Psychosocial rehabilitation in older adults with serious mental illness: A review of the research literature and recommendations for development of rehabilitative approaches

American Journal of Psychiatric Rehabilitation

Volumn 11, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 7-40

  Pratt, Sarah I ^a,b   Van Citters, Aricca D ^a   Mueser, Kim T ^a   Bartels, Stephen J ^a  

^a DARTMOUTH MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^b DARTMOUTH PSYCHIATRIC RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Older adults; Psychosocial rehabilitation; Schizophrenia; Skills training

Indexed keywords

AGED; CAREGIVER; COMMUNITY MENTAL HEALTH CENTER; FAMILY; HEALTH CARE UTILIZATION; HUMAN; INSTITUTIONALIZATION; MENTAL DISEASE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOSOCIAL REHABILITATION; REVIEW; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SKILL; SOCIAL SUPPORT; TRAINING; VOCATIONAL REHABILITATION;

EID: 40049097522     PISSN: 15487768     EISSN: 15487776     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/15487760701853276     Document Type: Review

References (104)

1. Administration on Aging. (2001). Older adults and mental health: Issues and opportunities. Rockville, MD: Department of Health and Human Services.
2. Anthony, W.A. & Blanch, A. (1987). Supported employment for persons who are psychiatrically disabled: An historical and conceptual perspective. Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal, 11(2), 5-23.
3. Arns, P.G. & Linney, J.A. (1993). Work, self, and life satisfaction for persons with severe and persistent mental disorders. Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal, 17, 63-79.
4. Auslander, L. & Jeste, D.V. (2002). Perceptions of problems and needs for service among middle-aged and elderly outpatients with schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders. Community Mental Health Journal, 38(5), 391-402.
5. Bartels, S.J. (2003). Improving the United States' system of care for older adults with mental illness: Findings and recommendations for the President's New Freedom Commission on Mental Health. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 11(5), 486-497.
6. Bartels, S.J. (2004). Caring for the whole person: Integrated health care for older adults with severe mental illness and medical comorbidity. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 52(12), s249-s257.
7. Bartels, S.J. & Drake, R.E. (2005). Evidence-based geriatric psychiatry: An overview. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 28(4), 763-784.
8. Bartels, S.J., Forester, B., Mueser, K.T., Miles, K.M., Dums, A.R., Pratt, S.I., et al. (2004). Enhanced skills training and health care management for older persons with severe mental illness. Community Mental Health Journal, 40(1), 75-90.
9. Bartels, S.J., Miles, K.M., Dums, A.R., & Levine, K.J. (2003). Are nursing homes appropriate for older adults with severe mental illness? Conflicting consumer and clinician views and implications for the Olmstead Decision. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 51(11), 1571-1579.
10. Bartels, S.J., Mueser, K.T., & Miles, K.M. (1997a). A comparative study of elderly patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in nursing homes and the community. Schizophrenia Research, 27(2-3), 181-190.
11. Bartels, S.J., Mueser, K.T., & Miles, K.M. (1997b). Functional impairments in elderly patients with schizophrenia and major affective illness in the community: Social skills, living skills, and behavior problems. Behavior Therapy, 28(1), 43-63.
12. Bartels, S.J. & Van Citters, A.D. (2005). Community-based alternatives for older adults with serious mental illness: The Olmstead decision and deinstitutionalization of nursing homes. Ethics, Law, and Aging Review, 11, 3-22.
13. Baucom, D.H., Mueser, K.T., Shoham, V., Daiuto, A.D., & Stickle, T.R. (1998). Empirically supported couple and family interventions for marital distress and adult mental health problems. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66(1), 53-88.
14. Bazemore, P.H. (1996). Medical problems of the seriously and persistently mentally ill. In S.M. Soreff (Ed.), Handbook for the treatment of the seriously mentally ill (pp. 45-66). Seattle: Hogrefe & Huber Publishers.
15. Beard, J.H., Propst, R.N., & Malamud, T.J. (1982). The Fountain House model of rehabilitation. Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal, 5, 47-53.
16. Bell, M.D., Fiszdon, J.M., Greig, T.C., & Bryson, G.J. (2005). Can older people with schizophrenia benefit from work rehabilitation? Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 193(5), 293-301.
17. Bell, M.D., Lysaker, P.H., & Milstein, R.M. (1996). Clinical benefits of paid work activity in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 22, 51-67.
