXV, 1; J. Fisher, 'Professor Gamgee and the Farmers', Veterinary History, 1 (1979-80), 47-63.
57. Fifth Report of the Medical Officer of Health of the Privy Council (1863); J. Gamgee, 'The System of Inspection in Relation to the Traffic in Diseased Animals or their Produce', North British Agriculturalist (hereafter NBA), 14 October 1863; 'North of England Veterinary Association Quarterly Meeting', Veterinarian, 37 (1864), 654-66.
58. Fifth Report of the Medical Officer of Health of the Privy Council (1863); J. Gamgee, 'The System of Inspection in Relation to the Traffic in Diseased Animals or their Produce', North British Agriculturalist (hereafter NBA), 14 October 1863; 'North of England Veterinary Association Quarterly Meeting', Veterinarian, 37 (1864), 654-66.
59. Fifth Report of the Medical Officer of Health of the Privy Council (1863); J. Gamgee, 'The System of Inspection in Relation to the Traffic in Diseased Animals or their Produce', North British Agriculturalist (hereafter NBA), 14 October 1863; 'North of England Veterinary Association Quarterly Meeting', Veterinarian, 37 (1864), 654-66.
60. E. Holland, 'On Disease in Cattle', NBA, 14 October 1863; A Bill to Extend Provisions of Acts to prevent Spreading of Contagious or Infectious Disorders among Sheep, Cattle and other Animals, P.P. 1863 (98) IV, 181.
61. E. Holland, 'On Disease in Cattle', NBA, 14 October 1863; A Bill to Extend Provisions of Acts to prevent Spreading of Contagious or Infectious Disorders among Sheep, Cattle and other Animals, P.P. 1863 (98) IV, 181.
62. A Bill to Make Further Provisions for the Prevention of Infectious Diseases amongst Cattle, P.P. 1864 (27) I, 127.
63. Hansard [HC], 173, cols 1739-53, 9 March 1864.
64. Gamgee, evidence to Select Committee on the Cattle Diseases Prevention Bill (1864).
65. Minutes of evidence, ibid.; Clippings from agricultural magazines, 1863-4, J. B. Simonds Collection (Royal Veterinary College, London), vol. 5, passim; Fisher, 'Professor Gamgee and the Farmers', pp. 51-3.
66. Minutes of evidence, ibid.; Clippings from agricultural magazines, 1863-4, J. B. Simonds Collection (Royal Veterinary College, London), vol. 5, passim; Fisher, 'Professor Gamgee and the Farmers', pp. 51-3.
67. Minutes of evidence, ibid.; Clippings from agricultural magazines, 1863-4, J. B. Simonds Collection (Royal Veterinary College, London), vol. 5, passim; Fisher, 'Professor Gamgee and the Farmers', pp. 51-3.
68. A. Hardy, The Epidemic Streets (Oxford, 1993), p. 268.
69. Fisher, 'The Economic Effects of Cattle Disease', p. 278.
70. Illustrated London News, 25 June 1864, J. B. Simonds Collection, vol. 5.
71. Gamgee correspondence, Veterinarian, 33 (1860), passim', 'The Smallpox in Sheep', Farmers Magazine, 22 (1862), 355-6; R. D'Arcy Thompson, The Remarkable Gamgees: A Story of Achievement (Edinburgh, 1974); Pattison, The British Veterinary Profession, pp. 48-9.
72. Gamgee correspondence, Veterinarian, 33 (1860), passim', 'The Smallpox in Sheep', Farmers Magazine, 22 (1862), 355-6; R. D'Arcy Thompson, The Remarkable Gamgees: A Story of Achievement (Edinburgh, 1974); Pattison, The British Veterinary Profession, pp. 48-9.
73. Gamgee correspondence, Veterinarian, 33 (1860), passim', 'The Smallpox in Sheep', Farmers Magazine, 22 (1862), 355-6; R. D'Arcy Thompson, The Remarkable Gamgees: A Story of Achievement (Edinburgh, 1974); Pattison, The British Veterinary Profession, pp. 48-9.
74. Minutes of evidence, Select Committee on Cattle Diseases Prevention Bill, 1864; Hansard [HC], 176, cols 1567-9, 15 July 1864; Fisher, 'Professor Gamgee and the Farmen', pp. 51-3.
75. Minutes of evidence, Select Committee on Cattle Diseases Prevention Bill, 1864; Hansard [HC], 176, cols 1567-9, 15 July 1864; Fisher, 'Professor Gamgee and the Farmen', pp. 51-3.
76. Minutes of evidence, Select Committee on Cattle Diseases Prevention Bill, 1864; Hansard [HC], 176, cols 1567-9, 15 July 1864; Fisher, 'Professor Gamgee and the Farmen', pp. 51-3.
77. The above section is drawn from S. Hall, 'The Cattle Plague of 1865', Medical History, 6 (1962), 45-58; Anon., Animal Health, a Centenary, pp. 13-21, 125-34; Fisher, 'The Economic Effects of Cattle Disease in Britain', pp. 279-82; idem, 'British Physicians, Medical Science and the Cattle Plague', 651-69; Worboys, 'Germ Theories of Disease', 308-27; Romano, 'The Cattle Plague of 1865', pp. 60-5.
78. The above section is drawn from S. Hall, 'The Cattle Plague of 1865', Medical History, 6 (1962), 45-58; Anon., Animal Health, a Centenary, pp. 13-21, 125-34; Fisher, 'The Economic Effects of Cattle Disease in Britain', pp. 279-82; idem, 'British Physicians, Medical Science and the Cattle Plague', 651-69; Worboys, 'Germ Theories of Disease', 308-27; Romano, 'The Cattle Plague of 1865', pp. 60-5.
79. The above section is drawn from S. Hall, 'The Cattle Plague of 1865', Medical History, 6 (1962), 45-58; Anon., Animal Health, a Centenary, pp. 13-21, 125-34; Fisher, 'The Economic Effects of Cattle Disease in Britain', pp. 279-82; idem, 'British Physicians, Medical Science and the Cattle Plague', 651-69; Worboys, 'Germ Theories of Disease', 308-27; Romano, 'The Cattle Plague of 1865', pp. 60-5.
80. The above section is drawn from S. Hall, 'The Cattle Plague of 1865', Medical History, 6 (1962), 45-58; Anon., Animal Health, a Centenary, pp. 13-21, 125-34; Fisher, 'The Economic Effects of Cattle Disease in Britain', pp. 279-82; idem, 'British Physicians, Medical Science and the Cattle Plague', 651-69; Worboys, 'Germ Theories of Disease', 308-27; Romano, 'The Cattle Plague of 1865', pp. 60-5.
81. The above section is drawn from S. Hall, 'The Cattle Plague of 1865', Medical History, 6 (1962), 45-58; Anon., Animal Health, a Centenary, pp. 13-21, 125-34; Fisher, 'The Economic Effects of Cattle Disease in Britain', pp. 279-82; idem, 'British Physicians, Medical Science and the Cattle Plague', 651-69; Worboys, 'Germ Theories of Disease', 308-27; Romano, 'The Cattle Plague of 1865', pp. 60-5.
82. The above section is drawn from S. Hall, 'The Cattle Plague of 1865', Medical History, 6 (1962), 45-58; Anon., Animal Health, a Centenary, pp. 13-21, 125-34; Fisher, 'The Economic Effects of Cattle Disease in Britain', pp. 279-82; idem, 'British Physicians, Medical Science and the Cattle Plague', 651-69; Worboys, 'Germ Theories of Disease', 308-27; Romano, 'The Cattle Plague of 1865', pp. 60-5.
83. 'Editorial Observations', Veterinarian, 40 (1867), 296-9.
