메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 14, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 105-109

Smoking: Relationship to chronic bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and mortality

Author keywords

Chronic bronchitis; Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Mortality; Pulmonary function; Smoking

Indexed keywords

ASTHMA; CHRONIC BRONCHITIS; CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE; FORCED EXPIRATORY VOLUME; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HUMAN; MORTALITY; REVIEW; SMOKING; SMOKING CESSATION; SPIROMETRY;

EID: 40049112098     PISSN: 10705287     EISSN: 15316971     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/MCP.0b013e3282f379e9     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (46)

References (50)
  • 1
    • 0017402583 scopus 로고
    • The natural history of chronic airflow obstruction
    • Fletcher CM, Peto R. The natural history of chronic airflow obstruction. BMJ 1977; 1:1645-1648.
    • (1977) BMJ , vol.1 , pp. 1645-1648
    • Fletcher, C.M.1    Peto, R.2
  • 2
    • 0023886575 scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of respiratory symptoms in an unpolluted area of northern Italy
    • Viegi G, Paoletti P, Prediletto R, et al. Prevalence of respiratory symptoms in an unpolluted area of northern Italy. Eur Respir J 1988; 1:311-318.
    • (1988) Eur Respir J , vol.1 , pp. 311-318
    • Viegi, G.1    Paoletti, P.2    Prediletto, R.3
  • 3
    • 3042700097 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mortality in relation to smoking: 50 years' observation on male British doctors
    • Doll R, Peto R, Boreham J, et al. Mortality in relation to smoking: 50 years' observation on male British doctors. BMJ 2004; 328:1519-1528.
    • (2004) BMJ , vol.328 , pp. 1519-1528
    • Doll, R.1    Peto, R.2    Boreham, J.3
  • 4
    • 33750048426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pelkonen M, Notkola I-L, Nisssinen A, et al. Thirty-year cumulative incidence of chronic bronchitis and COPD and chronic bronchitis in relation to 30-year pulmonary function and 40-year mortality: a follow-up in middle-aged rural men. Chest 2006; 130:1129-1137. In this paper, the 30-year cumulative incidence of chronic bronchitis (or COPD) was 42, 32, in continuous smokers compared with 26, 14, in ex-smokers and 22, 12, in never-smokers. Chronic bronchitis was associated with an accelerated decline in lung function and mortality
    • Pelkonen M, Notkola I-L, Nisssinen A, et al. Thirty-year cumulative incidence of chronic bronchitis and COPD and chronic bronchitis in relation to 30-year pulmonary function and 40-year mortality: a follow-up in middle-aged rural men. Chest 2006; 130:1129-1137. In this paper, the 30-year cumulative incidence of chronic bronchitis (or COPD) was 42% (32%) in continuous smokers compared with 26% (14%) in ex-smokers and 22% (12%) in never-smokers. Chronic bronchitis was associated with an accelerated decline in lung function and mortality.
  • 5
    • 33645986683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lindberg A, Eriksson B, Larsson L-G, et al. Seven-year cumulative incidence of COPD in an age-stratified general population sample. Chest 2006; 129:779-885. This paper estimates the 7-year cumulative incidence of COPD in middle-aged and elderly individuals, and shows that chronic bronchitis is a risk factor for the development of COPD.
    • Lindberg A, Eriksson B, Larsson L-G, et al. Seven-year cumulative incidence of COPD in an age-stratified general population sample. Chest 2006; 129:779-885. This paper estimates the 7-year cumulative incidence of COPD in middle-aged and elderly individuals, and shows that chronic bronchitis is a risk factor for the development of COPD.
  • 6
    • 33751236493 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Developing COPD: A 25 year follow up study of the general population
    • This study points out that the risk of developing clinically significant COPD in smokers is greater at least 25, than was previously estimated
    • Løkke A, Lange P, Scharling H, et al. Developing COPD: a 25 year follow up study of the general population. Thorax 2006; 61:935-939. This study points out that the risk of developing clinically significant COPD in smokers is greater (at least 25%) than was previously estimated.
    • (2006) Thorax , vol.61 , pp. 935-939
    • Løkke, A.1    Lange, P.2    Scharling, H.3
  • 7
    • 33846248798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a cohort of young adults according to the presence of chronic cough and phlegm
    • This paper shows that even in young adults the yearly incidence of COPD is substantial and individuals with chronic productive cough are at risk for developing COPD
    • De Marco R, Accordini S, Cerveri I, et al. Incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a cohort of young adults according to the presence of chronic cough and phlegm. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 175:32-39. This paper shows that even in young adults the yearly incidence of COPD is substantial and individuals with chronic productive cough are at risk for developing COPD.