18. Bell, M.D., Milstein, R.M., & Lysaker, P.H. (1993). Pay and participation in work activity: Clinical benefits for clients with schizophrenia. Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal, 17, 173-177.
19. Bellack, A.S. & Mueser, K.T. (1993). Psychosocial treatment of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 19, 317-336.
20. Bellack, A.S., Mueser, K.T., Gingerich, S., & Agresta, J. (2004). Social skills training for schizophrenia (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford.
21. Black, B.J. (1988). Work and mental illness: Transitions to employment. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins.
22. Blackmon, A.A. (1990). South Carolina's elder support program: An alternative to hospital care for elderly persons with chronic mental illness. Adult Residential Care Journal, 4(2), 119-122.
23. Boczkowski, J., Zeichner, A., & DeSanto, N. (1985). Neuroleptic compliance among chronic schizophrenic outpatients: An intervention outcome report. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53(5), 666-671.
24. Bond, G.R. (2004). Supported employment: Evidence for an evidence-based practice. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 27, 345-359.
25. Bond, G.R., Resnick, S.G., Drake, R.E., Xie, H., McHugo, G.J., & Bebout, R.R. (2001). Does competitive employment improve nonvocational outcomes for people with severe mental illness? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69, 489-501.
26. Bowie, C.R., Tsapelas, I., Friedman, J., Parrella, M., White, L., & Harvey, P.D. (2005). The longitudinal course of thought disorder in geriatric patients with chronic schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(4), 793-795.
27. Burns, B.J. & Taube, C.A. (1990). Mental health services in general medical care and nursing homes. In B. Fogel, A. Furino & G. Gottlieb (Eds.), Mental health policy for older Americans: Protecting minds at risk (pp. 63-84). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
28. Bustillo, J., Lauriello, J., Horan, W.P., & Keith, S.J. (2001). The psychosocial treatment of schizophrenia: An update. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 163-175.
29. Carmichael, D., Tackett-Gibson, M., O'Dell, L., Jayasuria, B., Jordan, J., & Menon, R. (1998). Texas dual diagnosis project evaluation report 1997-1998. College Station, TX: Public Policy Research Institute=Texas A&M University.
30. Clark, R.E., Xie, H., Becker, D.R., & Drake, R.E. (1998). Benefits and costs of supported employment from three perspectives. Journal of Behavioral Health Services and Research, 25(1), 22-34.
31. Cohen, C.I. (1995). Studies of the course and outcome of schizophrenia in later life. Psychiatric Services, 46, 877-879.
32. Cohen, C.I. (2000). Directions for research and policy on schizophrenia and older adults: Summary of the GAP committee report. Psychiatric Services, 51(3), 299-302.
33. Corrigan, P.W., Liberman, R.P., & Engle, J.D. (1990). From noncompliance to collaboration in the treatment of schizophrenia. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 41, 1203-1211.
34. Corrigan, P.W., Mueser, K.T., Bond, G.R., Drake, R.E., & Solomon, P. (2008). The principles and practice of psychiatric rehabilitation: An empirical approach. New York: Guilford Press.
35. Cramer, J.A. & Rosenheck, R. (1999). Enhancing medication compliance for people with serious mental illness. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 187(1), 53-55.
36. Crowther, R., Marshall, M., Bond, G., & Huxley, P. (2001). Vocational rehabilitation for people with severe mental illness. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2, 1-55.
37. Davidson, M., Harvey, P.D., Powchik, P., Parrella, M., White, L., Knobler, H.Y., et al. (1995). Severity of symptoms in chronically institutionalized geriatric schizophrenic patients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152(2), 197-207.
38. Dilk, M.N. & Bond, G.R. (1996). Meta-analytic evaluation of skills training research for individuals with severe mental illness. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(6), 1337-1346.
39. Druss, B.G., Bradford, D.W., Rosenheck, R.A., Radford, M.J., & Krumholz, H.M. (2000). Mental disorders and use of cardiovascular procedures after myocardial infarction. Journal of the American Medical Association, 283(4), 506-511.
40. Druss, B.G., Bradford, W.D., Rosenheck, R.A., Radford, M.J., & Krumholz, H.M. (2001). Quality of medical care and excess mortality in older patients with mental disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58(6), 565-572.
41. Eastham, J.H. & Jeste, D.V. (1997). Treatment of schizophrenia and delusional disorder in the elderly. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 247(4), 209-218.