84. Hansard [HC], 194, cols 672-82, 4 March 1869; idem, 198, col. 1251, 4 August 1869.
85. Hansard [HC], 194, cols 672-82, 4 March 1869; idem, 198, col. 1251, 4 August 1869.
86. National Archives, Kew, PC 8/160, Memo to Treasury on Constitution of Veterinary Department, 1869; A Bill to Consolidate, Amend and Make Perpetual the Acts for Preventing the Introduction or Spreading of Contagious or Infectious Diseases among Cattle and other Animals in Great Britain, P.P. 1868-9 (38) I, 519. While its name and date of passage suggest a connection with the 1860s Contagious Diseases Acts, which aimed to prevent prostitutes from spreading venereal disease, I have found no evidence of any direct link between these pieces of legislation.
87. A. H. Matthews, Fifty Years of Agricultural Politics: Being the History of the Central Chamber of Agriculture (London, 1915).
88. Return of Number of Farms Infected with Foot-and-Mouth Disease, P.P. 1870 (149) LVI, 663.
89. 'Mouth and Foot Disease', Veterinarian, 42 (1869), pp. 751-2, 852; 'FMD Order, 12/69', Veterinarian, 43 (1870), 59-60; Hansard [HC], 212, col. 1126, 15 July 1872; idem, 214, cols 509, 520, 14 February 1873; 'Report to the General Meeting', JRASE, 36 (1875), v-xii.
90. 'Mouth and Foot Disease', Veterinarian, 42 (1869), pp. 751-2, 852; 'FMD Order, 12/69', Veterinarian, 43 (1870), 59-60; Hansard [HC], 212, col. 1126, 15 July 1872; idem, 214, cols 509, 520, 14 February 1873; 'Report to the General Meeting', JRASE, 36 (1875), v-xii.
91. 'Mouth and Foot Disease', Veterinarian, 42 (1869), pp. 751-2, 852; 'FMD Order, 12/69', Veterinarian, 43 (1870), 59-60; Hansard [HC], 212, col. 1126, 15 July 1872; idem, 214, cols 509, 520, 14 February 1873; 'Report to the General Meeting', JRASE, 36 (1875), v-xii.
92. 'Mouth and Foot Disease', Veterinarian, 42 (1869), pp. 751-2, 852; 'FMD Order, 12/69', Veterinarian, 43 (1870), 59-60; Hansard [HC], 212, col. 1126, 15 July 1872; idem, 214, cols 509, 520, 14 February 1873; 'Report to the General Meeting', JRASE, 36 (1875), v-xii.
93. 'Mouth and Foot Disease', Veterinarian, 42 (1869), pp. 751-2, 852; 'FMD Order, 12/69', Veterinarian, 43 (1870), 59-60; Hansard [HC], 212, col. 1126, 15 July 1872; idem, 214, cols 509, 520, 14 February 1873; 'Report to the General Meeting', JRASE, 36 (1875), v-xii.
94. This and the following paragraph are drawn from Report of the Select Committee on the Contagious Diseases of Animals Acts (1873); H. Jenkins, 'Report on the Trade in Animals and its Influence on the Spread of Foot and Mouth', JRASE, 34 (1873), 187-245; Report from the Select Committee on Cattle Plague and the Importation of Livestock, P.P. 1877 (362) IX, 1; Hansard [HC], 241, cols 134-98, 24 June 1878; idem, cols 211-50, 25 June 1878; idem, cols 331-408, 27 June 1878; idem, cols 500-73, 1 July 1878; Report front the Select Committee of the House of Lords on the Contagious Diseases of Animals Bill, P.P. 1878 (154) XI, 71; Fisher, 'The Economic Effects of Cattle Disease', pp. 287-91.
95. This and the following paragraph are drawn from Report of the Select Committee on the Contagious Diseases of Animals Acts (1873); H. Jenkins, 'Report on the Trade in Animals and its Influence on the Spread of Foot and Mouth', JRASE, 34 (1873), 187-245; Report from the Select Committee on Cattle Plague and the Importation of Livestock, P.P. 1877 (362) IX, 1; Hansard [HC], 241, cols 134-98, 24 June 1878; idem, cols 211-50, 25 June 1878; idem, cols 331-408, 27 June 1878; idem, cols 500-73, 1 July 1878; Report front the Select Committee of the House of Lords on the Contagious Diseases of Animals Bill, P.P. 1878 (154) XI, 71; Fisher, 'The Economic Effects of Cattle Disease', pp. 287-91.
96. This and the following paragraph are drawn from Report of the Select Committee on the Contagious Diseases of Animals Acts (1873); H. Jenkins, 'Report on the Trade in Animals and its Influence on the Spread of Foot and Mouth', JRASE, 34 (1873), 187-245; Report from the Select Committee on Cattle Plague and the Importation of Livestock, P.P. 1877 (362) IX, 1; Hansard [HC], 241, cols 134-98, 24 June 1878; idem, cols 211-50, 25 June 1878; idem, cols 331-408, 27 June 1878; idem, cols 500-73, 1 July 1878; Report front the Select Committee of the House of Lords on the Contagious Diseases of Animals Bill, P.P. 1878 (154) XI, 71; Fisher, 'The Economic Effects of Cattle Disease', pp. 287-91.
97. This and the following paragraph are drawn from Report of the Select Committee on the Contagious Diseases of Animals Acts (1873); H. Jenkins, 'Report on the Trade in Animals and its Influence on the Spread of Foot and Mouth', JRASE, 34 (1873), 187-245; Report from the Select Committee on Cattle Plague and the Importation of Livestock, P.P. 1877 (362) IX, 1; Hansard [HC], 241, cols 134-98, 24 June 1878; idem, cols 211-50, 25 June 1878; idem, cols 331-408, 27 June 1878; idem, cols 500-73, 1 July 1878; Report front the Select Committee of the House of Lords on the Contagious Diseases of Animals Bill, P.P. 1878 (154) XI, 71; Fisher, 'The Economic Effects of Cattle Disease', pp. 287-91.
98. This and the following paragraph are drawn from Report of the Select Committee on the Contagious Diseases of Animals Acts (1873); H. Jenkins, 'Report on the Trade in Animals and its Influence on the Spread of Foot and Mouth', JRASE, 34 (1873), 187-245; Report from the Select Committee on Cattle Plague and the Importation of Livestock, P.P. 1877 (362) IX, 1; Hansard [HC], 241, cols 134-98, 24 June 1878; idem, cols 211-50, 25 June 1878; idem, cols 331-408, 27 June 1878; idem, cols 500-73, 1 July 1878; Report front the Select Committee of the House of Lords on the Contagious Diseases of Animals Bill, P.P. 1878 (154) XI, 71; Fisher, 'The Economic Effects of Cattle Disease', pp. 287-91.
99. This and the following paragraph are drawn from Report of the Select Committee on the Contagious Diseases of Animals Acts (1873); H. Jenkins, 'Report on the Trade in Animals and its Influence on the Spread of Foot and Mouth', JRASE, 34 (1873), 187-245; Report from the Select Committee on Cattle Plague and the Importation of Livestock, P.P. 1877 (362) IX, 1; Hansard [HC], 241, cols 134-98, 24 June 1878; idem, cols 211-50, 25 June 1878; idem, cols 331-408, 27 June 1878; idem, cols 500-73, 1 July 1878; Report front the Select Committee of the House of Lords on the Contagious Diseases of Animals Bill, P.P. 1878 (154) XI, 71; Fisher, 'The Economic Effects of Cattle Disease', pp. 287-91.
100. This and the following paragraph are drawn from Report of the Select Committee on the Contagious Diseases of Animals Acts (1873); H. Jenkins, 'Report on the Trade in Animals and its Influence on the Spread of Foot and Mouth', JRASE, 34 (1873), 187-245; Report from the Select Committee on Cattle Plague and the Importation of Livestock, P.P. 1877 (362) IX, 1; Hansard [HC], 241, cols 134-98, 24 June 1878; idem, cols 211-50, 25 June 1878; idem, cols 331-408, 27 June 1878; idem, cols 500-73, 1 July 1878; Report front the Select Committee of the House of Lords on the Contagious Diseases of Animals Bill, P.P. 1878 (154) XI, 71; Fisher, 'The Economic Effects of Cattle Disease', pp. 287-91.