    • (2007) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.175 , pp. 32-39
    • De Marco, R.1    Accordini, S.2    Cerveri, I.3
  • 8
    • 33646269937 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lung function decline and outcomes in an adult population
    • This paper studies risk factors for and outcomes of rapid lung function decline in adults aged 44-66 years
    • Mannino DM, Reichert MM, Davis KJ. Lung function decline and outcomes in an adult population. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 173:985-990. This paper studies risk factors for and outcomes of rapid lung function decline in adults aged 44-66 years.
    • (2006) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.173 , pp. 985-990
    • Mannino, D.M.1    Reichert, M.M.2    Davis, K.J.3
  • 9
    • 33745130049 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lung function decline and outcomes in an elderly population
    • This paper examines risk factors for and outcomes associated with rapid lung function decline in participants aged 65 years and older
    • Mannino DM, Davis KJ. Lung function decline and outcomes in an elderly population. Thorax 2006; 61:472-477. This paper examines risk factors for and outcomes associated with rapid lung function decline in participants aged 65 years and older.
    • (2006) Thorax , vol.61 , pp. 472-477
    • Mannino, D.M.1    Davis, K.J.2
  • 10
    • 33748574961 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Breathlessness, phlegm and mortality: 26 years of follow-up in healthy middle-aged Norwegian men
    • Stavem K, Sandvik L, Erikssen J. Breathlessness, phlegm and mortality: 26 years of follow-up in healthy middle-aged Norwegian men. J Intern Med 2006; 260: 332-342.
    • (2006) J Intern Med , vol.260 , pp. 332-342
    • Stavem, K.1    Sandvik, L.2    Erikssen, J.3
  • 11
    • 33847403510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Potential misclassification of causes of death from COPD
    • This interesting paper describes causes of death in subjects with COPD and whether there is a bias in recording COPD as a cause of death
    • Jensen HH, Godtfredsen NS, Lange P, et al. Potential misclassification of causes of death from COPD. Eur Respir J 2006; 28:781-785. This interesting paper describes causes of death in subjects with COPD and whether there is a bias in recording COPD as a cause of death.
    • (2006) Eur Respir J , vol.28 , pp. 781-785
    • Jensen, H.H.1    Godtfredsen, N.S.2    Lange, P.3
  • 12
    • 28944436527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Saskatchewan Canada. Cardiovascular disease in COPD patients
    • Curkendall SM, deLuise C, Jones JK, et al. Cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Saskatchewan Canada. Cardiovascular disease in COPD patients. Ann Epidemiol 2006; 16:63-70.
    • (2006) Ann Epidemiol , vol.16 , pp. 63-70
    • Curkendall, S.M.1    deLuise, C.2    Jones, J.K.3
  • 13
    • 0038752573 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lung function and mortality in the United States: Data from the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey follow up study
    • Mannino DM, Buist AS, Petty TL, et al. Lung function and mortality in the United States: data from the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey follow up study. Thorax 2003; 58:388-393.
    • (2003) Thorax , vol.58 , pp. 388-393
    • Mannino, D.M.1    Buist, A.S.2    Petty, T.L.3
  • 14
    • 33947581720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the older adult: What defines abnormal lung function
    • 1/FVC ratio (0.7) to define COPD in older populations identifies at-risk patients
    • 1/FVC ratio (0.7) to define COPD in older populations identifies at-risk patients.
    • (2007) Thorax , vol.62 , pp. 237-241
    • Mannino, D.M.1    Buist, A.S.2    Vollmer, W.M.3
  • 15
    • 33847677739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regular physical activity modifies smoking-related lung function decline and reduces risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A population based cohort study
    • This paper shows that regular physical activity may reduce the risk of developing COPD in smokers
    • Garcia-Aymerich J, Lange P, Benet M, et al. Regular physical activity modifies smoking-related lung function decline and reduces risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A population based cohort study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 175:458-463. This paper shows that regular physical activity may reduce the risk of developing COPD in smokers.
    • (2007) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.175 , pp. 458-463
    • Garcia-Aymerich, J.1    Lange, P.2    Benet, M.3
  • 16
    • 33845569738 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Health consequences of reduced daily cigarette consumption
    • Tverdal A, Bjartveit K. Health consequences of reduced daily cigarette consumption. Tobacco Control 2006; 15:472-480.
    • (2006) Tobacco Control , vol.15 , pp. 472-480
    • Tverdal, A.1    Bjartveit, K.2
  • 17
    • 0028827084 scopus 로고
    • Standards for the diagnosis and care of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [ATS statement]
    • American Thoracic Society
    • American Thoracic Society. Standards for the diagnosis and care of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [ATS statement]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 152:S77-S121.
