Promiscuous method: The historiographical effects of the search for the rural origins of the urban working class in South Africa

International Labor and Working-Class History

Volumn , Issue 65, 2004, Pages 26-49

  Breckenridge, Keith ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU NATAL   (South Africa)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 4043137324     PISSN: 01475479     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s0147547904000043     Document Type: Review

References (90)

1. Harold Wolpe, "Capitalism and Cheap Labour Power in South Africa: From Segregation to Apartheid" Economy and Society 1: 1 (1972); Martin Legassick, "South Africa: Capital Accumulation and Violence," Economy and Society 3: 3 (1974); F.A. Johnstone, Class, Race and Gold: A Study of Class Relations and Racial Discrimination in South Africa (London, 1976); "Reflections: The Past and Present of Marxist Historiography in South Africa," Martin Legas-sick Interview, Radical History Review 82 (2002) 111-130; Charles van Onselen, Chibaro: African Mine Labour in Southern Rhodesia, 1900-1933 (London, 1976).
2. Harold Wolpe, "Capitalism and Cheap Labour Power in South Africa: From Segregation to Apartheid" Economy and Society 1: 1 (1972); Martin Legassick, "South Africa: Capital Accumulation and Violence," Economy and Society 3: 3 (1974); F.A. Johnstone, Class, Race and Gold: A Study of Class Relations and Racial Discrimination in South Africa (London, 1976); "Reflections: The Past and Present of Marxist Historiography in South Africa," Martin Legas-sick Interview, Radical History Review 82 (2002) 111-130; Charles van Onselen, Chibaro: African Mine Labour in Southern Rhodesia, 1900-1933 (London, 1976).
3. Harold Wolpe, "Capitalism and Cheap Labour Power in South Africa: From Segregation to Apartheid" Economy and Society 1: 1 (1972); Martin Legassick, "South Africa: Capital Accumulation and Violence," Economy and Society 3: 3 (1974); F.A. Johnstone, Class, Race and Gold: A Study of Class Relations and Racial Discrimination in South Africa (London, 1976); "Reflections: The Past and Present of Marxist Historiography in South Africa," Martin Legas-sick Interview, Radical History Review 82 (2002) 111-130; Charles van Onselen, Chibaro: African Mine Labour in Southern Rhodesia, 1900-1933 (London, 1976).
4. Harold Wolpe, "Capitalism and Cheap Labour Power in South Africa: From Segregation to Apartheid" Economy and Society 1: 1 (1972); Martin Legassick, "South Africa: Capital Accumulation and Violence," Economy and Society 3: 3 (1974); F.A. Johnstone, Class, Race and Gold: A Study of Class Relations and Racial Discrimination in South Africa (London, 1976); "Reflections: The Past and Present of Marxist Historiography in South Africa," Martin Legas-sick Interview, Radical History Review 82 (2002) 111-130; Charles van Onselen, Chibaro: African Mine Labour in Southern Rhodesia, 1900-1933 (London, 1976).
5. Harold Wolpe, "Capitalism and Cheap Labour Power in South Africa: From Segregation to Apartheid" Economy and Society 1: 1 (1972); Martin Legassick, "South Africa: Capital Accumulation and Violence," Economy and Society 3: 3 (1974); F.A. Johnstone, Class, Race and Gold: A Study of Class Relations and Racial Discrimination in South Africa (London, 1976); "Reflections: The Past and Present of Marxist Historiography in South Africa," Martin Legas-sick Interview, Radical History Review 82 (2002) 111-130; Charles van Onselen, Chibaro: African Mine Labour in Southern Rhodesia, 1900-1933 (London, 1976).
6. See Essays in Southern African Labour History, ed. Eddie Webster (Johannesburg, 1978).
7. For the best single volume introduction see Industrialisation and Social Change: African Class Formation, Culture and Consciousness 1870-1930, ed. Shula Marks and Richard Rath-bone (London, 1982); Charles van Onselen's work defined this scholarship, especially his "Crime and Total Institutions in the Making of Modern South Africa: the life of 'Nongoloza' Mathebula 1867-1948," History Workshop Journal 19 (1985); The effects of the Birmingham school of working-class cultural studies can be seen in David Coplan's excellent In Township Tonight: South Africa's Black City Music and Theatre (Johannesburg, 1985), and Eddie Koch '"Without visible means of subsistence': Slumyard culture in Johannesburg, 1918-1940," Town and Countryside in the Transvaal: Capitalist penetration and popular response ed. Belinda Bozzoli (Johannesburg, 1983); More orthodox urban histories of working-class organization and protest began in earnest with David Hemson, "Dock Workers, Labour Circulation, and Class Struggles in Durban, 1940-59" Journal of Southern African Studies 4:1 (October 1977) 88-124, culminating in Peter Alexander's Workers, War and the Origins of Apartheid: Labour and politics in South Africa, 1939-48 (Cape Town, 2000).
