A metamorphosed early Cambrian crust-mantle transition in the Eastern Alps, Austria

Journal of Petrology

Volumn 45, Issue 8, 2004, Pages 1689-1723

  Melcher, Frank ^a   Meisel, Thomas ^b  

^a FEDERAL INSTITUTE FOR GEOSCIENCES AND NATURAL RESOURCES BGR   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LEOBEN   (Austria)

Author keywords

Geochemistry; Metagabbro; Pyroxenite; Re Os isotopes; Sm Nd isotopes

Indexed keywords

CAMBRIAN; CRUSTAL STRUCTURE; GEOCHEMISTRY; MANTLE STRUCTURE; METAMORPHISM; TRANSITION ZONE;

ALPS; AUSTRIA; CENTRAL EUROPE; EASTERN ALPS; EURASIA; EUROPE;

EID: 4043155557     PISSN: 00223530     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/petrology/egh030     Document Type: Article

References (119)

1. Ahmed, Z. (1991). Comparison of the geochemistry of ophiolitic pyroxenites with a strongly fractionated dyke of pyroxenite from the Sakhakot-Qila ophiolite, Pakistan. Chemical Geology 91, 335-355.
2. Angel, F. (1964). Petrographische Studien an der Ultramafit-Masse von Kraubath (Steiermark). Joanneum, Mineralogisches Mitteilungsblatt 2/1964, 1-125.
3. Ballhaus, C. (1998). Origin of podiform chromite deposits by magma mingling. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 156, 185-193.
4. Ballhaus, C., Berry, R. F. & Green, D. H. (1991). High-pressure experimental calibration of the olivine-orthopyroxene-spinel geobarometer: implications for the oxidation state of the upper mantle. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 107, 27-40.
5. Barnes, S. J. (1986a). The distribution of chromium among orthopyroxene, spinel and silicate liquid at atmospheric pressure. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 50, 1889-1909.
6. Barnes, S. J. (1986b). The effect of trapped liquid crystallization on cumulus mineral compositions in layered intrusions. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 93, 524-531.
7. Bédard, J. H. (1994). A procedure for calculating the equilibrium distribution of trace elements among the minerals of cumulate rocks, and the concentration of trace elements in the coexisting liquids. Chemical Geology 118, 143-153.
8. Bédard, J. H. (1999). Petrogenesis of boninites from the Betts Cove ophiolite, Newfoundland, Canada: identification of subducted source components. Journal of Petrology 40, 1853-1889.
9. Bédard, J. H. & Hébert, R. (1998). Formation of chromitites by assimilation of crustal pyroxenites and gabbros into peridotitic intrusions: North Arm Mountain massif, Bay of Islands ophiolite, Newfoundland, Canada. Journal of Geophysical Research 103(B3 ), 5165-5184.
10. Benn, K. & Laurent, R. (1987). Intrusive suite documented in the Troodos ophiolite plutonic complex, Cyprus. Geology 15, 821-824.
11. Benn, K., Nicolas, A. & Reuber, I. (1988). Mantle-crust transition zone and origin of wehrlitic magmas: evidence from the Oman ophiolite. Tectonophysics 151, 75-85.
12. Birck, J. L., Roy-Barman, M. & Capmas, F. (1997). Re-Os isotopic measurements at the femtomole level in natural samples. Geostandards Newsletter 21, 19-27.
13. Bodinier, J. L, Guiraud, M., Fabriès, J., Dostal, J. & Dupuy, C. (1987). Petrogenesis of layered pyroxenites from the Lherz, Freychinède and Prades ultramafic bodies (Ariège, French Pyrenees). Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 51, 279-290.
14. Boudier, F. & Nicolas, A. (1995). Nature of the Moho transition zone in the Oman ophiolite. Journal of Petrology 36, 777-796.
15. Boynton, W. V. (1984). Geochemistry of the rare earth elements: meteorite studies. In: Henderson, P. (ed.) Rare Earth Element Geochemistry. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 63-114.
16. Brandon, A. D., Creaser, R. A., Shirey, S. B. & Carlson, R. W. (1996 . Os recycling in subduction zones. Science 272, 861-864.
