Woman's mission and professional knowledge: Nightingale nursing in Colonial Australia and Canada

Social History of Medicine

Volumn 17, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 157-174

  Godden, Judith ^a   Helmstadter, Carol ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

Author keywords

Empire; Florence Nightingale; Ladies; Lucy Osburn; Maria Machin; Montreal General Hospital; Nightingale nursing; Nineteenth century; Nursing practice; Sydney Hospital; Woman's mission

Indexed keywords

EID: 4043120664     PISSN: 0951631X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/shm/17.2.157     Document Type: Review

References (140)

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12. E.g., F. MacDonnell, Miss Nightingale's Young Ladies (Sydney, 1970); H. MacDermot, History of the School of Nursing of the Montreal General Hospital (Montreal, 1961).
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18. C. Helmstadter, 'Early Nursing Reform in Nineteenth-Century London, Medical History, 46 (2002), 325-50; B. Dickey, No Charity There: A Short History of Social Welfare in Australia, 2nd edn. (Sydney, 1987).
19. Duties of Sisters and Nurses, n.d. [1700s], London Metropolitan Archives (hereafter LMA)/H1/ ST/A25.
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21. Medical Officer of the Privy Council, 1863 Report (P.P., 1864, XXVIII) pp. 484-5.
22. C. Helmstadter, Two Centuries of Clinical Knowledge', Knowledge Development, Proceedings of Workgroup of European Nurse Researchers (Helsinki, Finland, 1988), pp. 13-15, 22; C. Helmstadter, 'The Passing of the Night Watch', Canadian Bulletin of Medical History, 11 (1994), 37-8.
23. C. Helmstadter, Two Centuries of Clinical Knowledge', Knowledge Development, Proceedings of Workgroup of European Nurse Researchers (Helsinki, Finland, 1988), pp. 13-15, 22; C. Helmstadter, 'The Passing of the Night Watch', Canadian Bulletin of Medical History, 11 (1994), 37-8.
24. J. South, Facts Relating to Hospital Nurses (London, 1857), p. 10.
25. Medical Officer, Report, 1864, pp. 485-7.
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27. G. Pringle, letter to Sydney Morning Herald, 30 January 1868, 6; M. Poovey, Uneven Developments: The Ideological Work of Gender in mid- Victorian England (Chicago, 1988).
28. F. Nightingale (hereafter Nightingale), note, [c. 29 May 1883], British Library (hereafter BL) 47747.
29. J. Godden and C. Helmstadter, 'The Dissemination of Nightingale Nursing: Health Politics in Two Colonial Settings', in Y.I. Ulman (ed.), Proceedings of the 38th International Congress of the History of Medicine (2002), forthcoming.
30. S. Schama, A History of Britain, 3 vols, vol. 1 (London, 2002), p. 253.
31. Helmstadter, 'Two Centuries of Clinical Knowledge', pp. 20-1; W. Roberts, '"Rocking the Cradle for the World'", in L. Kealey (ed.), A Not Unreasonable Claim (Toronto, 1979) 15-45, especially pp. 35-7.
32. Helmstadter, 'Two Centuries of Clinical Knowledge', pp. 20-1; W. Roberts, '"Rocking the Cradle for the World'", in L. Kealey (ed.), A Not Unreasonable Claim (Toronto, 1979) 15-45, especially pp. 35-7.
33. A. Bashford, Purity and Pollution (London, 1998).
34. S. Munn, Stolen Daughters, Virgin Mothers (London, 1999); R. Huntsman, M. Bruin, and D. Holttum, 'Twixt Candle and Lamp', Medical History, 46 (2002), 351-80.