8. For the best single volume introduction see Industrialisation and Social Change: African Class Formation, Culture and Consciousness 1870-1930, ed. Shula Marks and Richard Rath-bone (London, 1982); Charles van Onselen's work defined this scholarship, especially his "Crime and Total Institutions in the Making of Modern South Africa: the life of 'Nongoloza' Mathebula 1867-1948," History Workshop Journal 19 (1985); The effects of the Birmingham school of working-class cultural studies can be seen in David Coplan's excellent In Township Tonight: South Africa's Black City Music and Theatre (Johannesburg, 1985), and Eddie Koch '"Without visible means of subsistence': Slumyard culture in Johannesburg, 1918-1940," Town and Countryside in the Transvaal: Capitalist penetration and popular response ed. Belinda Bozzoli (Johannesburg, 1983); More orthodox urban histories of working-class organization and protest began in earnest with David Hemson, "Dock Workers, Labour Circulation, and Class Struggles in Durban, 1940-59" Journal of Southern African Studies 4:1 (October 1977) 88-124, culminating in Peter Alexander's Workers, War and the Origins of Apartheid: Labour and politics in South Africa, 1939-48 (Cape Town, 2000).
9. For the best single volume introduction see Industrialisation and Social Change: African Class Formation, Culture and Consciousness 1870-1930, ed. Shula Marks and Richard Rath-bone (London, 1982); Charles van Onselen's work defined this scholarship, especially his "Crime and Total Institutions in the Making of Modern South Africa: the life of 'Nongoloza' Mathebula 1867-1948," History Workshop Journal 19 (1985); The effects of the Birmingham school of working-class cultural studies can be seen in David Coplan's excellent In Township Tonight: South Africa's Black City Music and Theatre (Johannesburg, 1985), and Eddie Koch '"Without visible means of subsistence': Slumyard culture in Johannesburg, 1918-1940," Town and Countryside in the Transvaal: Capitalist penetration and popular response ed. Belinda Bozzoli (Johannesburg, 1983); More orthodox urban histories of working-class organization and protest began in earnest with David Hemson, "Dock Workers, Labour Circulation, and Class Struggles in Durban, 1940-59" Journal of Southern African Studies 4:1 (October 1977) 88-124, culminating in Peter Alexander's Workers, War and the Origins of Apartheid: Labour and politics in South Africa, 1939-48 (Cape Town, 2000).
10. For the best single volume introduction see Industrialisation and Social Change: African Class Formation, Culture and Consciousness 1870-1930, ed. Shula Marks and Richard Rath-bone (London, 1982); Charles van Onselen's work defined this scholarship, especially his "Crime and Total Institutions in the Making of Modern South Africa: the life of 'Nongoloza' Mathebula 1867-1948," History Workshop Journal 19 (1985); The effects of the Birmingham school of working-class cultural studies can be seen in David Coplan's excellent In Township Tonight: South Africa's Black City Music and Theatre (Johannesburg, 1985), and Eddie Koch '"Without visible means of subsistence': Slumyard culture in Johannesburg, 1918-1940," Town and Countryside in the Transvaal: Capitalist penetration and popular response ed. Belinda Bozzoli (Johannesburg, 1983); More orthodox urban histories of working-class organization and protest began in earnest with David Hemson, "Dock Workers, Labour Circulation, and Class Struggles in Durban, 1940-59" Journal of Southern African Studies 4:1 (October 1977) 88-124, culminating in Peter Alexander's Workers, War and the Origins of Apartheid: Labour and politics in South Africa, 1939-48 (Cape Town, 2000).
11. For the best single volume introduction see Industrialisation and Social Change: African Class Formation, Culture and Consciousness 1870-1930, ed. Shula Marks and Richard Rath-bone (London, 1982); Charles van Onselen's work defined this scholarship, especially his "Crime and Total Institutions in the Making of Modern South Africa: the life of 'Nongoloza' Mathebula 1867-1948," History Workshop Journal 19 (1985); The effects of the Birmingham school of working-class cultural studies can be seen in David Coplan's excellent In Township Tonight: South Africa's Black City Music and Theatre (Johannesburg, 1985), and Eddie Koch '"Without visible means of subsistence': Slumyard culture in Johannesburg, 1918-1940," Town and Countryside in the Transvaal: Capitalist penetration and popular response ed. Belinda Bozzoli (Johannesburg, 1983); More orthodox urban histories of working-class organization and protest began in earnest with David Hemson, "Dock Workers, Labour Circulation, and Class Struggles in Durban, 1940-59" Journal of Southern African Studies 4:1 (October 1977) 88-124, culminating in Peter Alexander's Workers, War and the Origins of Apartheid: Labour and politics in South Africa, 1939-48 (Cape Town, 2000).