17. Büchl, A.,Brügmann, G., Batanova, V. G., Münker, C. & Hofmann, A.W. (2002). Melt percolation monitored by Os isotopes and HSE abundances: a case study from the mantle section of the Troodos ophiolite. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 204, 385-402.
18. Budahn, J. R. (1986). Evidence for equilibrium conditions during the partitioning of nickel between olivines and komatiite liquids. American Mineralogist 71, 1337-1342.
19. Burgath, K.-P., Krauss, U. & Mohr, M. (2002). Chromium ores and platinum-group element occurrences in Europe and Turkey: inventory, evaluation and possibilities. Chronique de la Recherche Minière, 2002 (numéro hors série), 55-75.
20. Clar, E. (1929). Ober die Geologie des Serpentinstockes von Kraubath und seiner Umgebung. Mitteilungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins der Steiermark 64/65, 178-214.
21. Cohen, A. S. & Waters, F. G. (1996). Separation of osmium from geological materials by solvent extraction for analysis by thermal ionisation mass spectrometry. Anayltica Chimica Acta 332, 269-275.
22. DePaolo, D. J. & Wasserburg, G. J. (1976). Nd isotopic variations and petrographic models. Geophysical Research Letters 3, 249-252.
23. Edwards, S. J. (1990). Harzburgites and refractory melts in the Lewis Hills Massif, Bay of Islands ophiolite complex: the base-metals and precious-metals story. Canadian Mineralogist 28, 537-552.
24. Eichhorn, R., Teipel, U. & Loth, G. (2003). Are you hunting pre-Variscan rocks somewhere between Switzerland and Bavaria? Try Austria's Tauern Window! Mitteilungen der Österreichischen Mineralogischen Gesellschaft 148, 127-128.
25. El Ageed, A. I. (1979). The Hochgrößen ultramafic-mafic association, its associated mineralization and petrogenetic significance. Ph.D. thesis, Universität Köln, 245 pp.
26. El Ageed, A., Saager, R. & Stumpfl, E. F. (1980). Pre-alpine ultramafic rocks in the eastern central Alps, Styria, Austria. In: Panayiotou, A. (ed.) Ophiolites. Proceedings of the International Ophiolite Symposium, Cyprus 1979. Nicosia: Geological Survey of Cyprus, pp. 601-606.
27. Ellis, D.J. & Green, E. H. (1979). An experimental study of the effect of Ca upon garnet-clinopyroxene Fe-Mg exchange equilibria. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 71, 13-22.
28. 2O-. Schweizerische Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen 50, 481-492.
29. Faryad, S. W. & Hoinkes, G. (2002). P-T gradient of Eo-Alpine metamorphism within the Austroalpine basement units cast of the Tauern Window (Austria). Mineralogy and Petrology 27, 129-159.
30. Faryad, S. W., Melcher, F., Hoinkes, G., Puhl, J., Meisel, T. & Frank, W. (2002a). Relics of eclogite-facies metamorphism in the Austroalpine basement, Hochgrössen (Speik Complex), Austria. Mineralogy and Petrology 74, 49-73.
31. Faryad, S. W., Hoinkes, G. & Aranovich, L. Y. (2002b). Cooling and exhumation of the Kraubath mafic and ultramafic massif (Eastern Alps) during Alpine orogeny. 18th General Meeting of the International Mineralogical Association, Programme with Abstracts, p. 232.
32. Frank, W. (1987). Evolution of the Austroalpine elements in the Cretaceous. In: Flügel, H. W. & Faupl, P. (eds) Geodynamics of the Eastern Alps. Vienna: Franz Deuticke, pp. 379-406.
33. Frank, W., Klein, P., Nowy, W. & Scharbert, S. (1976). Die Datierung geologischer Ereignisse im Ahkristallin der Gleinalpe (Steiermark) mit der Rb/Sr-Methode. Tschermaks Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteiluagen 23, 191-203:
34. Franz, L., Becker, K.-P., Kramer, W. & Herzig, P. M. (2002). Metasomatic mantle xenoliths from the Bismarck microplate (Papua New Guinea)-thermal evolution, geochemistry and extent of slab-induced metasomatism. Journal of Petrology 43, 315-343.
