Sustainable hydrogen production

Science

Volumn 305, Issue 5686, 2004, Pages 972-974

  Turner, John A ^a  

^a NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DECISION MAKING; ENERGY CONSERVATION; ENERGY MANAGEMENT; HYDROGEN FUELS;

ENERGY CARRIERS; ENERGY SYSTEMS;

HYDROGEN;

HYDROGEN; WATER;

ENERGY RESOURCE; HYDROGEN; SUSTAINABILITY;

BIOMASS PRODUCTION; ELECTROLYSIS; ENERGY; ENERGY RESOURCE; ENERGY YIELD; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; UNITED STATES;

EID: 4043112177     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.1103197     Document Type: Review

References (25)

1. For the purpose of this discussion, I use the following definition of the hydrogen economy: the production, storage, distribution, and use of hydrogen as an energy carrier.
2. Jules Verne, The Mysterious Island (available at http://www.literature- web.net/verne/mysteriousisland, 1874).
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5. Basic Research Needs for the Hydrogen Economy, available at htt://www.sc.doe.gov/bes/reports/files/NHE_rpt.pdf (current U.S. production is about 9 million tons of hydrogen per year).
6. P. Weisz, Phys. Today 57 (no. 7), 47 (2004).
7. A. Bartlett, Phys. Today 57 (no. 7), 53 (2004).
8. G. Richard, ILEA Leaf, Winter 2002 (available at www.ilea.org/leaf/ richard2002.html).
9. Energy Information Administration, unpublished file data of the Coal Reserves Data Base (February 2004), available at http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/ international/iea2002/table82.xls.
10. A. Steinfeld, Solar Energy, in press (available online 3 February 2004).
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12. A. Steinfeld, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 27, 611 (2002).
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15. In any discussion concerning the efficiency of electrolyzers, it is appropriate to use the higher heating value to calculate the efficiency. This corresponds to the isothermal potential (1.47 V = 39 kWh/kg) and represents the assumption that all the energy needed to split water comes from the electricity.
16. These figures are from the Energy Information Administration, available at www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/ electricity/epm/tablees1a.html.
17. 2O/year.
18. This is a life cycle analysis (M. Mann and M. Whitaker, unpublished data). The United States used about 126 billion gallons of gasoline in 2001 [see link in (17)].
19. See http://water.usgs.gov/pubs/circ/2004/circ1268/.
20. A. Melis, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 27, 1217 (2002).
21. O. Khaselev, J. A. Turner, Science 280, 425 (1998).
22. M. Graetzel, Nature 414, 338 (2001).
23. N. Lewis, Nature 414, 589 (2001).
24. O. Khaselev, A. Bansal, J. A. Turner, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 26, 127 (2001).
25. Contributions by D, Sandor for careful manuscript edits and by J. Ivy for Fig. 1 are gratefully acknowledged.