12. For the best single volume introduction see Industrialisation and Social Change: African Class Formation, Culture and Consciousness 1870-1930, ed. Shula Marks and Richard Rath-bone (London, 1982); Charles van Onselen's work defined this scholarship, especially his "Crime and Total Institutions in the Making of Modern South Africa: the life of 'Nongoloza' Mathebula 1867-1948," History Workshop Journal 19 (1985); The effects of the Birmingham school of working-class cultural studies can be seen in David Coplan's excellent In Township Tonight: South Africa's Black City Music and Theatre (Johannesburg, 1985), and Eddie Koch '"Without visible means of subsistence': Slumyard culture in Johannesburg, 1918-1940," Town and Countryside in the Transvaal: Capitalist penetration and popular response ed. Belinda Bozzoli (Johannesburg, 1983); More orthodox urban histories of working-class organization and protest began in earnest with David Hemson, "Dock Workers, Labour Circulation, and Class Struggles in Durban, 1940-59" Journal of Southern African Studies 4:1 (October 1977) 88-124, culminating in Peter Alexander's Workers, War and the Origins of Apartheid: Labour and politics in South Africa, 1939-48 (Cape Town, 2000).
13. Jeff Guy and Motlatsi Thabane, "Basotho Miners, Ethnicity and Workers' Strategies," Workers in Third World Industrialization, ed. Inga Brandeil (London, 1991). For an example of the excellent results of this adventure see Jeff Guy and Motlatsi Thabane, "The Ma-Rashea: A Participant's Perspective," Class, Community and Conflict: South African Perspectives, ed. Belinda Bozzoli (Johannesburg, 1987).
14. Jeff Guy and Motlatsi Thabane, "Basotho Miners, Ethnicity and Workers' Strategies," Workers in Third World Industrialization, ed. Inga Brandeil (London, 1991). For an example of the excellent results of this adventure see Jeff Guy and Motlatsi Thabane, "The Ma-Rashea: A Participant's Perspective," Class, Community and Conflict: South African Perspectives, ed. Belinda Bozzoli (Johannesburg, 1987).
15. Laurine Platzky and Cherryl Walker, The Surplus People: Forced Removals in South Africa (Johannesburg, 1985); Cherryl Walker, "Gender and the development of the migrant labour system," Women and Gender in Southern Africa to 1945, ed. Cherryl Walker (Cape Town, 1990); Cherryl Walker. Women and Resistance in South Africa (London, 1982).
16. Laurine Platzky and Cherryl Walker, The Surplus People: Forced Removals in South Africa (Johannesburg, 1985); Cherryl Walker, "Gender and the development of the migrant labour system," Women and Gender in Southern Africa to 1945, ed. Cherryl Walker (Cape Town, 1990); Cherryl Walker. Women and Resistance in South Africa (London, 1982).
17. Laurine Platzky and Cherryl Walker, The Surplus People: Forced Removals in South Africa (Johannesburg, 1985); Cherryl Walker, "Gender and the development of the migrant labour system," Women and Gender in Southern Africa to 1945, ed. Cherryl Walker (Cape Town, 1990); Cherryl Walker. Women and Resistance in South Africa (London, 1982).
18. Charles van Onselen The Seed is Mine: The Life of Kas Maine, a South African Share-cropper, 1894-1985 (Cape Town, 1996)
19. There are exceptions to this rule. Some, like Helen Bradford in her angry interrogations of the androcentrism of two historiographically foundational monographs, have argued for more and better political economy and closer attention to the gendered constitution of class; see "Women, Gender and Colonialism: Rethinking the History of the British Cape Colony and Its Frontier Zones, C. 1806-70" Journal of African History 37: 3 (1996) 351-370, and "Peasants, Historians and Gender: A South African Case Study Revisited, 1850-1886," History and Theory 39 (December 2000) 86-110. Some scholars have begun to examine the discursive constitution of state power directly, especially as it concerns the definition of space, such as Anne Mager, in Gender and the Making of a South African Bantustan: A social history of the Ciskei, 1945-1959 (Cape Town, 1999). There are few examples of an explicitly epistemological critique of historiography of the kind that have served Subaltern Studies so well; see Premesh Lalu "The grammer of domination and the subjection of agency: colonial texts and modes of evidence," History and Theory 39 (December 2000) 45-68.