35. S. Munn, Stolen Daughters, Virgin Mothers (London, 1999); R. Huntsman, M. Bruin, and D. Holttum, 'Twixt Candle and Lamp', Medical History, 46 (2002), 351-80.
36. S. Nelson, Say Little, Do Much (Philadelphia, 2001), p. 79.
37. Nightingale, 'Una and the Lion', Good Words, 1 (1868), 360-6; Nightingale to M. Machin (hereafter Machin), 27 June 1878, University of Toronto Archives, MS#229, (hereafter U of T); Nightingale to W. Windeyer, 2 September 1873, Windeyer papers, Mitchell Library, Sydney (hereafter ML) MS18618.
38. Nightingale, 'Una and the Lion', Good Words, 1 (1868), 360-6; Nightingale to M. Machin (hereafter Machin), 27 June 1878, University of Toronto Archives, MS#229, (hereafter U of T); Nightingale to W. Windeyer, 2 September 1873, Windeyer papers, Mitchell Library, Sydney (hereafter ML) MS18618.
39. Nightingale, 'Una and the Lion', Good Words, 1 (1868), 360-6; Nightingale to M. Machin (hereafter Machin), 27 June 1878, University of Toronto Archives, MS#229, (hereafter U of T); Nightingale to W. Windeyer, 2 September 1873, Windeyer papers, Mitchell Library, Sydney (hereafter ML) MS18618.
40. E.g, Nightingale, 'Nurses, Training of, and Nursing the Sick', [1882], in L. Seymer (ed.), Selected Writings of Florence Nightingale (New York, 1954) 319-51, pp. 322, 351-2.
41. J. Lawler, Behind the Screens (Melbourne, 1991).
42. The Nightingale Fund, The Nightingale Fund, 1862, p. 9, LMA/HI/ST/NC18/2/1-4.
43. Summers, Female Lives, pp. 81-93.
44. Memorandum as to qualifications of candidates for admission to the Nightingale Fund Training School for Nurses, June 1867, LMA/H1/ST/NC18/1/1.
45. Nightingale to Windeyer, 2 September 1873, ML; J. Godden, '"Be good, sweet maid": Sister Probationer Nora Barton at the Sydney Infirmary', Labour History, 80 (2001), 141-56.
46. Nightingale to Windeyer, 2 September 1873, ML; J. Godden, '"Be good, sweet maid": Sister Probationer Nora Barton at the Sydney Infirmary', Labour History, 80 (2001), 141-56.
47. A. Jameson, Sisters of Charity, Catholic and Protestant (Boston, 1857), pp. 81-4, 173, 177-8. Original emphasis.
48. Ibid., pp. 195-6.
49. Prochaska, Women and Philanthropy, pp. 1-17; L. Davidoff and C. Hall, Family Fortunes (London, 1987), pp. 335-43; Schama, History of Britain, pp. 142-261.
50. Prochaska, Women and Philanthropy, pp. 1-17; L. Davidoff and C. Hall, Family Fortunes (London, 1987), pp. 335-43; Schama, History of Britain, pp. 142-261.
51. Prochaska, Women and Philanthropy, pp. 1-17; L. Davidoff and C. Hall, Family Fortunes (London, 1987), pp. 335-43; Schama, History of Britain, pp. 142-261.
52. Nightingale to H. Carter (hereafter Carter), 6 August 1867, BL47715.
53. M.Jones to Nightingale, 20 August 1867, BL47744.
54. A Nurse [A. L. Pringle], 'Nurses and Doctors', Nightingale Fund reprint for Edinburgh Medical Journal, May (1880), LMA/H1/ST/NC18/1/6, p. 4.
55. B. Kingston, My Wife, My Daughter and Poor Mary Ann (Melbourne, 1975), p. 81.
56. S. Wardroper (hereafter Wardroper) to Carter, 14 August 1866, LMA/HI/NC18/7/13; Wardroper to Carter, 11 August 1866, LMA/H1/ST/C18/7/12; Wardroper, Nightingale Probationers Record Book B, Entry No. 65, LMA/H1/ST/NTS/C4/2.