101. This and the following paragraph are drawn from Report of the Select Committee on the Contagious Diseases of Animals Acts (1873); H. Jenkins, 'Report on the Trade in Animals and its Influence on the Spread of Foot and Mouth', JRASE, 34 (1873), 187-245; Report from the Select Committee on Cattle Plague and the Importation of Livestock, P.P. 1877 (362) IX, 1; Hansard [HC], 241, cols 134-98, 24 June 1878; idem, cols 211-50, 25 June 1878; idem, cols 331-408, 27 June 1878; idem, cols 500-73, 1 July 1878; Report front the Select Committee of the House of Lords on the Contagious Diseases of Animals Bill, P.P. 1878 (154) XI, 71; Fisher, 'The Economic Effects of Cattle Disease', pp. 287-91.
102. This and the following paragraph are drawn from Report of the Select Committee on the Contagious Diseases of Animals Acts (1873); H. Jenkins, 'Report on the Trade in Animals and its Influence on the Spread of Foot and Mouth', JRASE, 34 (1873), 187-245; Report from the Select Committee on Cattle Plague and the Importation of Livestock, P.P. 1877 (362) IX, 1; Hansard [HC], 241, cols 134-98, 24 June 1878; idem, cols 211-50, 25 June 1878; idem, cols 331-408, 27 June 1878; idem, cols 500-73, 1 July 1878; Report front the Select Committee of the House of Lords on the Contagious Diseases of Animals Bill, P.P. 1878 (154) XI, 71; Fisher, 'The Economic Effects of Cattle Disease', pp. 287-91.
103. Romano, 'The Cattle Plague of 1865', pp. 65-76; M. Worboys, Spreading Germs: Disease Theories and Medical Practices in Britain, 1860-1900 (Cambridge, 2000), pp. 1-16, 136-78.
104. Romano, 'The Cattle Plague of 1865', pp. 65-76; M. Worboys, Spreading Germs: Disease Theories and Medical Practices in Britain, 1860-1900 (Cambridge, 2000), pp. 1-16, 136-78.
105. Report from the Select Committee on the Contagious Diseases Prevention Bill (1857); Select Committee on Cattle Diseases Prevention Bill (1864); Select Committee on the Contagious Diseases of Animals Act (1873); 'Origin of Contagious Diseases', Veterinarian, 46 (1873), 195-8; 'From the Field: Specific Diseases and Common Causes', Veterinarian, 50 (1877), 481-5; W. Williams, 'Do Contagious Diseases Originate Spontaneously?', Veterinary Journal, 4 (1877), 233-41; Select Committee on the Cattle Plague (1877); Lords Select Committee on the Contagious Diseases of Animals Bill (1878), 71; Hansard [HC], 241 (see n. 46); G. Fleming, 'The Spontaneous Generation of Contagious Diseases', Veterinarian, 53 (1880), 500-9; R. Burke, 'On the Refutation of the So-called Spontaneous Generation of Contagious Diseases', Veterinary Journal, 13 (1881), 257-62; Hansard [HC], 281, cols 1020-87, 10 July 1883; idem, 286, cols 162-211, 18 March 1884; Worboys, 'Germ Theories of Disease', p. 323.
106. Report from the Select Committee on the Contagious Diseases Prevention Bill (1857); Select Committee on Cattle Diseases Prevention Bill (1864); Select Committee on the Contagious Diseases of Animals Act (1873); 'Origin of Contagious Diseases', Veterinarian, 46 (1873), 195-8; 'From the Field: Specific Diseases and Common Causes', Veterinarian, 50 (1877), 481-5; W. Williams, 'Do Contagious Diseases Originate Spontaneously?', Veterinary Journal, 4 (1877), 233-41; Select Committee on the Cattle Plague (1877); Lords Select Committee on the Contagious Diseases of Animals Bill (1878), 71; Hansard [HC], 241 (see n. 46); G. Fleming, 'The Spontaneous Generation of Contagious Diseases', Veterinarian, 53 (1880), 500-9; R. Burke, 'On the Refutation of the So-called Spontaneous Generation of Contagious Diseases', Veterinary Journal, 13 (1881), 257-62; Hansard [HC], 281, cols 1020-87, 10 July 1883; idem, 286, cols 162-211, 18 March 1884; Worboys, 'Germ Theories of Disease', p. 323.
107. Report from the Select Committee on the Contagious Diseases Prevention Bill (1857); Select Committee on Cattle Diseases Prevention Bill (1864); Select Committee on the Contagious Diseases of Animals Act (1873); 'Origin of Contagious Diseases', Veterinarian, 46 (1873), 195-8; 'From the Field: Specific Diseases and Common Causes', Veterinarian, 50 (1877), 481-5; W. Williams, 'Do Contagious Diseases Originate Spontaneously?', Veterinary Journal, 4 (1877), 233-41; Select Committee on the Cattle Plague (1877); Lords Select Committee on the Contagious Diseases of Animals Bill (1878), 71; Hansard [HC], 241 (see n. 46); G. Fleming, 'The Spontaneous Generation of Contagious Diseases', Veterinarian, 53 (1880), 500-9; R. Burke, 'On the Refutation of the So-called Spontaneous Generation of Contagious Diseases', Veterinary Journal, 13 (1881), 257-62; Hansard [HC], 281, cols 1020-87, 10 July 1883; idem, 286, cols 162-211, 18 March 1884; Worboys, 'Germ Theories of Disease', p. 323.
108. Report from the Select Committee on the Contagious Diseases Prevention Bill (1857); Select Committee on Cattle Diseases Prevention Bill (1864); Select Committee on the Contagious Diseases of Animals Act (1873); 'Origin of Contagious Diseases', Veterinarian, 46 (1873), 195-8; 'From the Field: Specific Diseases and Common Causes', Veterinarian, 50 (1877), 481-5; W. Williams, 'Do Contagious Diseases Originate Spontaneously?', Veterinary Journal, 4 (1877), 233-41; Select Committee on the Cattle Plague (1877); Lords Select Committee on the Contagious Diseases of Animals Bill (1878), 71; Hansard [HC], 241 (see n. 46); G. Fleming, 'The Spontaneous Generation of Contagious Diseases', Veterinarian, 53 (1880), 500-9; R. Burke, 'On the Refutation of the So-called Spontaneous Generation of Contagious Diseases', Veterinary Journal, 13 (1881), 257-62; Hansard [HC], 281, cols 1020-87, 10 July 1883; idem, 286, cols 162-211, 18 March 1884; Worboys, 'Germ Theories of Disease', p. 323.
109. Report from the Select Committee on the Contagious Diseases Prevention Bill (1857); Select Committee on Cattle Diseases Prevention Bill (1864); Select Committee on the Contagious Diseases of Animals Act (1873); 'Origin of Contagious Diseases', Veterinarian, 46 (1873), 195-8; 'From the Field: Specific Diseases and Common Causes', Veterinarian, 50 (1877), 481-5; W. Williams, 'Do Contagious Diseases Originate Spontaneously?', Veterinary Journal, 4 (1877), 233-41; Select Committee on the Cattle Plague (1877); Lords Select Committee on the Contagious Diseases of Animals Bill (1878), 71; Hansard [HC], 241 (see n. 46); G. Fleming, 'The Spontaneous Generation of Contagious Diseases', Veterinarian, 53 (1880), 500-9; R. Burke, 'On the Refutation of the So-called Spontaneous Generation of Contagious Diseases', Veterinary Journal, 13 (1881), 257-62; Hansard [HC], 281, cols 1020-87, 10 July 1883; idem, 286, cols 162-211, 18 March 1884; Worboys, 'Germ Theories of Disease', p. 323.