20. There are exceptions to this rule. Some, like Helen Bradford in her angry interrogations of the androcentrism of two historiographically foundational monographs, have argued for more and better political economy and closer attention to the gendered constitution of class; see "Women, Gender and Colonialism: Rethinking the History of the British Cape Colony and Its Frontier Zones, C. 1806-70" Journal of African History 37: 3 (1996) 351-370, and "Peasants, Historians and Gender: A South African Case Study Revisited, 1850-1886," History and Theory 39 (December 2000) 86-110. Some scholars have begun to examine the discursive constitution of state power directly, especially as it concerns the definition of space, such as Anne Mager, in Gender and the Making of a South African Bantustan: A social history of the Ciskei, 1945-1959 (Cape Town, 1999). There are few examples of an explicitly epistemological critique of historiography of the kind that have served Subaltern Studies so well; see Premesh Lalu "The grammer of domination and the subjection of agency: colonial texts and modes of evidence," History and Theory 39 (December 2000) 45-68.
21. There are exceptions to this rule. Some, like Helen Bradford in her angry interrogations of the androcentrism of two historiographically foundational monographs, have argued for more and better political economy and closer attention to the gendered constitution of class; see "Women, Gender and Colonialism: Rethinking the History of the British Cape Colony and Its Frontier Zones, C. 1806-70" Journal of African History 37: 3 (1996) 351-370, and "Peasants, Historians and Gender: A South African Case Study Revisited, 1850-1886," History and Theory 39 (December 2000) 86-110. Some scholars have begun to examine the discursive constitution of state power directly, especially as it concerns the definition of space, such as Anne Mager, in Gender and the Making of a South African Bantustan: A social history of the Ciskei, 1945-1959 (Cape Town, 1999). There are few examples of an explicitly epistemological critique of historiography of the kind that have served Subaltern Studies so well; see Premesh Lalu "The grammer of domination and the subjection of agency: colonial texts and modes of evidence," History and Theory 39 (December 2000) 45-68.
22. There are exceptions to this rule. Some, like Helen Bradford in her angry interrogations of the androcentrism of two historiographically foundational monographs, have argued for more and better political economy and closer attention to the gendered constitution of class; see "Women, Gender and Colonialism: Rethinking the History of the British Cape Colony and Its Frontier Zones, C. 1806-70" Journal of African History 37: 3 (1996) 351-370, and "Peasants, Historians and Gender: A South African Case Study Revisited, 1850-1886," History and Theory 39 (December 2000) 86-110. Some scholars have begun to examine the discursive constitution of state power directly, especially as it concerns the definition of space, such as Anne Mager, in Gender and the Making of a South African Bantustan: A social history of the Ciskei, 1945-1959 (Cape Town, 1999). There are few examples of an explicitly epistemological critique of historiography of the kind that have served Subaltern Studies so well; see Premesh Lalu "The grammer of domination and the subjection of agency: colonial texts and modes of evidence," History and Theory 39 (December 2000) 45-68.
23. Older texts include Archie Mafeje "The Ideology of 'Tribalism,'" The Journal of Modern African Studies 9:2 (1971) 253-261. The most clearly Leninist account is in Bernard Makhosezwe Magubane's The Political Economy of Race and Class in South Africa (New York, 1979). A more tempered endorsement of Marxist analysis can be found in Sam Nolutshungu's Changing South Africa: Political Considerations (Cape Town, 1982). For the contemporary importance of Marxist political economy see Tshidiso Maloka's "Mines and Migrant Labour in South Africa." Journal of Historical Sociology 10:2 (June 1997) 213-224.
24. Older texts include Archie Mafeje "The Ideology of 'Tribalism,'" The Journal of Modern African Studies 9:2 (1971) 253-261. The most clearly Leninist account is in Bernard Makhosezwe Magubane's The Political Economy of Race and Class in South Africa (New York, 1979). A more tempered endorsement of Marxist analysis can be found in Sam Nolutshungu's Changing South Africa: Political Considerations (Cape Town, 1982). For the contemporary importance of Marxist political economy see Tshidiso Maloka's "Mines and Migrant Labour in South Africa." Journal of Historical Sociology 10:2 (June 1997) 213-224.