    • (1995) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.152
  • 18
    • 0034126440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Smoking and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Sethi JM, Rochester CL. Smoking and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clin Chest Med 2000; 21:67-86.
    • (2000) Clin Chest Med , vol.21 , pp. 67-86
    • Sethi, J.M.1    Rochester, C.L.2
  • 19
    • 0034906052 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variations in the prevalence across countries of chronic bronchitis and smoking habits in young adults
    • Cerveri I, Accordini S, Verlato G, et al. Variations in the prevalence across countries of chronic bronchitis and smoking habits in young adults. Eur Respir J 2001; 18:85-92.
    • (2001) Eur Respir J , vol.18 , pp. 85-92
    • Cerveri, I.1    Accordini, S.2    Verlato, G.3
  • 20
    • 0029947193 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 1 decline and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease morbidity. The Copenhagen City Heart Study Group
    • 1 decline and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease morbidity. The Copenhagen City Heart Study Group. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 153:1530-1535.
    • (1996) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.153 , pp. 1530-1535
    • Vestbo, J.1    Prescott, E.2    Lange, P.3
  • 21
    • 0035157078 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predictors of loss of lung function in the elderly: The Cardiovascular Health Study
    • Griffith KA, Sherrill DL, Siegel EM, et al. Predictors of loss of lung function in the elderly: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 163:61-68.
    • (2001) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.163 , pp. 61-68
    • Griffith, K.A.1    Sherrill, D.L.2    Siegel, E.M.3
  • 22
    • 0018704444 scopus 로고
    • Twelve years spirometric changes among Paris area workers
    • Kauffman F, Drouet D, Lellouch J, et al. Twelve years spirometric changes among Paris area workers. Int J Epidemiol 1979; 8:201-212.
    • (1979) Int J Epidemiol , vol.8 , pp. 201-212
    • Kauffman, F.1    Drouet, D.2    Lellouch, J.3
  • 23
    • 0029156848 scopus 로고
    • Optimal assessment and management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
    • Siafakas NM, Vermeire P, Pride NB, et al. Optimal assessment and management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Eur Respir J 1995; 8:1398-1420.
    • (1995) Eur Respir J , vol.8 , pp. 1398-1420
    • Siafakas, N.M.1    Vermeire, P.2    Pride, N.B.3
  • 24
    • 0034124046 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of airways obstruction in a general population. European Respiratory vs American Thoracic Society Definition
    • Viegi G, Pedreschi M, Pistelli F, et al. Prevalence of airways obstruction in a general population. European Respiratory vs American Thoracic Society Definition. Chest 2000; 117:339S-345S.
    • (2000) Chest , vol.117
    • Viegi, G.1    Pedreschi, M.2    Pistelli, F.3
  • 25
    • 0003177753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: The COPD Guidelines Group of the Standards of Care Committee of the BTS
    • British Thoracic Society
    • British Thoracic Society. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the COPD Guidelines Group of the Standards of Care Committee of the BTS. Thorax 1997; 52:S1-S28.
    • (1997) Thorax , vol.52
  • 26
    • 0035035768 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. NHLBI/WHO Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) Workshop summary
    • and on behalf of the GOLD Scientific Committee
    • Pauwels RA, Buist AS, Calverley PM, et al., and on behalf of the GOLD Scientific Committee. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. NHLBI/WHO Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) Workshop summary. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 163:1256-1276.
    • (2001) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.163 , pp. 1256-1276
    • Pauwels, R.A.1    Buist, A.S.2    Calverley, P.M.3
  • 27
    • 34548660457 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. GOLD executive summary
    • Rabe KF, Hurd S, Anzueto A, et al. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. GOLD executive summary. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 176:532-535.
    • (2007) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.176 , pp. 532-535
    • Rabe, K.F.1    Hurd, S.2    Anzueto, A.3
  • 28
    • 0029115814 scopus 로고
    • A prospective longitudinal study of metacholine airway responsiveness as a predictor of pulmonary-function decline: The Normative Aging Study
    • O'Connor GT, Sparrow D, Weiss ST. A prospective longitudinal study of metacholine airway responsiveness as a predictor of pulmonary-function decline: the Normative Aging Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 152:87-92.
    • (1995) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.152 , pp. 87-92
    • O'Connor, G.T.1    Sparrow, D.2    Weiss, S.T.3
  • 29
    • 0035508452 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heritability of longitudinal change in lung function. The Framingham Study
    • Gottlieb DJ, Wilk JB, Harmon M, et al. Heritability of longitudinal change in lung function. The Framingham Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 164:1655-1659.