42. Fabian, E. & Wiedefeld, M. (1989). Supported employment for severely psychiatrically disabled persons: A descriptive study. Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal, 2(13), 53-60.
43. Fabian, E.S. (1992). Supported employment and the quality of life: Does a job make a difference? Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 36, 84-97.
44. Fields, S.D. (2000). Clinical practice guidelines: Finding and appraising useful, relevant recommendations for geriatric care. Geriatrics, 55(1), 59-63.
45. Fixsen, D.L., Naoom, S.F., Blase, K.A., Friedman, R.M., & Wallace, F. (2005). Implementation research: A synthesis of the literature (No. FMHI Publication #231). Tampa, FL: University of South Florida.
46. Folsom, D.P., McCahill, M., Bartels, S.J., Lindamer, L.A., Ganiats, T.G., & Jeste, D.V. (2002). Medical comorbidity and receipt of medical care by older homeless people with schizophrenia or depression. Psychiatric Services, 53(11), 1456-1460.
47. Friedman, J.I., Harvey, P.D., Coleman, T., Moriarty, P.J., Bowie, C., Parrella, M., et al. (2001). Six-year follow-up study of cognitive and functional status across the lifespan in schizophrenia: A comparison with Alzheimer's disease and normal aging. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158(9), 1441-1448.
48. Fucetola, R., Seidman, L.J., Kremen, W.S., Faraone, S.V., Goldstein, J.M., & Tsuang, M.T. (2000). Age and neuropsychologic function in schizophrenia: A decline in executive abilities beyond that observed in healthy volunteers. Biological Psychiatry, 48(2), 137-146.
49. George, L.K. (1992). Community and home care for mentally ill older adults. In J.E. Birren, R.B. Sloane, G.D. Cohen, N.R. Hooyman, B.D. Lebowitz, M.H. Wykle & D.E. Deutchman (Eds.), Handbook of Mental Health and Aging (2nd ed.). San Diego: Academic Press.
50. Granholm, E., McQuaid, J.R., McClure, F.S., Auslander, L.A., Perivoliotis, D., Pedrelli, P., et al. (2005). A randomized, controlled trial of cognitive behavioral social skills training for middle-aged and older outpatients with chronic schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(3), 520-529.
51. Granholm, E., McQuaid, J.R., McClure, F.S., Pedrelli, P., & Jeste, D.V. (2002). A randomized controlled pilot study of cognitive behavioral social skills training for older patients with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 53(1-2), 167-169.
52. Harding, C., Strauss, J., Hafez, H., & Liberman, P. (1987). Work and mental illness I. Toward an integration of the rehabilitation process. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 175, 317-326.
53. Harris, M.J. & Jeste, D.V. (1988). Late-onset schizophrenia: An overview. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 14(1), 39-55.
54. Harvey, P.D. (2001). Cognitive and functional impairments in elderly patients with schizophrenia: A review of the recent literature. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 9, 59-68.
55. Harvey, P.D., Howanitz, E., Parrella, M., White, L., Davidson, M., Mohs, R.C., et al. (1998). Symptoms, cognitive functioning, and adaptive skills in geriatric patients with lifelong schizophrenia: A comparison across treatment sites. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155(8), 1080-1086.
56. Hayes, R.L., Halford, W.K., & Varghese, F.T. (1995). Social skills training with chronic schizophrenic patients: Effects on negative symptoms and community functioning. Behavior Therapy, 26, 433-449.
57. Huxley, N.A., Rendall, M., & Sederer, L. (2000). Psychosocial treatments in schizophrenia: A review of the past 20 years. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 188(4), 187-201.
58. Jaeger, J. & Douglas, E. (1992). Neuropsychiatric rehabilitation for persistent mental illness. Psychiatric Quarterly, 63(3), 71-93.
59. Jeste, D.V., Alexopoulos, G.S., Bartels, S.J., Cummings, J.L., Gallo, J.J., Gottlieb, G.L., et al. (1999). Consensus statement on the upcoming crisis in geriatric mental health: Research agenda for the next 2 decades. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56(9), 848-853.
60. Jeste, D.V., Gladsjo, J.A., Lindamer, L.A., & Lacro, J.P. (1996). Medical comorbidity in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 22(3), 413-430.
61. Kemp, R., Hayward, P., Applewhaite, G., Everitt, B., & David, A. (1996). Compliance therapy in psychotic patients: Randomised controlled trial. British Medical Journal, 312, 345-349.
62. Lacro, J.P. (2005, December 8). Medication adherence in older people with psychosis. Retrieved January 24, 2006, from http://www.clinicaltrials. gov/ct/show/NCT00071604