25. Older texts include Archie Mafeje "The Ideology of 'Tribalism,'" The Journal of Modern African Studies 9:2 (1971) 253-261. The most clearly Leninist account is in Bernard Makhosezwe Magubane's The Political Economy of Race and Class in South Africa (New York, 1979). A more tempered endorsement of Marxist analysis can be found in Sam Nolutshungu's Changing South Africa: Political Considerations (Cape Town, 1982). For the contemporary importance of Marxist political economy see Tshidiso Maloka's "Mines and Migrant Labour in South Africa." Journal of Historical Sociology 10:2 (June 1997) 213-224.
26. Older texts include Archie Mafeje "The Ideology of 'Tribalism,'" The Journal of Modern African Studies 9:2 (1971) 253-261. The most clearly Leninist account is in Bernard Makhosezwe Magubane's The Political Economy of Race and Class in South Africa (New York, 1979). A more tempered endorsement of Marxist analysis can be found in Sam Nolutshungu's Changing South Africa: Political Considerations (Cape Town, 1982). For the contemporary importance of Marxist political economy see Tshidiso Maloka's "Mines and Migrant Labour in South Africa." Journal of Historical Sociology 10:2 (June 1997) 213-224.
27. Geoff Eley and Keith Neald, "Farewell to the Working Class?" International Labor and Working Class History 57 (Spring 2000) 1-28.
28. Nancy Fraser, ''Recognition without Ethics?" Theory, Culture, Society Vol. 18 (2-3) 23.
29. Bill Freund, "City Hall and the Direction of Development: The Changing Role of the Local State as a Factor in Economic Planning and Development in Durban," (D)urban Vortex: South African City in Transition (Pietermaritzburg, 2002) 11-41.
30. Maynard W. Swanson, "'The Asiatic Menace': Creating Segregation in Durban, 1870-1900," International Journal of African Historical Studies 16:3 (1983) 401-421; Paul la Hausse de Lalouvière. " The Cows of Nongoloza': Youth, Crime and Amalaita Gangs in Durban, 1900-1936." Journal of Southern African Studies 16:1 (March 1990) 79-111; lain Edwards and Paul Maylam, eds., The People's City: African Life in Twentieth Century Durban (Pietermaritzburg, 1996) and Bill Freund and Vishnu Padayachee, eds., (D)urban Vortex: South African City in Transition (Pietermaritzburg, 2002).
31. Maynard W. Swanson, "'The Asiatic Menace': Creating Segregation in Durban, 1870-1900," International Journal of African Historical Studies 16:3 (1983) 401-421; Paul la Hausse de Lalouvière. " The Cows of Nongoloza': Youth, Crime and Amalaita Gangs in Durban, 1900-1936." Journal of Southern African Studies 16:1 (March 1990) 79-111; lain Edwards and Paul Maylam, eds., The People's City: African Life in Twentieth Century Durban (Pietermaritzburg, 1996) and Bill Freund and Vishnu Padayachee, eds., (D)urban Vortex: South African City in Transition (Pietermaritzburg, 2002).
32. Maynard W. Swanson, "'The Asiatic Menace': Creating Segregation in Durban, 1870-1900," International Journal of African Historical Studies 16:3 (1983) 401-421; Paul la Hausse de Lalouvière. " The Cows of Nongoloza': Youth, Crime and Amalaita Gangs in Durban, 1900-1936." Journal of Southern African Studies 16:1 (March 1990) 79-111; lain Edwards and Paul Maylam, eds., The People's City: African Life in Twentieth Century Durban (Pietermaritzburg, 1996) and Bill Freund and Vishnu Padayachee, eds., (D)urban Vortex: South African City in Transition (Pietermaritzburg, 2002).
33. Maynard W. Swanson, "'The Asiatic Menace': Creating Segregation in Durban, 1870-1900," International Journal of African Historical Studies 16:3 (1983) 401-421; Paul la Hausse de Lalouvière. " The Cows of Nongoloza': Youth, Crime and Amalaita Gangs in Durban, 1900-1936." Journal of Southern African Studies 16:1 (March 1990) 79-111; lain Edwards and Paul Maylam, eds., The People's City: African Life in Twentieth Century Durban (Pietermaritzburg, 1996) and Bill Freund and Vishnu Padayachee, eds., (D)urban Vortex: South African City in Transition (Pietermaritzburg, 2002).