    • (2001) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.164 , pp. 1655-1659
    • Gottlieb, D.J.1    Wilk, J.B.2    Harmon, M.3
  • 30
    • 0029790755 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of cigarette smoking on lung function in adolescent boys and girls
    • Gold DR, Wang X, Wypij D, et al. Effects of cigarette smoking on lung function in adolescent boys and girls. N Engl J Med 1996; 335:931-937.
    • (1996) N Engl J Med , vol.335 , pp. 931-937
    • Gold, D.R.1    Wang, X.2    Wypij, D.3
  • 31
    • 0025191988 scopus 로고
    • Longitudinal analysis of the effects of acute lower respiratory illnesses on pulmonary function in an adult population
    • Krzyzanowski M, Sherrill DL, Lebowitz MD. Longitudinal analysis of the effects of acute lower respiratory illnesses on pulmonary function in an adult population. Am J Epidemiol 1990; 131:412-422.
    • (1990) Am J Epidemiol , vol.131 , pp. 412-422
    • Krzyzanowski, M.1    Sherrill, D.L.2    Lebowitz, M.D.3
  • 32
    • 0037108451 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and employment by industry and occupation in the US population: A study of data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
    • Hnizdo E, Sullivan PA, Bang KM, et al. Association between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and employment by industry and occupation in the US population: A study of data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Epidemiol 2002; 156:738-746.
    • (2002) Am J Epidemiol , vol.156 , pp. 738-746
    • Hnizdo, E.1    Sullivan, P.A.2    Bang, K.M.3
  • 33
    • 1442306882 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lung function and long term exposure to air pollutants in Switzerland. The Study on Air Pollution and Lung Diseases in Adults (SALPIDIA) Team
    • Ackermann-Liebrich U, Leuenberger P, Schwartz J, et al. Lung function and long term exposure to air pollutants in Switzerland. The Study on Air Pollution and Lung Diseases in Adults (SALPIDIA) Team. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 155:122-129.
    • (1997) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.155 , pp. 122-129
    • Ackermann-Liebrich, U.1    Leuenberger, P.2    Schwartz, J.3
  • 34
    • 0035402252 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and intake of catechins, flavonols, and flavones. The Morgen Study
    • Tabak C, Arts IC, Smit HA, et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and intake of catechins, flavonols, and flavones. The Morgen Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 164:61-64.
    • (2001) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.164 , pp. 61-64
    • Tabak, C.1    Arts, I.C.2    Smit, H.A.3
  • 35
    • 0030009057 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characteristics associated with rapid decline in forced expiratory volume
    • Burchfiel CM, Marcus EB, Sharp DS, et al. Characteristics associated with rapid decline in forced expiratory volume. Ann Epidemiol 1996; 6:217-227.
    • (1996) Ann Epidemiol , vol.6 , pp. 217-227
    • Burchfiel, C.M.1    Marcus, E.B.2    Sharp, D.S.3
  • 36
    • 0042829161 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delaying decline in pulmonary function with physical activity
    • Pelkonen M, Notkola I-L, Lakka T, et al. Delaying decline in pulmonary function with physical activity. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 168:494-499.
    • (2003) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.168 , pp. 494-499
    • Pelkonen, M.1    Notkola, I.-L.2    Lakka, T.3
  • 37
    • 0023753168 scopus 로고
    • The natural history of forced expiratory volumes. Effects of cigarette smoking and respiratory symptoms
    • Tager IB, Segal MR, Speizer FE, et al. The natural history of forced expiratory volumes. Effects of cigarette smoking and respiratory symptoms. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988; 138:837-849.
    • (1988) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.138 , pp. 837-849
    • Tager, I.B.1    Segal, M.R.2    Speizer, F.E.3
  • 38
    • 0026440873 scopus 로고
    • Effects of cigarette smoking on rate loss of pulmonary function in adults: A longitudinal assessment
    • Xu X, Dockery DW, Ware JH, et al. Effects of cigarette smoking on rate loss of pulmonary function in adults: a longitudinal assessment. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992; 146:1345-1348.
    • (1992) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.146 , pp. 1345-1348
    • Xu, X.1    Dockery, D.W.2    Ware, J.H.3
  • 39
    • 0034063821 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Smoking cessation and lung function in mild-to-moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The Lung Heath Study
    • Scanlon PD, Connett JE, Waller LA, et al. Smoking cessation and lung function in mild-to-moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The Lung Heath Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 161:381-390.