35. Gauthier, M., Corrivaux, L., Trottier, L. J., Cabri, J., Gilles Laflamme, J. H. & Mergeron, M. (1990). Chromitites platiniferes des complexes ophiolitiques de l'Estrie-Beauce, Appalaches du Sud du Quebec. Mineralium Deposita 25, 169-178.
36. Graham, C. M. & Powell, R. (1984). A garnet hornblende geothermometer: calibration, testing, and application to the Pelona Schist, Southern California. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 2, 13-21.
37. Haditsch, J. G. (1981). Geological and geochemical investigation of the Kraubath ultramafic massif (Styria, Austria). Geologische und Palöntologische Mitteilungen Innsbruck 10, 243-255.
38. Haditsch, J. G., Krauss, P. & Yamac, D. (1981). Beiträge für eine lagerstättenkundliche Beurteilung hinsichtfich einer hydrometallurgischen Verwertung der Kraubather Ultramafitmasse. Mitteilungen der Abteilung fur Geologic des Landesmuseums Joanneum 42, 23-78.
39. 39Ar mineral ages from the Kaintaleck nappe: evidence for mid-Paleozoic tectonothermal activity in Upper Austroalpine basement units of the Eastern Alps (Austria). Geologica Carpathica 50, 229-239.
40. Hart, G. L., Johnson, G. M. & Shirey, S. B. (2002). Osmium isotope constraints on lower crustal recycling and pluton preservation at Lassen Volcanic Center, GA. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 199, 269-285.
41. Hey, M. H. (1954). A new view of the chlorites. Mineralogical Magazine 30, 277-292.
42. Hiessleitner, G. (1953). Der magmatische Schichtbau des Kraubather chromerzführenden Peridotitmassivs. Fortschritte der Mineralogie 32, 75-78.
43. Hoinkes, G., Koller, F., Rantitsch, G., Dachs, E., Klötzli, U. & Thöni, M. (1999). Alpine metamorphism of the Eastern Alps. Schweizerische Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen 79, 155-181.
44. Ibarguchi, J. I., Gil, Abalos, B., Azcarraga, J. & Puelles, P. (1999 . Deformation, high-pressure metamorphism and exhumation of ultramafic rocks in a deep subduction/collision setting (Cabo Ortegal, NW Spain). Journal of Metamorphic Geology 17, 747-764.
45. Jousselin, D. & Nicolas, A. (2000). The Moho transition zone in the Oman ophiolite-relation with wehrlites on the crust and dunites in the mantle. Marine Geophysical Researches 21, 229-241.
46. Kelemen, P. B., Dick, H. J. & Quick, J. E. (1992). Formation of harzburgite by pervasive melt/rock reaction in the upper mantle. Nature 358, 635-644.
47. Ladenhauf C., Armstrong, R., Konzett, J. & Miller, C. (2001). The timing of pre-Alpine high-pressure metamorphism in the Eastern Alps: constraints from U-Pb SHRIMP dating of eclogite zircons from the Austro-Alpine Silvretta nappe. Journal of Conference Abstracts 6, 600.
48. Leblanc, M. & Nicolas, A. (1992). Les chromitites ophiolitiques. Chronique de la Recherche Minière 507, 3-25.
49. Ludwig, K. R. (1999). Osoplot/Ex: a Geochronological Toolkit for Microsoft Excel. Berkeley, CA: Berkeley Geochronological Center.
50. Malitch, K. N., Melcher, F. & Mühlhans, H. (2001). Palladium and gold mineralization in podiform chromitite at Kraubath, Austria. Mineralogy and Petrology 73, 247-277.
51. Malitch, K. N., Thalhammer, O. A. R., Knauf, V. V. & Melcher, F. (2003a). Diversity of platinum-group mineral assemblages in banded and podiform chromitites from the Kraubath ultramafic massif, Austria: evidence for an ophiolitic transition zone? Mineralium Deposita 38, 282-297.