34. Bill Freund, Insiders and Outsiders: The Indian Working Class of Durban 1910-1990 (Pietermaritzburg, 1995) xiv; Patrick Harries, Work, Culture and Identity: Migrant Labourers in Mozambique and South Africa, c, 1860-1910 (Johannesburg, 1994) xix; Keletso Atkins The Moon is Dead! Give Us Our Money! The Cultural Origins of an African Work Ethic in Natal, South Africa, 1843-1900 (London, 1993) 5.
35. Bill Freund, Insiders and Outsiders: The Indian Working Class of Durban 1910-1990 (Pietermaritzburg, 1995) xiv; Patrick Harries, Work, Culture and Identity: Migrant Labourers in Mozambique and South Africa, c, 1860-1910 (Johannesburg, 1994) xix; Keletso Atkins The Moon is Dead! Give Us Our Money! The Cultural Origins of an African Work Ethic in Natal, South Africa, 1843-1900 (London, 1993) 5.
36. Bill Freund, Insiders and Outsiders: The Indian Working Class of Durban 1910-1990 (Pietermaritzburg, 1995) xiv; Patrick Harries, Work, Culture and Identity: Migrant Labourers in Mozambique and South Africa, c, 1860-1910 (Johannesburg, 1994) xix; Keletso Atkins The Moon is Dead! Give Us Our Money! The Cultural Origins of an African Work Ethic in Natal, South Africa, 1843-1900 (London, 1993) 5.
37. Edward P. Thompson, "Time, Work-Discipline, and Industrial Capitalism," Past and Present 38 (1967).
38. Atkins, The Moon is Dead!, 129-140.
39. Atkins, The Moon is Dead!, 108.
40. The cultural origins of migrant labor in the Transvaal are very well explored in Peter Delius' A Lion amongst the Cattle: Reconstruction and Resistance in the Northern Transvaal (Johannesburg, 1996) 21-44, and his earlier The Land Belongs to Us: The Pedi Polity, the Boers and the British in the Nineteenth Century Transvaal (Johannesburg, 1983) 62-82.
41. The cultural origins of migrant labor in the Transvaal are very well explored in Peter Delius' A Lion amongst the Cattle: Reconstruction and Resistance in the Northern Transvaal (Johannesburg, 1996) 21-44, and his earlier The Land Belongs to Us: The Pedi Polity, the Boers and the British in the Nineteenth Century Transvaal (Johannesburg, 1983) 62-82.
42. Harries, Work, Culture and Identity, 19.
43. Harries, Work, Culture and Identity, 223.
44. Henri A. Junod, The Life of a South African Tribe: Volume 1, Social Life (New York, 1912).
45. Delius, The Land Belongs to Us.
46. Eric Hobsbawm, "The Tramping Artisan," Economic History Review 111 (1950-1) 313, cited in Edward Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class (London, 1963).
47. Eric Hobsbawm, "The Tramping Artisan," Economic History Review 111 (1950-1) 313, cited in Edward Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class (London, 1963).
48. For an excellent case study of the confusion over these categories see Landeg White, Magomero: Portrait of an African Village (Cambridge, UK, 1988) 14-35. After 1881 forced labor was legalized by the Portuguese in Mozambique. See Harries, Work, Culture and Identity, 142.
49. For an excellent case study of the confusion over these categories see Landeg White, Magomero: Portrait of an African Village (Cambridge, UK, 1988) 14-35. After 1881 forced labor was legalized by the Portuguese in Mozambique. See Harries, Work, Culture and Identity, 142.
50. Studies of more contemporary migrants have had more success in fleshing out the idiomatic details of the rural culture of migrant labor. See Peter Delius, A Lion Amongst the Cattle () on the cultural politics of twentieth-century migrancy, and T. Dunbar Moodie, Going for Gold: Men, Mines and Migration (Berkeley, 1994) on forms of masculinity and sexuality, and P.A. McAllister, "Work, Homestead and the Shades: the ritual interpretation of labour migration among the Gcaleka," Black Villages in an Industrial Society: Anthropological perspectives on labour migration in South Africa (Oxford, 1980) on the ritual engagement with migration.
51. Studies of more contemporary migrants have had more success in fleshing out the idiomatic details of the rural culture of migrant labor. See Peter Delius, A Lion Amongst the Cattle () on the cultural politics of twentieth-century migrancy, and T. Dunbar Moodie, Going for Gold: Men, Mines and Migration (Berkeley, 1994) on forms of masculinity and sexuality, and P.A. McAllister, "Work, Homestead and the Shades: the ritual interpretation of labour migration among the Gcaleka," Black Villages in an Industrial Society: Anthropological perspectives on labour migration in South Africa (Oxford, 1980) on the ritual engagement with migration.
