Sociopolitical Change from Neolithic to Bronze Age China

Archaeology of Asia

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 149-176

  Liu, Li ^a,b   Chen, Xingcan ^c  

^a LA TROBE UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b Yi Luo River Archaeological Survey   (China)

^c CHINESE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES   (China)

Author keywords

Bronze age; Chinese civilizations; Neolithic age; Settlement hierarchy; Sociopolitical change

Indexed keywords

EID: 39749170912     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9780470774670.ch8     Document Type: Chapter

References (159)

1. Allan, Sarah 1984 The Myth of the Xia Dynasty. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland 2:242-56.
2. Allan, Sarah 1991 The Shape of the Turtle: Myth, Art and Cosmos in Early China. Albany: State University of New York.
3. Bagley, Robert 1990 Shang Ritual Bronzes: Casting Technique and Vessel Design. Archives of Asian Art 43:6-20.
4. Bagley, Robert 1999 Shang Archaeology. In The Cambridge History of Ancient China. Michael Loewe and Edward Shaughnessy, eds. Pp. 124-231. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5. Barnard, Noel 1961 Bronze Casting and Bronze Alloys in Ancient China. Canberra: Australia National University and Monumenta Serica.
6. Barnard, Noel ed. 1975 Ancient Chinese Bronzes and Southeast Asian Metal and Other Archaeological Artifacts. Melbourne: National Gallery of Victoria.
7. Bennett, Gwen 2002 The Organization of Lithic Tool Production During the Longshan Period (ca. 2600-2000 B. C.) in Southeastern Shandong Province, China. Ph. D. dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.
8. Billman, Brian R., and Gary M. Feinman 1999 Settlement Pattern Studies in the Americas: Fifty Years Since Viru. Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press.
9. Blanton, Richard, and Gary Feinman 1984 The Mesoamerican World System. American Anthropologist 86:673-82.
10. Blanton, Richard, with Gary Feinman, Stephen Kowalewski, and Peter Peregrine 1996 A Dual-Processual Theory for the Evolution of Mesoamerican Civilization. Current Anthropology 37(1):1-14.
11. Brumfiel, Elizabeth, and Timothy Earle 1987 Specialization, Exchange, and Complex Societies: An Introduction. In Specialization, Exchange, and Complex Societies. Elizabeth Brumfiel and Timothy Earle, eds. Pp. 1-9. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
12. Chang, Kwang-chih 1983 Art, Myth, and Ritual. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press.
13. Chang, Kwang-chih 1986 [1963, 1968, 1977] Archaeology of Ancient China. New Haven:Yale University Press.
14. Chang, Kwang-chih 1989 An Essay on Cong. Orientations 20(6):37-43.
15. Chang, Kwang-chih 1991 Introduction: The Importance of Bronzes in Ancient China. In Ancient Chinese Bronze Art: Casting the Precious Sacral Vessel. W. Thomas Chase, ed. Pp. 15-18. New York: China House Gallery, China Institute America.
16. Chang, Kwang-chih 1999 China on the Eve of the Historical Period. In The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 B. C. Michael Loewe and Edward Shaughnessy, eds. Pp. 37-73. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
17. Chase, Thomas W. 1983 Bronze Casting in China: A Short Technical History. In The Great Bronze Age of China: A Symposium. George Kuwayama, ed. Pp. 100-23. Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art.
18. Chen, Xingcan 2000 Zhongguo gudai de botoupi fengsu ji qita (The practice of scalping and other issues in Ancient China). Wenwu 1:48-55.
19. Childs-Johnson, Elizabeth, ed. 1988 Ritual and Power: Jades of Ancient China. New York: China Institute of America.
20. Childs-Johnson, Elizabeth 1994 Review of The Shape of the Turtle: Myth, Art, and Cosmos in Early China. Journal of Asian Studies 53(1):156-8.
21. Costin, Cathy L. 2001 Craft Production Systems. In Archaeology at the Millennium: A Sourcebook. Gary M. Feinman and T. Douglas Price, eds. Pp. 273-328. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
22. Du, Zhengsheng 1991 Xiadai kaogu jiqi guojia fazhan de tansuo (Archaeology of the Xia dynasty and the development of state). Kaogu 1:43-56.
23. Earle, Timothy K. 1987 Chiefdoms in Archaeological and Ethnohistorical Perspective. Annual Review of Anthropology 16:279-308.
24. Earle, Timothy K. 1991 Property Rights and the Evolution of Chiefdoms. In Chiefdoms: Power, Economy, and Ideology. T. Earle, ed. Pp. 71-99. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