52. Malitch, K. N., Junk, S. A., Thalhammer, O., A. R., Melcher, F., Knauf, V. V., Pernicka, E. & Stumpfl, E. F. (2003b). Laurite and ruarsite from podiform chromitites at Kraubath and Hochgrössen, Austria: new insights from osmium isotopes. Canadian Mineralogist 41, 331-352.
53. Matyeev, S. & Ballhaus, G. (2002). Role of water in the origin of podiform chromitite deposits. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 203, 235-243.
54. Maurel, C. & Mantel, P. (1982). Étude expérimentale de la distribution de l'aluminium entre bain silicaté basique et spinelle chromifère. Implications pétrogénétiques: teneur en chrome des spinelles. Bulletin de Minéralogie 105, 197-202.
55. McDonough, W. F. & Frey, F. A. (1989). Rare earth elements in upper mantle rocks. Mineralogical Society of America, Reviews in Mineralogy 21, 99-145.
56. McDonough, W. F. & Sun, S.-s. (1995). The composition of the Earth, Chemical Geology 120, 223-253.
57. McInnes, B. I. A., McBride, J. S., Evans, N. J., Lambert, D. D. & Andrew, A. S. (1999). Osmium isotope constraints on ore metal recycling in subduction zones. Science 286, 512-516.
58. Mei, H.-J., Zhan, X.-Z. & Wang, B.-K. (1988). Cr-Pt ore in bronzitite of the Xumai ultramafic massif, Sichuan province, China. Bulletin T. XCVIII de l'Académie Serbe de Sciences et des Arts, Classe des Sciences Naturelles et Mathématiques 30, 59-71.
59. Meisel, T., Moser, J., Fellner, N., Wegscheider, W. & Schoenberg, R. (2001a). Simplified method for the determination of Ru, Pd, Re, Os, It and Pt in chromitites and other geological materials by isotope dilution ICPMS and acid digestion. Analyst 126, 322-328.
60. Meisel, T., Moser, J. & Wegscheider, W. (2001b). Recognizing heterogeneous distribution of platinum group elements (PGE) in geological materials by means of the Re-Os isotope system. Fresenius Journal of Analytical Chemistry 370, 566-572.
61. Meisel, T., Walker, R. J., Irving, A. J. & Lorand, J.-P. (2001c). Osmium isotopic composition of mantle xenoliths: a global perspective. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 65, 1311-1323.
62. Meisel, T., Schöner, N., Paliulionyte, V. & Kahr, E. (2002). Determination of rare earth elements (REE), Y, Th, Zr, Hf, Nb and Ta in geological reference materials G-2, G-3, SCo-l and WGB-1 by sodium peroxide sintering and ICP-MS. Geostandars Newsletter 26, 53-61.
63. Meisel, T., Fellner, N. & Moser, J. (2003a). A simple procedure for the determination of platinum-group elements and rhenium (Ru, Rh, Pd, Re, Os, Ir and Pt) using ID-ICP-MS with an inexpensive online matrix separation on geological and environmental materials. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 18, 720-726.
64. Meisel, T., Reisberg, L., Moser, J., Carignan, J., Melcher, F. & Brügmann, G. (2003b). Re-Os systematics of UB-N, a serpentinized peridotite reference material. Chemical Geology 201, 161-179.
65. Meixner, H. (1937). Die Minerale des Serpentingebietes von Kraubath in Steiermark. Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen, Neue Folge 47, 461-465.
66. Melcher, F. (2000). Chromite and platinum-group elements as indicators of mantle petrogenesis. Habilitation Thesis, University of Leoben, 406 pp.
67. Melcher, F. & Mali, H. (1998). Platingruppenminerale in Chromititen von Kraubath. Mitteilungen der Abteilung Mineralogie des Landesmuseums Joanneum 62/63, 39-48.
68. Melcher, F., Grum, W., Simon, G., Stumpfl, E. F. & Thalhammer, T. V. (1997). The giant ophiolitic chromite deposits of Kempirsai, Kazakhstan: a study of solid and fluid inclusions in chromite. Journal of Petrology 38, 1419-1458.