57. S. Wardroper (hereafter Wardroper) to Carter, 14 August 1866, LMA/HI/NC18/7/13; Wardroper to Carter, 11 August 1866, LMA/H1/ST/C18/7/12; Wardroper, Nightingale Probationers Record Book B, Entry No. 65, LMA/H1/ST/NTS/C4/2.
58. S. Wardroper (hereafter Wardroper) to Carter, 14 August 1866, LMA/HI/NC18/7/13; Wardroper to Carter, 11 August 1866, LMA/H1/ST/C18/7/12; Wardroper, Nightingale Probationers Record Book B, Entry No. 65, LMA/H1/ST/NTS/C4/2.
59. B. Clare, personal communication from Osburn family letters, May 2003;
60. J. Griffith, 'Lucy Osburn', in B. Nairn, G. Serle, and R. Ward (eds), Australian Dictionary of Biography, 5 (Melbourne, 1974), pp. 377-8.
61. Eastern Townships Gazette, 2 May 1856; Quebec Mercury, 24 August 1866; City of Ottawa Directory 1870-1, p. 51.
62. Eastern Townships Gazette, 2 May 1856; Quebec Mercury, 24 August 1866; City of Ottawa Directory 1870-1, p. 51.
63. Eastern Townships Gazette, 2 May 1856; Quebec Mercury, 24 August 1866; City of Ottawa Directory 1870-1, p. 51.
64. Correspondence respecting death of David Gibson, New South Wales Votes & Proceedings (here-after NSW V&P), 4 (1866), p. 3.
65. Sydney Infirmary & Dispensary, House Visitors' Report Book, Sydney Hospital
66. H. Parkes to Nightingale, 21 July 1866, BL47757.
67. Nightingale to Wardroper, 4 June 1868, BL47730.
68. L. Osbutn (hereafter Osburn) to Nightingale, 10 August 1868, BL47757.
69. MacDonnell, Miss Nightingale's Young Ladies, cover.
70. Carter to Nightingale, 9 December 1868, BL47716.
71. E.g, Sydney Infirmary, Annual Report, 1873, p. 4.
72. Report of the Sub-Committee ... to Inquire into the Allegations of the Protestant Standard (NSWLA V&P, 1870, II).
73. M. Rutledge, 'Roberts, Sir Alfred', in G. Serle and R. Ward (eds), Australian Dictionary of Biography, 6 (Melbourne, 1976), pp. 34-5.
74. A. Roberts, attached memorandum, H. Parkes to Nightingale, 21 July 1866, MLC362.
75. Helmstadter, 'Passing of Night Watch', pp. 24-5.
76. Wardroper, attached memorandum, W. Mayne to H. Parkes, 26 October 1866, BL47757.
77. A. Roberts, attached memorandum, H. Parkes to Nightingale, 21 July 1866, MLC362.
78. A. Roberts, 'On the Hospital Requirements of Sydney', Royal Society of NSW Transactions, (1869), 4-45.
79. Osburn to Nightingale, 12 May 1873, BL47757.
80. Public Commission into Public Charities, first Report, (NSWLA V&P, 1873-4, 6).
81. J. Godden and S. Forsyth, 'Defining Relationships and Limiting Power', Nursing Inquiry, 7 (2000), 10-19.
82. E.g, Nightingale to H. Turriff, [c. 29 April 1869], BL47757.
83. Nightingale, 'Una and the Lion', pp. 360-6.
84. E.g, Nightingale to Carter, 11 July 1870, BL47716.
85. Osburn to Nightingale, 24 March 1870, BL47757.
86. Osburn to Carter, 7 September 1869, LMA/H1/ST/NC18/10/33.
87. Osburn to Nightingale, 8 October 1869, BL47757.
88. Osburn to Nightingale, 2 December 1869, BL47757; B. Chant, Marriage certificate, 15 November 1869, Sydney. Thanks to Terry Smith for the latter reference.
89. Helmstadter, 'Early Nursing Reform in Nineteenth-century London'.
90. Carter to Nightingale, 14 July 1871, LMA/H1/ST/NC18/19; J. Godden, '"A Lamentable Failure"? The Founding of Nightingale Nursing in Australia', Australian Historical Studies, 117 (2000), 276-91.
91. Osburn to Carter, 6 September 1871, LMA/HI/ST/NC18/19.
92. [Pringle], 'Nurses and Doctors', p. 6.