25. Erlitou Working Team, Institute of Archaeology, and CASS 2001 Erlitou yizhi tianye gongzuo de xinjinzhan (New progress in the fieldwork at the Erlitou site). Zhongguo Shehui Kexueyuan Gudai Wenming Yanjiu Zhongxin Tongxun 1:32-4.
26. Falkenhausen, Lothar von 1993 On the Historiographical Orientation of Chinese Archaeology. Antiquity 67(257):839-49.
27. Falkenhausen, Lothar von 1995 The Regionalist Paradigm in Chinese Archaeology. In Nationalism, Politics, and the Practice of Archaeology. Philip L. Kohl and Clare Fawcett, eds. Pp. 198-217. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
28. Fang, Weizhong 1995 Zhongguo Ziran Ziyuan Congshu-Shaanxi Juan. (The Chinese Natural Resources Series: Shaanxi Volume.) Beijing: Zhongguo Huanjing Kexue Press.
29. Feinman, Gary 1995 The Emergence of Inequality: A Focus on Strategies and Processes. In Foundations of Social Inequality. Douglas Price and Gary Feinman, eds. Pp. 225-79. New York: Plenum Press.
30. Fitzgerald-Huber, Louisa 1995 Qijia and Erlitou: The Question of Contacts with Distant Cultures. Early China 20:17-68.
31. Frankenstein, Susan, and Michael Rowlands 1978 The Internal Structure and Regional Context of Early Iron Age Society in Southwestern Germany. University of London Institute of Archaeology Bulletin 15:73-112.
32. Franklin, Ursula M. 1983 The Beginnings of Metallurgy in China: A Comparative Approach. In The Great Bronze Age of China. G. Kuwayama, ed. Pp. 94-9. Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum.
33. Fung, Christopher 2000 The Drinks are on Us: Ritual, Social Status, and Practice in Dawenkou Burials, North China. Journal of East Asian Archaeology 2(1-2):67-92.
34. Gao, Wei, with Xizhang Yang, Wei Wang, and Jinpeng Du 1998 Yanshi Shangcheng yu Xia Shang wenhua fenjie (The Yanshi Shang city and the demarcation between the Xia and Shang cultures). Kaogu 10:66-79.
35. Gettens, Rutherford John 1969 The Freer Chinese Bronzes. Volume II. Technical Studies. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution, Freer Gallery of Art.
36. Gilman, A. 1987 Unequal Development in Copper Age Iberia. In Specialization, Exchange, and Complex Societies. E. Brumfiel and T. Earle, eds. Pp. 22-9. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
37. Hall, Thomas D. 1999 World-Systems and Evolution: An Appraisal. InWorld-Systems Theory in Practice: Leadership, Production, and Exchange. P. Nick Kardulias, ed. Pp. 1-24. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers.
38. Hall, Thomas D. 2000a World-Systems Analysis: A Small Sample from a Large Universe. In A World-Systems Reader: New Perspectives on Gender, Urbanism, Cultures, Indigenous Peoples, and Ecology. Thomas D. Hall, ed. Pp. 3-28. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers.
39. Hall, Thomas D. ed. 2000b A World-Systems Reader: New Perspectives on Gender, Urbanism, Cultures, Indigenous Peoples, and Ecology. London: Rowman and Littlefield.
40. Hayden, Brian 2001 Richman, Poorman, Beggarman, Chief: The Dynamics of Social Inequality. In Archaeology at the Millennium: A Sourcebook. Gary M. Feinman and T. Douglas Price, eds. Pp. 231-72. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
41. Henan Institute of Cultural Relics 1983 Henan Huaiyang Pingliangtai Longshan wenhua chengzhi shijue jianbao (Brief report on the test excavation of a Longshan cultural townwall site at Pingliangtai, Huaiyang, Henan). Wenwu 3:21-36.
42. Hayden, Brian 1992a Dengfeng Wangchenggang yu Yangcheng. (Wangchenggang and Yangcheng in Dengfeng.) Beijing:Wenwu Press.
43. Hayden, Brian 1992b Yancheng Haojiatai yizhi de fajue (Excavation of the Haojiatai site in Yancheng). Huaxia Kaogu 3:62-91.
44. Hayden, Brian 1995 Ruzhou Hongshanmiao. (Hongshanmiao in Ruzhou.) Zhengzhou: Zhongzhou Guji Press.
45. Hayden, Brian 2002 Henan Xinmishi Guchengzhai Longshan wenhua chengzhi fajue jianbao (Brief report of excavations of the walled Longshan site at Guchengzhai in Xinmi, Henan). Huaxia Kaogu 2:53-82.
46. Hayden, Brian 2003 Henan Lingbao Xipo Yizhi 105 Hao Yangshao Wenhua Fangzhi. Wenwu 8: 4-17.
47. Huang, Tsui-mei 1992 Liangzhu-a Late Neolithic Jade-Yielding Culture in Southeastern Coastal China. Antiquity 66:75-83.
48. Huo, Youguang 1993 Shitan Luonan Hongyanshan gutongkuang cai ye di (In search of ancient mining and smelting locations in Mt. Hongyan in Luonan). Kaogu yu Wenwu 1:94-7.
49. Ikawa-Smith, Fumiko 1999 Construction of National Identity and Origins in East Asia: A Comparative Perspective. Antiquity 73:626-9.