110. Report from the Select Committee on the Contagious Diseases Prevention Bill (1857); Select Committee on Cattle Diseases Prevention Bill (1864); Select Committee on the Contagious Diseases of Animals Act (1873); 'Origin of Contagious Diseases', Veterinarian, 46 (1873), 195-8; 'From the Field: Specific Diseases and Common Causes', Veterinarian, 50 (1877), 481-5; W. Williams, 'Do Contagious Diseases Originate Spontaneously?', Veterinary Journal, 4 (1877), 233-41; Select Committee on the Cattle Plague (1877); Lords Select Committee on the Contagious Diseases of Animals Bill (1878), 71; Hansard [HC], 241 (see n. 46); G. Fleming, 'The Spontaneous Generation of Contagious Diseases', Veterinarian, 53 (1880), 500-9; R. Burke, 'On the Refutation of the So-called Spontaneous Generation of Contagious Diseases', Veterinary Journal, 13 (1881), 257-62; Hansard [HC], 281, cols 1020-87, 10 July 1883; idem, 286, cols 162-211, 18 March 1884; Worboys, 'Germ Theories of Disease', p. 323.
111. Report from the Select Committee on the Contagious Diseases Prevention Bill (1857); Select Committee on Cattle Diseases Prevention Bill (1864); Select Committee on the Contagious Diseases of Animals Act (1873); 'Origin of Contagious Diseases', Veterinarian, 46 (1873), 195-8; 'From the Field: Specific Diseases and Common Causes', Veterinarian, 50 (1877), 481-5; W. Williams, 'Do Contagious Diseases Originate Spontaneously?', Veterinary Journal, 4 (1877), 233-41; Select Committee on the Cattle Plague (1877); Lords Select Committee on the Contagious Diseases of Animals Bill (1878), 71; Hansard [HC], 241 (see n. 46); G. Fleming, 'The Spontaneous Generation of Contagious Diseases', Veterinarian, 53 (1880), 500-9; R. Burke, 'On the Refutation of the So-called Spontaneous Generation of Contagious Diseases', Veterinary Journal, 13 (1881), 257-62; Hansard [HC], 281, cols 1020-87, 10 July 1883; idem, 286, cols 162-211, 18 March 1884; Worboys, 'Germ Theories of Disease', p. 323.
112. Report from the Select Committee on the Contagious Diseases Prevention Bill (1857); Select Committee on Cattle Diseases Prevention Bill (1864); Select Committee on the Contagious Diseases of Animals Act (1873); 'Origin of Contagious Diseases', Veterinarian, 46 (1873), 195-8; 'From the Field: Specific Diseases and Common Causes', Veterinarian, 50 (1877), 481-5; W. Williams, 'Do Contagious Diseases Originate Spontaneously?', Veterinary Journal, 4 (1877), 233-41; Select Committee on the Cattle Plague (1877); Lords Select Committee on the Contagious Diseases of Animals Bill (1878), 71; Hansard [HC], 241 (see n. 46); G. Fleming, 'The Spontaneous Generation of Contagious Diseases', Veterinarian, 53 (1880), 500-9; R. Burke, 'On the Refutation of the So-called Spontaneous Generation of Contagious Diseases', Veterinary Journal, 13 (1881), 257-62; Hansard [HC], 281, cols 1020-87, 10 July 1883; idem, 286, cols 162-211, 18 March 1884; Worboys, 'Germ Theories of Disease', p. 323.
113. Report from the Select Committee on the Contagious Diseases Prevention Bill (1857); Select Committee on Cattle Diseases Prevention Bill (1864); Select Committee on the Contagious Diseases of Animals Act (1873); 'Origin of Contagious Diseases', Veterinarian, 46 (1873), 195-8; 'From the Field: Specific Diseases and Common Causes', Veterinarian, 50 (1877), 481-5; W. Williams, 'Do Contagious Diseases Originate Spontaneously?', Veterinary Journal, 4 (1877), 233-41; Select Committee on the Cattle Plague (1877); Lords Select Committee on the Contagious Diseases of Animals Bill (1878), 71; Hansard [HC], 241 (see n. 46); G. Fleming, 'The Spontaneous Generation of Contagious Diseases', Veterinarian, 53 (1880), 500-9; R. Burke, 'On the Refutation of the So-called Spontaneous Generation of Contagious Diseases', Veterinary Journal, 13 (1881), 257-62; Hansard [HC], 281, cols 1020-87, 10 July 1883; idem, 286, cols 162-211, 18 March 1884; Worboys, 'Germ Theories of Disease', p. 323.
114. Report from the Select Committee on the Contagious Diseases Prevention Bill (1857); Select Committee on Cattle Diseases Prevention Bill (1864); Select Committee on the Contagious Diseases of Animals Act (1873); 'Origin of Contagious Diseases', Veterinarian, 46 (1873), 195-8; 'From the Field: Specific Diseases and Common Causes', Veterinarian, 50 (1877), 481-5; W. Williams, 'Do Contagious Diseases Originate Spontaneously?', Veterinary Journal, 4 (1877), 233-41; Select Committee on the Cattle Plague (1877); Lords Select Committee on the Contagious Diseases of Animals Bill (1878), 71; Hansard [HC], 241 (see n. 46); G. Fleming, 'The Spontaneous Generation of Contagious Diseases', Veterinarian, 53 (1880), 500-9; R. Burke, 'On the Refutation of the So-called Spontaneous Generation of Contagious Diseases', Veterinary Journal, 13 (1881), 257-62; Hansard [HC], 281, cols 1020-87, 10 July 1883; idem, 286, cols 162-211, 18 March 1884; Worboys, 'Germ Theories of Disease', p. 323.
115. Report from the Select Committee on the Contagious Diseases Prevention Bill (1857); Select Committee on Cattle Diseases Prevention Bill (1864); Select Committee on the Contagious Diseases of Animals Act (1873); 'Origin of Contagious Diseases', Veterinarian, 46 (1873), 195-8; 'From the Field: Specific Diseases and Common Causes', Veterinarian, 50 (1877), 481-5; W. Williams, 'Do Contagious Diseases Originate Spontaneously?', Veterinary Journal, 4 (1877), 233-41; Select Committee on the Cattle Plague (1877); Lords Select Committee on the Contagious Diseases of Animals Bill (1878), 71; Hansard [HC], 241 (see n. 46); G. Fleming, 'The Spontaneous Generation of Contagious Diseases', Veterinarian, 53 (1880), 500-9; R. Burke, 'On the Refutation of the So-called Spontaneous Generation of Contagious Diseases', Veterinary Journal, 13 (1881), 257-62; Hansard [HC], 281, cols 1020-87, 10 July 1883; idem, 286, cols 162-211, 18 March 1884; Worboys, 'Germ Theories of Disease', p. 323.
116. Report from the Select Committee on the Contagious Diseases Prevention Bill (1857); Select Committee on Cattle Diseases Prevention Bill (1864); Select Committee on the Contagious Diseases of Animals Act (1873); 'Origin of Contagious Diseases', Veterinarian, 46 (1873), 195-8; 'From the Field: Specific Diseases and Common Causes', Veterinarian, 50 (1877), 481-5; W. Williams, 'Do Contagious Diseases Originate Spontaneously?', Veterinary Journal, 4 (1877), 233-41; Select Committee on the Cattle Plague (1877); Lords Select Committee on the Contagious Diseases of Animals Bill (1878), 71; Hansard [HC], 241 (see n. 46); G. Fleming, 'The Spontaneous Generation of Contagious Diseases', Veterinarian, 53 (1880), 500-9; R. Burke, 'On the Refutation of the So-called Spontaneous Generation of Contagious Diseases', Veterinary Journal, 13 (1881), 257-62; Hansard [HC], 281, cols 1020-87, 10 July 1883; idem, 286, cols 162-211, 18 March 1884; Worboys, 'Germ Theories of Disease', p. 323.