63. Liberman, R., Wallace, C., Blackwell, G., Eckman, T., Vaccaro, J., & Kuehnel, T. (1993). Innovations in skills training for the seriously mentally ill: The UCLA social and independent living skills modules. Innovations and Research, 2(2), 43-59.
64. Liberman, R.P., DeRisi, W.J., & Mueser, K.T. (1989). Social skills training for psychiatric patients. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
65. Lindamer, L.A., Buse, D.C., Auslander, L., Unützer, J., Bartels, S.J., & Jeste, D.V. (2003). A comparison of gynecological variables and service use among older women with and without schizophrenia. Psychiatric Services, 54(6), 902-904.
66. Link, B.G., Cullen, F.T., Frank, J., & Wozniak, J.F. (1987). The social rejection of former mental patients: Understanding why labels matter. American Journal of Sociology, 92, 1461-1500.
67. Link, B.G., Cullen, F.T., Mirotznik, J., & Struening, E. (1992). Consequences of stigma for persons with mental illness: Evidence from social sciences. In P.J. Fink & A. Tasman (Eds.), Stigma and mental illness (pp. 87-96). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
68. Marshall, M., Gray, A., Lockwood, A., & Green, R. (1998). Case management for people with severe mental disorders [systematic review]. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2, 1-32.
69. McGurk, S.R. & Mueser, K.T. (2008, this issue). Response to cognitive rehabilitation in older vs. younger persons with severe mental illness. American Journal of Psychiatric Rehabilitation.
70. McQuaid, J.R., Granholm, E., McClure, F.S., Roepke, S., Pedrelli, P., Patterson, T.L., et al. (2000). Development of an integrated cognitive-behavioral and social skills training intervention for older patients with schizophrenia. Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research, 9(3), 149-156.
71. Meeks, S., Carstensen, L.L., Stafford, P.B., Brenner, L.L., Weathers, F., Welch, R., & Oltmanns, T.F. (1990). Mental health needs of the chronically mentally ill elderly. Psychology and Aging, 5(2), 163-171.
72. Meeks, S. & Murrell, S.A. (1997). Mental illness in late life: Socioeconomic conditions, psychiatric symptoms, and adjustment of long-term sufferers. Psychology and Aging, 12(2), 298-308.
73. Moak, G.S. (1996). When the seriously mentally ill patient grows old. In S.M. Soreff (Ed.), Handbook for the treatment of the seriously mentally ill (pp. 279-293). Seattle: Hogrefe & Huber Publishers.
74. Mohamed, S., Kasckow, J.W., Granholm, E., & Jeste, D.V. (2003). Community-based treatment of schizophrenia and other severe mental illnesses. In C. I. Cohen (Ed.), Schizophrenia into later life (pp. 205-222). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Publishing.
75. Mosher-Ashley, P.M. (1989). A community-based residential care program for elderly people with chronic mental illness. Adult Residential Care Journal, 3(4), 267-278.
76. Mueser, K.T., Becker, D.R., Torrey, W.C., Xie, H., Bond, G.R., Drake, R.E., & Dain, B.J. (1997). Work and nonvocational domains of functioning in persons with severe mental illness: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 185, 419-426.
77. Mueser, K.T., Bellack, A.S., Douglas, M.S., & Wade, J.H. (1991). Prediction of social skill acquisition in schizophrenic and major affective disorder patients from memory and symptomatology. Psychiatry Research, 37, 281-296.
78. Mueser, K.T., Bond, G.R., Drake, R.E., & Resnick, S.G. (1998). Models of community care for severe mental illness: A review of research on case management. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 24(1), 37-74.
79. Mulsant, B.H., Stergiou, A., Keshavan, M.S., Sweet, R.A., Rifai, A.H., Pasternak, R., et al. (1993). Schizophrenia in late life: Elderly patients admitted to an acute care psychiatric hospital. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 19(4), 709-721.
80. Murdaugh, C.L. (1998). Problems with adherence in the elderly. In S. Shumaker, E.B. Schron, J.K. Ockene, & W.L. McBee (Eds.), Handbook of health behavior change (2nd ed., pp. 357-376). New York: Springer Publishing.
81. Niederehe, G. & Rusin, M.J. (1987). Schizophrenia and aging: Information processing. In N.E. Miller & G.D. Cohen (Eds.), Schizophrenia and aging. New York: Guilford Press.
82. Pace, W.D. (1989). Geriatric assessment in the office setting. Geriatrics, 44(6), 29-35.
83. Patterson, T.L., Bucardo, J., McKibbin, C.L., Mausbach, B.T., Moore, D., Barrio, C., Goldman, S.R., & Jeste, D.V. (2005). Development and pilot testing of a new psychosocial intervention for older Latinos with chronic psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 31, 922-930.
84. Patterson, T.L., Goldman, S., McKibbin, C.L., Hughs, T., & Jeste, D.V. (2001). UCSD performance-based skills assessment: Development of a new measure of everyday functioning for severely mentally ill adults. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 27(3), 235-245.