69. Melcher, F., Puhl, J., Mali, H. & Meisel, T. (1998). Platinum-group minerals and fluids in chromitite from the Eastern Alps. The Geological Society of South Africa and the South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Symposium Series S18, 255-258.
70. Melcher, F., Grum, W., Thalhammer, T. V. & Thalhammer, O. A. R. (1999a). The giant chromite deposits at Kempirsai, Urals: constraints from trace element (PGE, REE) and isotope data. Mineralium Deposita 34, 230-272.
71. Melcher, F., Puhl, J., Mali, H. & Meisel, T. (1999b). Chromite and platinum-group element mineralization in ultramalic rocks of the Speik Complex, Eastern Alps. In: Stanley, C. J. (ed.) Mineral Deposits: Processes to Processing. Rotterdam: Balkema, pp. 739-742.
72. Melcher, F., Meisel, T., Puhl, J. & Koller, F. (2002). Petrogenesis and geotectonic setting of ultramafic rocks in the Eastern Alps: constraints from geochemistry. Lithos 65, 143-164.
73. Miller, C. & Thöni, M. (1997). Eo-Alpine eclogitisation of Permian MORB-type gabbros in the Koralpe (Eastern Alps, Austria): new geochronological, geochemical and petrological data. Chemical Geology 137, 283-310.
74. 2O during crystallization of primitive arc magmas under uppermost mantle conditions and genesis of igneous pyroxenites: an experimental study. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 141, 643-658.
75. Neubauer, F. (1988). Ban und Entwicklungsgeschichte des Rennfeld-Mugel- und des Gleinalm-Kristallins (Ostalpen). Abhandlungen der Geologischen Bundesanstalt 42, 1-137.
76. Neubauer, F. & Frisch, W. (1993). The Austro-Alpine metamorphic basement east of the Tauern Window. In: von Raumer, J. F. & Neubauer, F. (eds) Pre-Mesozoic Geology in the Alps. Berlin: Springer, pp.515-536.
77. Neubauer, F., Frisch, W., Schmerold, R. & Schlöser, H. (1989). Metamorphosed and dismembered ophiolite suites in the basement units of the Eastern Alps. Tectonophysics 164, 49-62.
78. Neubauer, F., Dallmeyer, R. D., Dunkl, I. & Schirnik, D. (1995). Late Cretaceous exhumation of the metamorphic Gleinalm dome, Eastern Alps: kinematics, cooling history and sedimentary response in a sinistral wrench corridor. Tectonophysics 242, 79-98.
79. Neubauer, F., Frisch, W. & Hansen, B. T. (2002). Early Palaeozoic tectonothermal events in basement complexes of the eastern Greywacke Zone (Eastern Alps): evidence from U-Pb zircon data. International Journal of Earth Sciences 91, 775-786.
80. Neziraj, A. (1992). Étude pétrologique et métallogénique du massif ophiolitique de Tropoja, Albanie. Référence particulière aux gisements de chromite et éléments du groupe du platine. Ph.D. thesis, Université d'Orléans, 414 pp.
81. Nicolas, A., Ildefonse, B., Boudier, F., Lenoir, X. & Ismail, W. B. (2000). Dike distribution in the Oman-United Arab Emirates ophiolite. Marine Geophysical Researches 21, 269-287.
82. Orberger, B., Lorand, J. P., Girardeau, J., Mercier, J. C. C. & Pitragool, S. (1995). Petrogenesis of ultramafic rocks and associated chromitites in the Nan Uttaradit ophiolite, Northern Thailand. Lithos 35, 153-182.
83. Parkinson, I. J. & Pearce, J. A. (1998). Peridotites from the Izu-Bonin-Mariana forearc (ODP Leg 125): evidence for mantle melting and melt-mantle interaction in a supra-subduction zone setting. Journal of Petrology 39, 1577-1618.
84. Pearce, J. A. & Parkinson, I.J. (1993). Trace element models for mantle melting: application to volcanic arc petrogenesis. In: Prichard, H. M., Alabaster, T., Harris, N. B. & Neary, C. R. (eds) Magmatic Processes and Plate Tectonics. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 76, 373-403.