117. Report from the Select Committee on the Contagious Diseases Prevention Bill (1857); Select Committee on Cattle Diseases Prevention Bill (1864); Select Committee on the Contagious Diseases of Animals Act (1873); 'Origin of Contagious Diseases', Veterinarian, 46 (1873), 195-8; 'From the Field: Specific Diseases and Common Causes', Veterinarian, 50 (1877), 481-5; W. Williams, 'Do Contagious Diseases Originate Spontaneously?', Veterinary Journal, 4 (1877), 233-41; Select Committee on the Cattle Plague (1877); Lords Select Committee on the Contagious Diseases of Animals Bill (1878), 71; Hansard [HC], 241 (see n. 46); G. Fleming, 'The Spontaneous Generation of Contagious Diseases', Veterinarian, 53 (1880), 500-9; R. Burke, 'On the Refutation of the So-called Spontaneous Generation of Contagious Diseases', Veterinary Journal, 13 (1881), 257-62; Hansard [HC], 281, cols 1020-87, 10 July 1883; idem, 286, cols 162-211, 18 March 1884; Worboys, 'Germ Theories of Disease', p. 323.
118. Report from the Select Committee on the Contagious Diseases Prevention Bill (1857); Select Committee on Cattle Diseases Prevention Bill (1864); Select Committee on the Contagious Diseases of Animals Act (1873); 'Origin of Contagious Diseases', Veterinarian, 46 (1873), 195-8; 'From the Field: Specific Diseases and Common Causes', Veterinarian, 50 (1877), 481-5; W. Williams, 'Do Contagious Diseases Originate Spontaneously?', Veterinary Journal, 4 (1877), 233-41; Select Committee on the Cattle Plague (1877); Lords Select Committee on the Contagious Diseases of Animals Bill (1878), 71; Hansard [HC], 241 (see n. 46); G. Fleming, 'The Spontaneous Generation of Contagious Diseases', Veterinarian, 53 (1880), 500-9; R. Burke, 'On the Refutation of the So-called Spontaneous Generation of Contagious Diseases', Veterinary Journal, 13 (1881), 257-62; Hansard [HC], 281, cols 1020-87, 10 July 1883; idem, 286, cols 162-211, 18 March 1884; Worboys, 'Germ Theories of Disease', p. 323.
119. T. Sourkes, 'John Simon, Robert Lowe and the Origin of State-supported Biomedical Research in Nineteenth-century England', Journal of the History of Medicine, 48 (1993), 436-53; Worboys, 'Germ Theories of Disease', pp. 319-23; T. Romano, Making Medicine Scientific; John Burdon Sanderson and the Culture of Victorian Science (Baltimore, 2002), pp. 55-65, 72-3.
120. T. Sourkes, 'John Simon, Robert Lowe and the Origin of State-supported Biomedical Research in Nineteenth-century England', Journal of the History of Medicine, 48 (1993), 436-53; Worboys, 'Germ Theories of Disease', pp. 319-23; T. Romano, Making Medicine Scientific; John Burdon Sanderson and the Culture of Victorian Science (Baltimore, 2002), pp. 55-65, 72-3.
121. T. Sourkes, 'John Simon, Robert Lowe and the Origin of State-supported Biomedical Research in Nineteenth-century England', Journal of the History of Medicine, 48 (1993), 436-53; Worboys, 'Germ Theories of Disease', pp. 319-23; T. Romano, Making Medicine Scientific; John Burdon Sanderson and the Culture of Victorian Science (Baltimore, 2002), pp. 55-65, 72-3.
122. A. Williams, evidence, Select Committee on the Contagious Diseases of Animals Act (1873); J. B. Simonds, 'Introductory Address to the RVC', Veterinarian, 48 (1875), p. 724; Brown, 'Observations on the Prevailing Disease of Cattle', pp. 65-70, 221-37.
123. A. Williams, evidence, Select Committee on the Contagious Diseases of Animals Act (1873); J. B. Simonds, 'Introductory Address to the RVC', Veterinarian, 48 (1875), p. 724; Brown, 'Observations on the Prevailing Disease of Cattle', pp. 65-70, 221-37.
124. A. Williams, evidence, Select Committee on the Contagious Diseases of Animals Act (1873); J. B. Simonds, 'Introductory Address to the RVC', Veterinarian, 48 (1875), p. 724; Brown, 'Observations on the Prevailing Disease of Cattle', pp. 65-70, 221-37.
125. 'Report of the Council', JRASE, 37 (1876), v-x; Dr Burdon-Sanderson, 'Report on the Progress of Investigations', JRASE, 38 (1877), 204-7; 'Experiments in Contagious Diseases', Veterinary Journal, 5 (1877), 39-44; 'Report of the Council', JRASE, 43 (1881), viii; 'RASE-Veterinary Committee', Veterinarian, 56 (1883), 256-62.
126. 'Report of the Council', JRASE, 37 (1876), v-x; Dr Burdon-Sanderson, 'Report on the Progress of Investigations', JRASE, 38 (1877), 204-7; 'Experiments in Contagious Diseases', Veterinary Journal, 5 (1877), 39-44; 'Report of the Council', JRASE, 43 (1881), viii; 'RASE-Veterinary Committee', Veterinarian, 56 (1883), 256-62.
127. 'Report of the Council', JRASE, 37 (1876), v-x; Dr Burdon-Sanderson, 'Report on the Progress of Investigations', JRASE, 38 (1877), 204-7; 'Experiments in Contagious Diseases', Veterinary Journal, 5 (1877), 39-44; 'Report of the Council', JRASE, 43 (1881), viii; 'RASE-Veterinary Committee', Veterinarian, 56 (1883), 256-62.
128. 'Report of the Council', JRASE, 37 (1876), v-x; Dr Burdon-Sanderson, 'Report on the Progress of Investigations', JRASE, 38 (1877), 204-7; 'Experiments in Contagious Diseases', Veterinary Journal, 5 (1877), 39-44; 'Report of the Council', JRASE, 43 (1881), viii; 'RASE-Veterinary Committee', Veterinarian, 56 (1883), 256-62.
129. 'Report of the Council', JRASE, 37 (1876), v-x; Dr Burdon-Sanderson, 'Report on the Progress of Investigations', JRASE, 38 (1877), 204-7; 'Experiments in Contagious Diseases', Veterinary Journal, 5 (1877), 39-44; 'Report of the Council', JRASE, 43 (1881), viii; 'RASE-Veterinary Committee', Veterinarian, 56 (1883), 256-62.
130. J. Gamgee, evidence to Select Committee on the Contagious Diseases of Animals Act (1873); Select Committee on the Cattle Plague (1877); Select Committee of the House of Lords on the Contagious Diseases of Animals Bill (1878); Hansard [HC], 241, col. 396, 27 June 1878; idem, 286, col. 187, 18 March 1884; Matthews, Fifty Years of Agricultural Politics, pp. 18-28.
131. J. Gamgee, evidence to Select Committee on the Contagious Diseases of Animals Act (1873); Select Committee on the Cattle Plague (1877); Select Committee of the House of Lords on the Contagious Diseases of Animals Bill (1878); Hansard [HC], 241, col. 396, 27 June 1878; idem, 286, col. 187, 18 March 1884; Matthews, Fifty Years of Agricultural Politics, pp. 18-28.
132. J. Gamgee, evidence to Select Committee on the Contagious Diseases of Animals Act (1873); Select Committee on the Cattle Plague (1877); Select Committee of the House of Lords on the Contagious Diseases of Animals Bill (1878); Hansard [HC], 241, col. 396, 27 June 1878; idem, 286, col. 187, 18 March 1884; Matthews, Fifty Years of Agricultural Politics, pp. 18-28.