    • (2000) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.161 , pp. 381-390
    • Scanlon, P.D.1    Connett, J.E.2    Waller, L.A.3
  • 40
    • 0034845277 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Smoking cessation, decline in pulmonary function and total mortality: A 30 year follow up study among the Finnish cohorts of the Seven Countries Study
    • Pelkonen M, Notkola I-L, Tukiainen H, et al. Smoking cessation, decline in pulmonary function and total mortality: a 30 year follow up study among the Finnish cohorts of the Seven Countries Study. Thorax 2001; 56:703-707.
    • (2001) Thorax , vol.56 , pp. 703-707
    • Pelkonen, M.1    Notkola, I.-L.2    Tukiainen, H.3
  • 41
    • 0025033561 scopus 로고
    • Relation of ventilatory impairment and of chronic mucus hypersecretion to mortality from obstructive lung disease and from all causes
    • Lange P, Nyboe J, Appleyard M, et al. Relation of ventilatory impairment and of chronic mucus hypersecretion to mortality from obstructive lung disease and from all causes. Thorax 1990; 45:579-585.
    • (1990) Thorax , vol.45 , pp. 579-585
    • Lange, P.1    Nyboe, J.2    Appleyard, M.3
  • 42
    • 0029764423 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impaired lung function and mortality risk in men and women: Findings from the Renfrew and Paisley prospective population study
    • Hole DJ, Watt GCM, Davey-Smith G, et al. Impaired lung function and mortality risk in men and women: findings from the Renfrew and Paisley prospective population study. BMJ 1996; 313:711-715.
    • (1996) BMJ , vol.313 , pp. 711-715
    • Hole, D.J.1    Watt, G.C.M.2    Davey-Smith, G.3
  • 43
    • 0033837324 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pulmonary function, smoking cessation and 30 year mortality in middle aged Finnish men
    • Pelkonen M, Tukiainen H, Tervahauta M, et al. Pulmonary function, smoking cessation and 30 year mortality in middle aged Finnish men. Thorax 2000; 55:746-750.
    • (2000) Thorax , vol.55 , pp. 746-750
    • Pelkonen, M.1    Tukiainen, H.2    Tervahauta, M.3
  • 44
    • 17244373184 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lung function, smoking and mortality in a 26-year follow-up of healthy middle-aged males
    • Stavem K, Aaser E, Sandvik L, et al. Lung function, smoking and mortality in a 26-year follow-up of healthy middle-aged males. Eur Respir J 2005; 25:618-625.
    • (2005) Eur Respir J , vol.25 , pp. 618-625
    • Stavem, K.1    Aaser, E.2    Sandvik, L.3
  • 45
    • 0028068270 scopus 로고
    • Pulmonary function decline and 17-year total mortality: The Honolulu Heart Program
    • Rodriguez BL, Masaki K, Burchfiel C, et al. Pulmonary function decline and 17-year total mortality: the Honolulu Heart Program. Am J Epidemiol 1994; 140:398-408.
    • (1994) Am J Epidemiol , vol.140 , pp. 398-408
    • Rodriguez, B.L.1    Masaki, K.2    Burchfiel, C.3
  • 46
    • 0033016502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decline in lung function and mortality: The Busselton Health Study
    • Ryan G, Knuiman MW, Divitini ML, et al. Decline in lung function and mortality: the Busselton Health Study. J Epidemiol Community Health 1999; 53:230-234.
    • (1999) J Epidemiol Community Health , vol.53 , pp. 230-234
    • Ryan, G.1    Knuiman, M.W.2    Divitini, M.L.3
  • 47
    • 0344549116 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chronic bronchitis in an elderly population
    • Lange P, Parner J, Prescott E, et al. Chronic bronchitis in an elderly population. Age Ageing 2003; 32:636-642.
    • (2003) Age Ageing , vol.32 , pp. 636-642
    • Lange, P.1    Parner, J.2    Prescott, E.3
  • 48
    • 16844362171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Respiratory symptoms in older people and their association with mortality
    • Hewitt J, Smeeth L, Bulpitt CJ, et al. Respiratory symptoms in older people and their association with mortality. Thorax 2005; 60:331-334.
    • (2005) Thorax , vol.60 , pp. 331-334
    • Hewitt, J.1    Smeeth, L.2    Bulpitt, C.J.3
  • 49
    • 0020619644 scopus 로고
    • The relevance in adults of air-flow obstruction, but not of mucus hypersecretion, to mortality from chronic lung disease
    • Peto R, Speizer FE, Cochrane AL, et al. The relevance in adults of air-flow obstruction, but not of mucus hypersecretion, to mortality from chronic lung disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1983; 128:491-500.
    • (1983) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.128 , pp. 491-500
    • Peto, R.1    Speizer, F.E.2    Cochrane, A.L.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.