85. Patterson, T.L., McKibbin, C., Taylor, M., Goldman, S., Davila-Fraga, W., Bucardo, J.,& Jeste, D.V. (2003). Functional Adaption Skills Training (FAST): A pilot psychosocial intervention study in middle-aged and older patients with chronic psychotic disorders. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 11, 17-23.
86. Petersen, L.A., Normand, S.L., Druss, B.G., & Rosenheck, R.A. (2003). Process of care and outcome after acute myocardial infarction for patients with mental illness in the VA health care system: Are there disparities? Health Services Research, 38(1 Pt 1), 41-63.
87. Pratt, S.I., Bartels, S., & Driscoll, M. (2005, March 5). Medication adherence in older people with severe mental illness. Paper presented at the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry 2005 Annual Meeting, San Diego, CA.
88. Pratt, S.I., Bartels, S.J., Mueser, K.T., & Forester, B. (2008, this issue). Helping Older People Experience Success (HOPES): An integrated model of psychosocial rehabilitation and health care management for older adults with serious mental illness. American Journal of Psychiatric Rehabilitation.
89. Pratt, S.I., Mueser, K.T., Driscoll, M., Wolfe, R., & Bartels, S.J. (2006). Medication nonadherence in older people with serious mental illness: Prevalence and correlates. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 29, 299-310.
90. Rich, M.W., Gray, D.B., Beckham, V., Wittenberg, C., & Luther, P. (1996). Effect of a multidisciplinary intervention on medication compliance in elderly patients with congestive heart failure. American Journal of Medicine, 101(3), 270-276.
91. Sartory, G., Zorn, C., Groetzinger, G., & Windgassen, K. (2005). Computerized cognitive rehabilitation improves verbal learning and processing speed in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 75, 219-223.
92. Schaftt, G.E. & Randolph, F.L. (1994). Innovative community-based services for older persons with mental illness. Rockville, MD: Center for Mental Health Services, Division of Demonstration Programs, Community Support Section.
93. Semke, J., Fisher, W.H., Goldman, H.H., & Hirad, A. (1996). The evolving role of the state hospital in the care and treatment of older adults: State trends, 1984 to 1993. Psychiatric Services, 47(10), 1082-1087.
94. Semple, S.J., Patterson, T., Shaw, W.S., Grant, I., Moscona, S., Koch, W., & Jeste, D. (1997). The social networks of older schizophrenic patients. International Psychogeriatrics, 9, 81-94.
95. Strauss, J.S., Harding, C.M., Silverman, M., Eichler, A., & Liberman, M. (1988). Work as treatment for psychiatric disorder: A puzzle in pieces. In J.A. Ciardiello & M.D. Bell (Eds.), Vocational rehabilitation of persons with prolonged psychiatric disorders (pp. 47-55). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.
96. Tariot, P.N. (1996). General approaches to behavioral disturbances. In W.E. Reichman & P.R. Katz (Eds.), Psychiatric care in the nursing home (pp. 10-22). New York: Oxford University Press.
97. Turner, J.C. & TenHoor, W.J. (1978). The NIMH Community Support Program: Pilot approach to a needed social reform. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 4(3), 319-348.
98. Twamley, E.W., Narvaez, J.M., Becker, D.R., Bartels, S.J., & Jeste, D.J. (2008). Supported employment for middle-aged and older people with schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatric Rehabilitation, 11, 76-89.
99. U.S. Census Bureau. (2000). Projections of the resident population by age, sex, race, and hispanic origin: 1999-2100. Washington, DC: Population Projections Program.
100. Van Citters, A.D., Pratt, S.I., Bartels, S.J., & Jeste, D.V. (2005). Evidence-based review of pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments for older adults with schizophrenia. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 28(4), 913-939.
101. Wallace, C.J., Liberman, R.P., Tauber, R., & Wallace, J. (2000). The Independent Living Skills Survey: A comprehensive measure of the community functioning of severely and persistently mentally ill individuals. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 26(3), 631-658.
102. Winland-Brown, J. & Valiante, J. (2000). Effectiveness of different medication management approaches on elders' medication adherence. Outcomes Management for Nursing Practice, 4, 172-176.
103. Wykes, T. & Sturt, E. (1986). The measurement of social behaviour in psychiatric patients: An assessment of the reliability and validity of the SBS Schedule. British Journal of Psychiatry, 148(1), 1-11.
104. Young, J., Zonana, H., & Shepler, L. (1986). Medication noncompliance in schizophrenia: Codification and update. Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 14(2), 105-122.