52. Studies of more contemporary migrants have had more success in fleshing out the idiomatic details of the rural culture of migrant labor. See Peter Delius, A Lion Amongst the Cattle () on the cultural politics of twentieth-century migrancy, and T. Dunbar Moodie, Going for Gold: Men, Mines and Migration (Berkeley, 1994) on forms of masculinity and sexuality, and P.A. McAllister, "Work, Homestead and the Shades: the ritual interpretation of labour migration among the Gcaleka," Black Villages in an Industrial Society: Anthropological perspectives on labour migration in South Africa (Oxford, 1980) on the ritual engagement with migration.
53. Harries, Work, Culture and Identity, 62.
54. Harries, Work, Culture and Identity, 217.
55. Recently Harries, like the Comaroffs, has finessed many of the most pressing difficulties about the mission archive by placing its authors at the center of the struggle over culture; See "Missionaries, Marxists and Magic: Power and the Politics of Literacy in South-East Africa," Journal of Southern African Studies (27:3, September 2001) 405-427, and Jean Comaroff and John L Comaroff, Of Revelation and Revolution: Christianity, Colonialism, and Consciousness in South Africa, Vol.1 (Chicago, 1991).
56. Recently Harries, like the Comaroffs, has finessed many of the most pressing difficulties about the mission archive by placing its authors at the center of the struggle over culture; See "Missionaries, Marxists and Magic: Power and the Politics of Literacy in South-East Africa," Journal of Southern African Studies (27:3, September 2001) 405-427, and Jean Comaroff and John L Comaroff, Of Revelation and Revolution: Christianity, Colonialism, and Consciousness in South Africa, Vol.1 (Chicago, 1991).
57. Christopher L. Tomlins, Law, Labor and Ideology in the Early American Republic (Cambridge, 1993) 243, 270-2.
58. C.S. Goldmann, evidence to Industrial Commission of Enquiry, 1897, 106, cited in Sheila van der Horst, Native Labour in South Africa (London, 1971) 133.
59. C.S. Goldmann, evidence to Industrial Commission of Enquiry, 1897, 106, cited in Sheila van der Horst, Native Labour in South Africa (London, 1971) 133.
60. Harries, Work, Culture and Identity, 127-134.
61. Rob Turrell, "Kimberley: Labour and Compounds, 1871-1888," Industrialisation and Social Change in South Africa: African Class Formation, Culture and Consciousness 1870-1930, ed. Shula Marks and Richard Rathbone (London, 1982).
62. Harries, Work, Culture and Identity, 73.
63. Harries, Work, Culture and Identity, 222.
64. Harries, Work, Culture and Identity, 48, 222.
65. Harries, Work, Culture and Identity, 222.
66. To this we might add the division between highveld and coastal communities.
67. Thompson, Making of the English Working Class, 441-488; Craig Calhoun, Questions of Class Struggle: Social Foundations of Popular Radicalism during the Industrial Revolution (Chicago, 1982).
68. Thompson, Making of the English Working Class, 441-488; Craig Calhoun, Questions of Class Struggle: Social Foundations of Popular Radicalism during the Industrial Revolution (Chicago, 1982).
69. Jones, Gareth S, Outcast London: A Study in the relationship between the classes in Victorian Society (New York, 1983).
70. Freund, Insiders and Outsiders, 39.
71. Freund, Insiders and Outsiders, 49.
72. Freund, Insiders and Outsiders, 59.
73. Dan O'Meara, Volkskapitalisme: Class, Capital and Ideology in the Development of Afrikaner Nationalism, 1934-1948 (Johannesburg, 1983) 168-171.
74. Freund, Insiders and Outsiders, 26.
75. Ashwin Desai, We Are the Poors: Community Struggles in Post-Apartheid South Africa (New York, 2003) 44.
76. Freund, Insiders and Outsiders, 88.
77. See Moodie, Going for Gold, 119-158.
78. Examples include Crossing Boundaries: Mine Migrancy in a Democratic South Africa, ed. Jonathan Crush and Wilmot James (Cape Town, 1995); African Studies 61:1 (2002) "Spe dal Issue: Aids in Social Context"; Randall Packard, White Plague, Black Labor: Tuberculosis and the Political Economy of Health and Disease in South Africa (Berkeley, 1989); Gill Hart, Disabling Globalization: Places of Power in Post-Apartheid South Africa (Berkeley, 2002). 44.