85. Peck, D. C. & Keays, R. R. (1990). Insights into the behavior of precious metals in primitive, S-undersaturated magmas: evidence from the Heazlewood River Complex, Tasmania. Canadian Mineralogist 28, 553-577.
86. Perchuk, L. L., Aranovich, L. Y., Podlesskii, K. K., Lavrant'eva, I. V., Gersimov, V. Y., Fed'kin, V. V., Kitsul, V. I., Karasakov, L. P. & Berdnikov, N. V. (1985). Precambrian granulites of the Aldan Shield, eastern Siberia, USSR. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 3, 265-310.
87. Petersen-Krauß, D. (1979) Der Kraubather Ultramafititkörper - geochemische Analyse eines alpinotypen Peridotits. Ph.D. thesis, J. W. Goethe-Universität Frankfurt/Main, 178 pp.
88. Podvin, P., Berger, E. T. & Vannier, M. (1985). Interactions géochimiques liées à la mise en place de dikes pyroxénitiques et gabbroiques dans des harzburgites ophiolitiques: exemple du Massif de Humboldt (Nouvelle-Calédonie). Bulletin de Minéralogie 108, 45-62.
89. Powell, R. (1985). Regression diagnostics and robust regression in geothermometer/geobarometer calibration: the garnet-clinopyroxene geothermometer revisited. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 3, 231-243.
90. Powell, R. & Holland, T. J. B. (1988). An internally consistent thermodynamic dataset with uncertainties and correlations. 3. Applications to geobarometry, worked examples and a computer program. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 6, 173-204.
91. Puhl, J. (2000). Vergleichende Petrologie und Geochemie von ultramafischen Massiven der Ostalpen. Ph.D. thesis, University of Leoben, 332 pp.
92. Rehkämper, M., Halliday, A. N., Alt, J., Fitton, J. G., Zipfel, J. & Takazawa, E. (1999). Non-chondritic platinum-group element ratios in oceanic mantle lithosphere: petrogenetic signature of melt percolation? Earth and Planetary Science Letters 172, 65-81.
93. 146Nd, a natural tracer. An application to oceanic basalts. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 31, 269-278.
94. Roeder, P. L. & Emslie, R. F. (1970). Olivine-liquid equilibrium. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 29, 275-289.
95. Schaltegger, U. & Gebauer, D. (1999). Pre-Alpine geochronology of the Central, Western and Southern Alps. Schweizerische Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen 79, 79-87.
96. Schaltegger, U., Gebauer, D. & von Quadt, A. (2002). The mafic-ultramafic rock association of Loderio-Biasca (lower Pennine nappes, Ticino, Switzerland): Cambrian oceanic magmatism and its bearing on early Paleozoic paleogeography. Chemical Geology 186: 265-279.
97. Schantl, J. (1979). Anthophyllit aus dem Ultramafitit von Kraubath (Steiermark). Der Karinthin 80, 94-96.
98. Schantl, J. (1982). Anthophyllit in Ultramafititen des Gleinalm-Kristallins. Der Karinthin 87, 383-393.
99. Schoenberg, R., Nägler, T. F. & Kramers, J. D. (2000). Precise Os isotope ratio and Re-Os isotope dilution measurements down to the picogram level using multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. International Journal of Mass Spectrometry 197, 85-94.
100. Schulz, B., Bombach, K., Brätz, H. & Klemd, R. (2003). Dating (Pb- Pb-TIMS) and trace element signatures (LA-ICPMS) of single zircons from metabasites in the Austroalpine basement to the south of the Tauern Window. Mitteilungen der Österreichischen Mineralogischen Gesellschaft 148, 283-285.
101. Schuster, R. & Thöni, M. (1996). Permian garnet: indications for a regional Permian metamorphism in the southern part of the Austroalpine basement units. Mitteilungen der Österreichischen Mineralogischen Gesellschaft 141, 219-221.
102. Shirey, S. B. & Walker, R. J. (1998). The Re-Os isotope system in cosmochemistry and high-temperature geochemistry. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 26, 423-500.
103. Snow, J. E. & Reisberg, L. (1995). Os isotopic systematics of the MORB mantle: results from altered abyssal peridotites. Earth and Planetary Science letters 133, 411-421. (Erratum. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 135, 723-733.)