133. J. Gamgee, evidence to Select Committee on the Contagious Diseases of Animals Act (1873); Select Committee on the Cattle Plague (1877); Select Committee of the House of Lords on the Contagious Diseases of Animals Bill (1878); Hansard [HC], 241, col. 396, 27 June 1878; idem, 286, col. 187, 18 March 1884; Matthews, Fifty Years of Agricultural Politics, pp. 18-28.
134. J. Gamgee, evidence to Select Committee on the Contagious Diseases of Animals Act (1873); Select Committee on the Cattle Plague (1877); Select Committee of the House of Lords on the Contagious Diseases of Animals Bill (1878); Hansard [HC], 241, col. 396, 27 June 1878; idem, 286, col. 187, 18 March 1884; Matthews, Fifty Years of Agricultural Politics, pp. 18-28.
135. J. Gamgee, evidence to Select Committee on the Contagious Diseases of Animals Act (1873); Select Committee on the Cattle Plague (1877); Select Committee of the House of Lords on the Contagious Diseases of Animals Bill (1878); Hansard [HC], 241, col. 396, 27 June 1878; idem, 286, col. 187, 18 March 1884; Matthews, Fifty Years of Agricultural Politics, pp. 18-28.
136. Brown, 'Observations on the Prevailing Disease of Cattle', pp. 65-70, 221-37; Simonds and Brown, evidence to Select Committee on the Contagious Diseases of Animals Act (1873) and Select Committee on the Cattle Plague (1877) ; 'The Restriction in the Foreign Trade', Veterinarian, 49 (1876), 162-4; J. Wortley Axe, 'The Importation of Foreign Cattle', Veterinarian, 50 (1877), pp.
137. Brown, 'Observations on the Prevailing Disease of Cattle', pp. 65-70, 221-37; Simonds and Brown, evidence to Select Committee on the Contagious Diseases of Animals Act (1873) and Select Committee on the Cattle Plague (1877) ; 'The Restriction in the Foreign Trade', Veterinarian, 49 (1876), 162-4; J. Wortley Axe, 'The Importation of Foreign Cattle', Veterinarian, 50 (1877), pp. 309-13, 381-7.
138. Brown, 'Observations on the Prevailing Disease of Cattle', pp. 65-70, 221-37; Simonds and Brown, evidence to Select Committee on the Contagious Diseases of Animals Act (1873) and Select Committee on the Cattle Plague (1877) ; 'The Restriction in the Foreign Trade', Veterinarian, 49 (1876), 162-4; J. Wortley Axe, 'The Importation of Foreign Cattle', Veterinarian, 50 (1877), pp. 309-13, 381-7.
139. Brown, 'Observations on the Prevailing Disease of Cattle', pp. 65-70, 221-37; Simonds and Brown, evidence to Select Committee on the Contagious Diseases of Animals Act (1873) and Select Committee on the Cattle Plague (1877) ; 'The Restriction in the Foreign Trade', Veterinarian, 49 (1876), 162-4; J. Wortley Axe, 'The Importation of Foreign Cattle', Veterinarian, 50 (1877), pp. 309-13, 381-7.
140. Hansard [HC], 214, cols 508-26, 14 February 1873; 'Deputation to Duke of Richmond', Bells Weekly Messenger (hereafter BWM), 1 April 1878; Hansard [HC], 241 (see n. 46); idem, 281, cols 1020-87, 10 July 1883; idem, 286, cols 162-211, 18 March 1884; Perren, The Meat Trade, pp. 123-32; A. Rabinbach, The Human Motor: Energy, Fatigue and the Origins of Modernity (Berkeley, 1992), pp. 124-9; H. Kamminga and A. Cunningham, 'Introduction', in H. Kamminga and A. Cunningham (eds), The Science and Culture of Nutrition, 1840-1940 (Amsterdam, 1995), 1-14.
141. Hansard [HC], 214, cols 508-26, 14 February 1873; 'Deputation to Duke of Richmond', Bells Weekly Messenger (hereafter BWM), 1 April 1878; Hansard [HC], 241 (see n. 46); idem, 281, cols 1020-87, 10 July 1883; idem, 286, cols 162-211, 18 March 1884; Perren, The Meat Trade, pp. 123-32; A. Rabinbach, The Human Motor: Energy, Fatigue and the Origins of Modernity (Berkeley, 1992), pp. 124-9; H. Kamminga and A. Cunningham, 'Introduction', in H. Kamminga and A. Cunningham (eds), The Science and Culture of Nutrition, 1840-1940 (Amsterdam, 1995), 1-14.
142. Hansard [HC], 214, cols 508-26, 14 February 1873; 'Deputation to Duke of Richmond', Bells Weekly Messenger (hereafter BWM), 1 April 1878; Hansard [HC], 241 (see n. 46); idem, 281, cols 1020-87, 10 July 1883; idem, 286, cols 162-211, 18 March 1884; Perren, The Meat Trade, pp. 123-32; A. Rabinbach, The Human Motor: Energy, Fatigue and the Origins of Modernity (Berkeley, 1992), pp. 124-9; H. Kamminga and A. Cunningham, 'Introduction', in H. Kamminga and A. Cunningham (eds), The Science and Culture of Nutrition, 1840-1940 (Amsterdam, 1995), 1-14.
143. Hansard [HC], 214, cols 508-26, 14 February 1873; 'Deputation to Duke of Richmond', Bells Weekly Messenger (hereafter BWM), 1 April 1878; Hansard [HC], 241 (see n. 46); idem, 281, cols 1020-87, 10 July 1883; idem, 286, cols 162-211, 18 March 1884; Perren, The Meat Trade, pp. 123-32; A. Rabinbach, The Human Motor: Energy, Fatigue and the Origins of Modernity (Berkeley, 1992), pp. 124-9; H. Kamminga and A. Cunningham, 'Introduction', in H. Kamminga and A. Cunningham (eds), The Science and Culture of Nutrition, 1840-1940 (Amsterdam, 1995), 1-14.
144. Hansard [HC], 214, cols 508-26, 14 February 1873; 'Deputation to Duke of Richmond', Bells Weekly Messenger (hereafter BWM), 1 April 1878; Hansard [HC], 241 (see n. 46); idem, 281, cols 1020-87, 10 July 1883; idem, 286, cols 162-211, 18 March 1884; Perren, The Meat Trade, pp. 123-32; A. Rabinbach, The Human Motor: Energy, Fatigue and the Origins of Modernity (Berkeley, 1992), pp. 124-9; H. Kamminga and A. Cunningham, 'Introduction', in H. Kamminga and A. Cunningham (eds), The Science and Culture of Nutrition, 1840-1940 (Amsterdam, 1995), 1-14.
145. Hansard [HC], 214, cols 508-26, 14 February 1873; 'Deputation to Duke of Richmond', Bells Weekly Messenger (hereafter BWM), 1 April 1878; Hansard [HC], 241 (see n. 46); idem, 281, cols 1020-87, 10 July 1883; idem, 286, cols 162-211, 18 March 1884; Perren, The Meat Trade, pp. 123-32; A. Rabinbach, The Human Motor: Energy, Fatigue and the Origins of Modernity (Berkeley, 1992), pp. 124-9; H. Kamminga and A. Cunningham, 'Introduction', in H. Kamminga and A. Cunningham (eds), The Science and Culture of Nutrition, 1840-1940 (Amsterdam, 1995), 1-14.
146. Hansard [HC], 214, cols 508-26, 14 February 1873; 'Deputation to Duke of Richmond', Bells Weekly Messenger (hereafter BWM), 1 April 1878; Hansard [HC], 241 (see n. 46); idem, 281, cols 1020-87, 10 July 1883; idem, 286, cols 162-211, 18 March 1884; Perren, The Meat Trade, pp. 123-32; A. Rabinbach, The Human Motor: Energy, Fatigue and the Origins of Modernity (Berkeley, 1992), pp. 124-9; H. Kamminga and A. Cunningham, 'Introduction', in H. Kamminga and A. Cunningham (eds), The Science and Culture of Nutrition, 1840-1940 (Amsterdam, 1995), 1-14.