93. E.g, Nightingale to Carter, [early 1872], 17 and 18 January 1873, BL47717.
94. Nightingale, Probationers' Records, p. 65, LMA/H1/ST/NTS/C4/1. Original emphasis.
95. I b i d.
96. The Gazette, 9 November 1877, LMA/H1/ST/NC15/34/3.
97. E.g, Machin to Nightingale, 1 February 1875, BL47745.
98. Machin to Nightingale, 26 May 1874, BL47745; Nightingale to Carter, 28 August 1875, BL47719.
99. Helmstadter, 'Early Nursing Reform'.
100. Montreal General Hospital (hereafter MGH), Minutes, Committee of Management (hereafter CMM), 28 March, 17 August, 28 September, 5 October, 1 and 11 November 1874, 8 February and 15 March 1875, McGill University Archives; Nightingale to Machin, 26 August 1874, 14 April 1875, U of T.
101. MGH, CMM, 26 July 1875 and 29 May 1876.
102. Machin, Report to Nightingale Fund, March 1877, LMA/H1/ST/NTS/C/15/1.
103. Wardroper, Reports, 1876 & 1877, LMA/H1/ST/NTS/A3/1-2; Nightingale to Machin, 4 May 1876. U of T.
104. MGH, CMM, 16 October and 27 November 1876; 26 February, 26 March, 2 April, 27 August 1877.
105. MGH, CMM, 21 May 1877.
106. Ibid., 18 June 1877.
107. Ibid., 27 August 1877.
108. Ibid., 24, 26 and 28 September, 23 and 30 July, 13 August 1877.
109. Ibid., 24 September 1877.
110. McDermot, Montreal General Hospital, pp. iii, 49-50.
111. Machin to Nightingale, 19 September 1877, BL47745.
112. Ibid., 28 March 1876.
113. Ibid., 11 May [1877].
114. J. Harvey, 'Alexander, Charles', in Dictionary of Canadian Biography (hereafter DCB), XIII (Toronto, 1992), pp. 10-12.
115. J. Dawson, Peter Redpath, Governor and Benefactor of McGill University (Montreal, 1894), pp. 6-9.
116. Nightingale to Carter, 4 February 1875, BL47719; Harvey, 'Charles Alexander', pp. 10-12.
117. Nightingale to Carter, 4 February 1875, BL47719; Harvey, 'Charles Alexander', pp. 10-12.
118. MacDermot, History of the School of Nursing, p. 25.
119. Harvey, 'Charles Alexander', pp.10-12; Nightingale to Carter, 4 February 1875, BL47719.
120. D. Watt to Carter, 18 April 1878, LMA/H1/ST/NC18/13/42.
121. Machin to Nightingale, 5 November 1877, BL47745.
122. A. Wilson and R. Hotchkiss, 'Brydges, Charles John', in DCB, XI (Toronto, 1982), pp. 121-5.
123. A. Robertson, Letter of Hospital Expenditure Addressed to Peter Redpath (Montreal, 1877), pp. 13-14.
124. C. Helmstadter, 'Doctors and Nurses in the London Teaching Hospitals', Nursing History Review, 5 (1997), 172-8.
125. MGH, CMM, 10 November 1877.
126. Machin to Nightingale, 18 February 1876, BL47745.
127. Ibid., 19 September 1877, BL47745.
128. Robertson, Hospital Expenditure, pp. 1-16, 18-19, 24.
129. MGH, Medical Board, Minutes, 14 February 1879.
130. Machin to Nightingale, 5 and 16 November 1877, 1 February 1878, BL47745.
131. Machin to Carter, 19 February and 14 March 1878, LMA/H1/ST/NC18/13/38 & 41.
132. D. Watt to Carter, 18 April 1878, LMA/H1/ST/NC18/13/42.
133. MGH, CMM, 13 August 1878.
134. I b i d.
135. Anon., 'Montreal General Hospital, Exposure No. 1', pp. 1-4, 6, LMA/H1/ST/NC15/34/1.
136. D. Watt to Carter, 18 April 1878, LMA/H1/ST/NC18/13/42.
137. Machin to Nightingale, 16 October 1875, BL 47745.
138. Robertson, Hospital Expenditure, p. 26.
139. MGH, CMM, 13 August 1878; MacDermot, History of the School of Nursing, p. 26.
140. Godden, '"A Lamentable Failure'"; Machin to Nightingale, 10 June 1878, BL47745.