104. Spear, F. S. (1993). Metamorphic Phase Equilibria and Pressure-Temperature-Time Paths. Mineralogical Society of America, Monograph Series, 799 pp.
105. Spray, J. G. (1989). Upper mantle segregation processes: evidence from alpine-type peridotites. in: Saunders, A. D. & Norry, M. J. (eds) Magmatism in the Ocean Basins. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 42, 29-40.
106. Stumpfl, E. F. & El Ageed, A. (1981). Hochgrößen und Kraubath - Teile eines paläozoischen, Ophiolit-Komplexes. Mitteilungen der Abteilung für Geologie, Paläontologie und Bergbau des Landesmuseums Joanneum 42, 161-169.
107. Tanguay, S., Hébert, R. & Bergeron, M. (1990). Distribution of PGE in pyroxene-bearing ultramafic cumulates in the Thetford Mines ophiolitic complex, Quebec. Canadian Mineralogist 28, 597-605.
108. Thalhammer, O. A. R., Prochaska, W. & Mühlhans, H. W. (1990). Solid inclusions in chrome-spinels and platinum group element concentrations from the Hochgrössen and Kraubath Ultramafic Massifs (Austria). Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 105, 66-80.
109. Thalhammer, O. A. R., Malitch, K. N., Knauf, V. V. & Melcher, F. (2001). Distinct PGM assemblages and PGE concentrations in chromitites from the Kraubath ultramafic massif, Eastern Alps, Austria: genetic implications. In: Piestrzynski, A., el al. (eds) Mineral Deposits at the Beginning of the 21th Century, Lisse: Balkema, pp. 681-684.
110. Thöni, M. (1999). A review of geochronological data from the Eastern Alps. Schweizerische Mineralogische and Petrographische Mitteilungen 79, 209-230.
111. Tollmann, A. (1977). Geologie von Österreich, Band I: Die Zentralalpen. Vienna: Deuticke, 765 pp.
112. Varfalvy, V., Hébert, R. & Bédard, J. H. (1996). Interactions between melt and upper-mantle peridotites in the North Arm Mountain massif, Bay of Islands ophiolite, Newfoundland, Canada: irnplications for the genesis of boninitic and related magmas. Chemical Geology 129, 71-90.
113. Varfalvy, V., Hébert, R., Bédard, J. H. & Laflèche, M. R. (1997). Petrology and geochemistry of pyroxenite dykes in upper mantle peridotites of the North Arm Mountain massif, Bay of Islands ophiolite, Newfoundland: implications for the genesis of boninitic and related magmas. Canadian Mineralogist 35, 543-570.
114. von Quadt, A., Günther, D., Frischknecht, R., Zimmerman, R. & Franz, G. (1997). The evolution of pre-Variscan eclogites of the Tauern Window (Eastern Alps): a Sm/Nd-, conventional and laser ICP-MS zircon U-Pb study. Schweizerische Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen 77, 265-279.
115. von Raumer, J. F. (1998). The Palaeozoic evolution of the Alps: from Gondwana to Pangea. Geologishe Rundschau 87, 407-435.
116. von Raumer, J. F., Stampfli, G. M., Borel, G. & Bussy, F. (2002). Organization of pre-Variscan basement areas at the Gondwanan margin. International Journal of Earth Sciences 91, 35-52.
117. Walker, R. J., Prichard, H. M., Ishiwatari, A. & Pimentel, M. (2002). The Os isotopic composition of the convecting upper mantle deduced from ophiolite chromitites. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 66, 329-345.
118. Woodland, S. J., Pearson, D. G. & Thirlwall, M. F. (2002). A platinum group element and Re-Os isotope investigation of siderophile element recycling in subduction zones: comparison of Grenada, Lesser Antilles Arc, and the Izu -Bonin Arc. Journal of Petrology 43, 171-198.
119. Zhou, M. F., Robinson, P. T. & Bai, W. J. (1994). Formation of podiform chromitites by melt/rock interaction in the upper mantle. Mineralium Deposita 29, 98-101.