147. Hansard [HC], 214, cols 508-26, 14 February 1873; 'Deputation to Duke of Richmond', Bells Weekly Messenger (hereafter BWM), 1 April 1878; Hansard [HC], 241 (see n. 46); idem, 281, cols 1020-87, 10 July 1883; idem, 286, cols 162-211, 18 March 1884; Perren, The Meat Trade, pp. 123-32; A. Rabinbach, The Human Motor: Energy, Fatigue and the Origins of Modernity (Berkeley, 1992), pp. 124-9; H. Kamminga and A. Cunningham, 'Introduction', in H. Kamminga and A. Cunningham (eds), The Science and Culture of Nutrition, 1840-1940 (Amsterdam, 1995), 1-14.
148. Select Committee on the Contagious Diseases of Animals Act (1873); Select Committee on the Cattle Plague (1877).
149. Select Committee on the Contagious Diseases of Animals Act (1873); Select Committee on the Cattle Plague (1877).
150. I b i d.
151. Hansard [HL], 237, cols 1485-1503, 12 February 1878; Hansard [HC] 241 (see n. 46); 'Mr C. S. Read on the Cattle Diseases Bill', BWM, 4 March 1878; 'Central Chamber of Agriculture on the Cattle Diseases Bill', BWM, 8 April 1878. Annual Report of the Veterinary Department 1880, P.P. 1881 (C. 2863) XXX, 555; idem, 1881, P.P. 1882 (C. 3181) XVI, 273; idem, 1883, P.P. 1884 (C. 3977) XXI, 1.
152. Hansard [HL], 237, cols 1485-1503, 12 February 1878; Hansard [HC] 241 (see n. 46); 'Mr C. S. Read on the Cattle Diseases Bill', BWM, 4 March 1878; 'Central Chamber of Agriculture on the Cattle Diseases Bill', BWM, 8 April 1878. Annual Report of the Veterinary Department 1880, P.P. 1881 (C. 2863) XXX, 555; idem, 1881, P.P. 1882 (C. 3181) XVI, 273; idem, 1883, P.P. 1884 (C. 3977) XXI, 1.
153. Hansard [HL], 237, cols 1485-1503, 12 February 1878; Hansard [HC] 241 (see n. 46); 'Mr C. S. Read on the Cattle Diseases Bill', BWM, 4 March 1878; 'Central Chamber of Agriculture on the Cattle Diseases Bill', BWM, 8 April 1878. Annual Report of the Veterinary Department 1880, P.P. 1881 (C. 2863) XXX, 555; idem, 1881, P.P. 1882 (C. 3181) XVI, 273; idem, 1883, P.P. 1884 (C. 3977) XXI, 1.
154. Hansard [HL], 237, cols 1485-1503, 12 February 1878; Hansard [HC] 241 (see n. 46); 'Mr C. S. Read on the Cattle Diseases Bill', BWM, 4 March 1878; 'Central Chamber of Agriculture on the Cattle Diseases Bill', BWM, 8 April 1878. Annual Report of the Veterinary Department 1880, P.P. 1881 (C. 2863) XXX, 555; idem, 1881, P.P. 1882 (C. 3181) XVI, 273; idem, 1883, P.P. 1884 (C. 3977) XXI, 1.
155. Hansard [HL], 237, cols 1485-1503, 12 February 1878; Hansard [HC] 241 (see n. 46); 'Mr C. S. Read on the Cattle Diseases Bill', BWM, 4 March 1878; 'Central Chamber of Agriculture on the Cattle Diseases Bill', BWM, 8 April 1878. Annual Report of the Veterinary Department 1880, P.P. 1881 (C. 2863) XXX, 555; idem, 1881, P.P. 1882 (C. 3181) XVI, 273; idem, 1883, P.P. 1884 (C. 3977) XXI, 1.
156. Hansard [HL], 237, cols 1485-1503, 12 February 1878; Hansard [HC] 241 (see n. 46); 'Mr C. S. Read on the Cattle Diseases Bill', BWM, 4 March 1878; 'Central Chamber of Agriculture on the Cattle Diseases Bill', BWM, 8 April 1878. Annual Report of the Veterinary Department 1880, P.P. 1881 (C. 2863) XXX, 555; idem, 1881, P.P. 1882 (C. 3181) XVI, 273; idem, 1883, P.P. 1884 (C. 3977) XXI, 1.
157. Hansard [HL], 237, cols 1485-1503, 12 February 1878; Hansard [HC] 241 (see n. 46); 'Mr C. S. Read on the Cattle Diseases Bill', BWM, 4 March 1878; 'Central Chamber of Agriculture on the Cattle Diseases Bill', BWM, 8 April 1878. Annual Report of the Veterinary Department 1880, P.P. 1881 (C. 2863) XXX, 555; idem, 1881, P.P. 1882 (C. 3181) XVI, 273; idem, 1883, P.P. 1884 (C. 3977) XXI, 1.
158. Grain prices had dropped as a result of bulk imports from the American prairies and, as their arable profits fell, many mixed farmers became newly aware of the losses caused by livestock disease. Taylor, 'The Importance of Cattle Enterprises to British Agriculture', p. 25; J. Brown, Agriculture in England: A Survey of Farming, 1870-1947 (Manchester, 1987), pp. 5-59.
159. Grain prices had dropped as a result of bulk imports from the American prairies and, as their arable profits fell, many mixed farmers became newly aware of the losses caused by livestock disease. Taylor, 'The Importance of Cattle Enterprises to British Agriculture', p. 25; J. Brown, Agriculture in England: A Survey of Farming, 1870-1947 (Manchester, 1987), pp. 5-59.
160. 'The Progress of FMD', Veterinarian, 54 (1881), 94-6; Veterinarian, 1882-4, passim; BWM, January-March 1884, passim. 'FMD', Veterinarian, 53 (1880), 779-81; 'The Progress of FMD', Veterinarian, 54 (1881), 94-6; Professor Brown, 'Observations on FMD', Veterinarian, 55 (1882), 692-706.
161. 'The Progress of FMD', Veterinarian, 54 (1881), 94-6; Veterinarian, 1882-4, passim; BWM, January-March 1884, passim. 'FMD', Veterinarian, 53 (1880), 779-81; 'The Progress of FMD', Veterinarian, 54 (1881), 94-6; Professor Brown, 'Observations on FMD', Veterinarian, 55 (1882), 692-706.
162. 'The Progress of FMD', Veterinarian, 54 (1881), 94-6; Veterinarian, 1882-4, passim; BWM, January-March 1884, passim. 'FMD', Veterinarian, 53 (1880), 779-81; 'The Progress of FMD', Veterinarian, 54 (1881), 94-6; Professor Brown, 'Observations on FMD', Veterinarian, 55 (1882), 692-706.
163. 'The Progress of FMD', Veterinarian, 54 (1881), 94-6; Veterinarian, 1882-4, passim; BWM, January-March 1884, passim. 'FMD', Veterinarian, 53 (1880), 779-81; 'The Progress of FMD', Veterinarian, 54 (1881), 94-6; Professor Brown, 'Observations on FMD', Veterinarian, 55 (1882), 692-706.
164. 'The Progress of FMD', Veterinarian, 54 (1881), 94-6; Veterinarian, 1882-4, passim; BWM, January-March 1884, passim. 'FMD', Veterinarian, 53 (1880), 779-81; 'The Progress of FMD', Veterinarian, 54 (1881), 94-6; Professor Brown, 'Observations on FMD', Veterinarian, 55 (1882), 692-706.
165. 'The Progress of FMD', Veterinarian, 54 (1881), 94-6; Veterinarian, 1882-4, passim; BWM, January-March 1884, passim. 'FMD', Veterinarian, 53 (1880), 779-81; 'The Progress of FMD', Veterinarian, 54 (1881), 94-6; Professor Brown, 'Observations on FMD', Veterinarian, 55 (1882), 692-706.