79. Examples include Crossing Boundaries: Mine Migrancy in a Democratic South Africa, ed. Jonathan Crush and Wilmot James (Cape Town, 1995); African Studies 61:1 (2002) "Spe dal Issue: Aids in Social Context"; Randall Packard, White Plague, Black Labor: Tuberculosis and the Political Economy of Health and Disease in South Africa (Berkeley, 1989); Gill Hart, Disabling Globalization: Places of Power in Post-Apartheid South Africa (Berkeley, 2002). 44.
80. Examples include Crossing Boundaries: Mine Migrancy in a Democratic South Africa, ed. Jonathan Crush and Wilmot James (Cape Town, 1995); African Studies 61:1 (2002) "Spe dal Issue: Aids in Social Context"; Randall Packard, White Plague, Black Labor: Tuberculosis and the Political Economy of Health and Disease in South Africa (Berkeley, 1989); Gill Hart, Disabling Globalization: Places of Power in Post-Apartheid South Africa (Berkeley, 2002). 44.
81. Examples include Crossing Boundaries: Mine Migrancy in a Democratic South Africa, ed. Jonathan Crush and Wilmot James (Cape Town, 1995); African Studies 61:1 (2002) "Spe dal Issue: Aids in Social Context"; Randall Packard, White Plague, Black Labor: Tuberculosis and the Political Economy of Health and Disease in South Africa (Berkeley, 1989); Gill Hart, Disabling Globalization: Places of Power in Post-Apartheid South Africa (Berkeley, 2002). 44.
82. Freund, Insiders and Outsiders, 88.
83. Ranajit Guha, "The Prose of Counter-Insurgency," and Dipesh Chakrabarty, "Conditions for Knowledge of Working-Class Conditions: Employers, Government and the Jute Workers of Calcutta, 1890-1940," Selected Subaltern Studies (Oxford, 1988); Michel-Rolph Trouillot, Silencing the Past: Power and the Production of History (Boston, 1995)
84. Ranajit Guha, "The Prose of Counter-Insurgency," and Dipesh Chakrabarty, "Conditions for Knowledge of Working-Class Conditions: Employers, Government and the Jute Workers of Calcutta, 1890-1940," Selected Subaltern Studies (Oxford, 1988); Michel-Rolph Trouillot, Silencing the Past: Power and the Production of History (Boston, 1995)
85. Ranajit Guha, "The Prose of Counter-Insurgency," and Dipesh Chakrabarty, "Conditions for Knowledge of Working-Class Conditions: Employers, Government and the Jute Workers of Calcutta, 1890-1940," Selected Subaltern Studies (Oxford, 1988); Michel-Rolph Trouillot, Silencing the Past: Power and the Production of History (Boston, 1995)
86. See Moodie, Going for Gold, 119-158.
87. Examples include Crossing Boundaries: Mine Migrancy in a Democratic South Africa, ed. Jonathan Crush and Wilmot James (Cape Town, 1995); African Studies 61:1 (2002) "Special Issue: Aids in Social Context"; Randall Packard, White Plague, Black Labor: Tuberculosis and the Political Economy of Health and Disease in South Africa (Berkeley, 1989); Gill Hart, Disabling Globalization: Places of Power in Post-Apartheid South Africa (Berkeley, 2002).
88. Examples include Crossing Boundaries: Mine Migrancy in a Democratic South Africa, ed. Jonathan Crush and Wilmot James (Cape Town, 1995); African Studies 61:1 (2002) "Special Issue: Aids in Social Context"; Randall Packard, White Plague, Black Labor: Tuberculosis and the Political Economy of Health and Disease in South Africa (Berkeley, 1989); Gill Hart, Disabling Globalization: Places of Power in Post-Apartheid South Africa (Berkeley, 2002).
89. Examples include Crossing Boundaries: Mine Migrancy in a Democratic South Africa, ed. Jonathan Crush and Wilmot James (Cape Town, 1995); African Studies 61:1 (2002) "Special Issue: Aids in Social Context"; Randall Packard, White Plague, Black Labor: Tuberculosis and the Political Economy of Health and Disease in South Africa (Berkeley, 1989); Gill Hart, Disabling Globalization: Places of Power in Post-Apartheid South Africa (Berkeley, 2002).
90. Examples include Crossing Boundaries: Mine Migrancy in a Democratic South Africa, ed. Jonathan Crush and Wilmot James (Cape Town, 1995); African Studies 61:1 (2002) "Special Issue: Aids in Social Context"; Randall Packard, White Plague, Black Labor: Tuberculosis and the Political Economy of Health and Disease in South Africa (Berkeley, 1989); Gill Hart, Disabling Globalization: Places of Power in Post-Apartheid South Africa (Berkeley, 2002).