166. Hansard [HC], 259, cols 1662-729, 22 March 1881; Hansard [HL], 278, cols 273-93, 16 April 1883; Hansard [HC], 281, cols 1020-87, 10 July 1883; Annual Report of the Veterinary Department, 1883; Hansard [HC], 286, cols 162-211, 18 March 1884. The fire/fuel analogy represents a variation on the seed/soil metaphor which was frequently utilized in late nineteenth-century discussions upon infectious diseases (Worboys, Spreading Germs). With the subsequent introduction of a slaughter policy, under which infected animals were culled and burned, the fuel/fire metaphor became reality.
167. Hansard [HC], 259, cols 1662-729, 22 March 1881; Hansard [HL], 278, cols 273-93, 16 April 1883; Hansard [HC], 281, cols 1020-87, 10 July 1883; Annual Report of the Veterinary Department, 1883; Hansard [HC], 286, cols 162-211, 18 March 1884. The fire/fuel analogy represents a variation on the seed/soil metaphor which was frequently utilized in late nineteenth-century discussions upon infectious diseases (Worboys, Spreading Germs). With the subsequent introduction of a slaughter policy, under which infected animals were culled and burned, the fuel/fire metaphor became reality.
168. Hansard [HC], 259, cols 1662-729, 22 March 1881; Hansard [HL], 278, cols 273-93, 16 April 1883; Hansard [HC], 281, cols 1020-87, 10 July 1883; Annual Report of the Veterinary Department, 1883; Hansard [HC], 286, cols 162-211, 18 March 1884. The fire/fuel analogy represents a variation on the seed/soil metaphor which was frequently utilized in late nineteenth-century discussions upon infectious diseases (Worboys, Spreading Germs). With the subsequent introduction of a slaughter policy, under which infected animals were culled and burned, the fuel/fire metaphor became reality.
169. Hansard [HC], 259, cols 1662-729, 22 March 1881; Hansard [HL], 278, cols 273-93, 16 April 1883; Hansard [HC], 281, cols 1020-87, 10 July 1883; Annual Report of the Veterinary Department, 1883; Hansard [HC], 286, cols 162-211, 18 March 1884. The fire/fuel analogy represents a variation on the seed/soil metaphor which was frequently utilized in late nineteenth-century discussions upon infectious diseases (Worboys, Spreading Germs). With the subsequent introduction of a slaughter policy, under which infected animals were culled and burned, the fuel/fire metaphor became reality.
170. Hansard [HC], 259, cols 1662-729, 22 March 1881; Hansard [HL], 278, cols 273-93, 16 April 1883; Hansard [HC], 281, cols 1020-87, 10 July 1883; Annual Report of the Veterinary Department, 1883; Hansard [HC], 286, cols 162-211, 18 March 1884. The fire/fuel analogy represents a variation on the seed/soil metaphor which was frequently utilized in late nineteenth-century discussions upon infectious diseases (Worboys, Spreading Germs). With the subsequent introduction of a slaughter policy, under which infected animals were culled and burned, the fuel/fire metaphor became reality.
171. Veterinarian, 1881-4, passim; Hansard [HC], 259, cols 1662-729, 22 March 1881; idem, 281, cols 1020-87, 10 July 1883; Hansard [HC], 286, cols 162-211, 18 March 1884; B WM, January-March 1884, passim.
172. Veterinarian, 1881-4, passim; Hansard [HC], 259, cols 1662-729, 22 March 1881; idem, 281, cols 1020-87, 10 July 1883; Hansard [HC], 286, cols 162-211, 18 March 1884; B WM, January-March 1884, passim.
173. Veterinarian, 1881-4, passim; Hansard [HC], 259, cols 1662-729, 22 March 1881; idem, 281, cols 1020-87, 10 July 1883; Hansard [HC], 286, cols 162-211, 18 March 1884; B WM, January-March 1884, passim.
174. Veterinarian, 1881-4, passim; Hansard [HC], 259, cols 1662-729, 22 March 1881; idem, 281, cols 1020-87, 10 July 1883; Hansard [HC], 286, cols 162-211, 18 March 1884; B WM, January-March 1884, passim.
175. Veterinarian, 1881-4, passim; Hansard [HC], 259, cols 1662-729, 22 March 1881; idem, 281, cols 1020-87, 10 July 1883; Hansard [HC], 286, cols 162-211, 18 March 1884; BWM, January-March 1884, passim.
176. Hansard [HC], 281, cols 1020-87, 10 July 1883.
177. Hansard [HL], 284, cols 838-50, 14 February 1884; idem, 284, cols 1291-300, 19 February 1884; idem, 284, cols 1528-39, 21 February 1884; Hansard [HC], 286, cols 162-211, 18 March 1884; Perren, The Meat Trade, ch. 7.
178. Hansard [HL], 284, cols 838-50, 14 February 1884; idem, 284, cols 1291-300, 19 February 1884; idem, 284, cols 1528-39, 21 February 1884; Hansard [HC], 286, cols 162-211, 18 March 1884; Perren, The Meat Trade, ch. 7.
179. Hansard [HL], 284, cols 838-50, 14 February 1884; idem, 284, cols 1291-300, 19 February 1884; idem, 284, cols 1528-39, 21 February 1884; Hansard [HC], 286, cols 162-211, 18 March 1884; Perren, The Meat Trade, ch. 7.
180. Hansard [HL], 284, cols 838-50, 14 February 1884; idem, 284, cols 1291-300, 19 February 1884; idem, 284, cols 1528-39, 21 February 1884; Hansard [HC], 286, cols 162-211, 18 March 1884; Perren, The Meat Trade, ch. 7.
181. Hansard [HL], 284, cols 838-50, 14 February 1884; idem, 284, cols 1291-300, 19 February 1884; idem, 284, cols 1528-39, 21 February 1884; Hansard [HC], 286, cols 162-211, 18 March 1884; Perren, The Meat Trade, ch. 7.
182. Annual Report of the Veterinary Department 1892, P.P. 1893-94, (C. 6963), XXIII, 459; Anon., Animal Health, a Centenary, p. 279.
183. Annual Report of the Veterinary Department 1892, P.P. 1893-94, (C. 6963), XXIII, 459; Anon., Animal Health, a Centenary, p. 279.
184. Annual Report of the Veterinary Department 1894, P.P. 1895 (C. 7685) XC, 331.
185. Hansard [HC], 38, cols 1617-92, 20 February 1896; M. Foran, 'The Politics of Animal Health: The British Embargo on Canadian Cattle, 1892-1932', Prairie Forum, 23 (1998), pp. 1-3.
186. Hansard [HC], 38, cols 1617-92, 20 February 1896; M. Foran, 'The Politics of Animal Health: The British Embargo on Canadian Cattle, 1892-1932', Prairie Forum, 23 (1998), pp. 1-3.
187. For a discussion of the features of epidemic disease, see C. Rosenberg, 'What is an Epidemic? AIDS in Historical Perspective', and 'Explaining Epidemics', in Rosenberg, Explaining Epidemics, 278-92, 292-304.
188. Annual Report of the Veterinary Department 1884, P.P. 1884-85 (C. 4334) XX, 1; idem, 1885, P.P 1886 (C. 4703) XIX, 1.
189. Annual Report of the Veterinary Department 1884, P.P. 1884-85 (C. 4334) XX, 1; idem, 1885, P.P 1886 (C. 4703) XIX, 1.
190. Annual Report of the Veterinary Department, 1892.
191. The National Archives, Kew, PRO, MAP 35/160.
192. Fisher, 'The Economic Effects of Cattle Disease', p. 279.
193. A. Woods, 'Foot and Mouth Disease in Twentieth-century Britain: Science, Policy and the Veterinary Profession' (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Manchester, 2001).