50. Institute of Archaeology, CASS 1991 Zhongguo Kaoguxue Zhong Tan Shisi Niandai Shujuji. (Radiocarbon dates in Chinese archaeology.) Beijing:Wenwu Press.
51. Ikawa-Smith, Fumiko 1999 Yanshi Erlitou. (Erlitou in Yanshi.) Beijing: Zhongguo Dabaikequanshu Press.
52. Johnson, Gregory A. 1982 Organizational Structure and Scalar Stress. In Theory and Explanation in Archaeology. M. Rowlands, C. Renfrew, and B. Seagraves, eds. Pp. 389-420. New York: Academic Press.
53. Keightley, David N. 1978 The Religious Commitment: Shang Theology and the Genesis of Chinese Political Culture. History of Religion 17:212-14.
54. Keightley, David N. 1983 The Late Shang State: When, Where, and What? In The Origins of Chinese Civilization. David Keightley, ed. Pp. 523-64. Berkeley: University of California Press.
55. Keightley, David N. 2000 The Ancestral Landscape: Time, Space, and Community in Late Shang China (ca. 1200-1045 B. C.). Berkeley: Institute of East Asian Studies.
56. Kohl, Philip 1987 The Use and Abuse of World Systems Theory: The Case of the Pristine West Asian State. Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory 11:1-35.
57. Lee, Yun Kuen 2002 Building the Chronology of Early Chinese History. Asian Perspectives 41(1):15-42.
58. Lee, Yun Kuen, and Naicheng Zhu 2002 Social Integration of Religion and Ritual in Prehistoric China. Antiquity (76):715-23.
59. Li, Xueqin, ed. 1997 Zhongguo Gudai Wenming yu Guojia Xingcheng Yanjiu. Kunming: Yunnan Renmin Press.
60. Lin, Yun 1998 Guanyu Zhongguo zaoqi guojia xingshi de jige wenti (Issues on the forms of early states in China). In Lin Yun Xueshu Wenji. Yun Lin, ed. Pp. 85-99. Beijing: Zhongguo Dabaikequanshu Press.
61. Linduff, Katheryn M. 1998 The Emergence and Demise of Bronze-Producing Cultures Outside the Central Plain of China. In The Bronze Age and Early Iron Age Peoples of Eastern Central Asia. Victor H. Mair, ed. Pp. 619-46. Volume 2. Washington DC: Institute for the Study of Man Inc.
62. Linduff, Katheryn M., Rubin Han, and Shuyun Sun, eds. 2000 The Beginning of Metallurgy in China. New York: The Edwin Mellen Press.
63. Liu, Chuanying 1997 Shixi Lutaigang yizhi I, II hao yiji de xingzhi (Analysis of the nature of structures I and II at the Lutaigang site). Jianghan Kaogu 2:45-9.
64. Liu, Dunyuan 1992 Longshan wenhua ruogan wenti zhiyi (Questions about some issues in the Longshan culture). In Shandong Longshan Wenhua Yanjiu Wenji. Fengshu Cai and Fengshi Luan, eds. Pp. 23-40. Jinan: Qilu Shushe.
65. Liu, Li 1996a Mortuary Ritual and Social Hierarchy in the Longshan Culture. Early China 21:1-46.
66. Liu, Li 1996b Settlement Patterns, Chiefdom Variability, and the Development of Early States in North China. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 15:237-88.
67. Liu, Li 2000a Ancestor Worship: An Archaeological Investigation of Ritual Activities in Neolithic North China. Journal of East Asian Archaeology 2(1-2):129-64.
68. Liu, Li 2000b The Development and Decline of Social Complexity in China: Some Environmental and Social Factors. Indo-Pacific Prehistory: The Melaka Papers. Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association 20(4):14-33.
69. Liu, Li 2003 "The Products of Minds as Well as of Hands:" Production of Prestige Goods in the Neolithic and Early State Periods of China. Asian Perspectives 42(1):1-40.
70. Liu, Li 2004 The Chinese Neolithic: Trajectories to Early States. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
71. Ikawa-Smith, Fumiko 1999 Construction of National Identity and Origins in East Asia: A Comparative Perspective. Antiquity 73:626-9.
72. Institute of Archaeology, CASS 1991 Zhongguo Kaoguxue Zhong Tan Shisi Niandai Shujuji. (Radiocarbon dates in Chinese archaeology.) Beijing:Wenwu Press.
73. Ikawa-Smith, Fumiko 1999 Yanshi Erlitou. (Erlitou in Yanshi.) Beijing: Zhongguo Dabaikequanshu Press.
74. Johnson, Gregory A. 1982 Organizational Structure and Scalar Stress. In Theory and Explanation in Archaeology. M. Rowlands, C. Renfrew, and B. Seagraves, eds. Pp. 389-420. New York: Academic Press.
75. Keightley, David N. 1978 The Religious Commitment: Shang Theology and the Genesis of Chinese Political Culture. History of Religion 17:212-14.
76. Keightley, David N. 1983 The Late Shang State: When, Where, and What? In The Origins of Chinese Civilization. David Keightley, ed. Pp. 523-64. Berkeley: University of California Press.
77. Keightley, David N. 2000 The Ancestral Landscape: Time, Space, and Community in Late Shang China (ca. 1200-1045 B. C.). Berkeley: Institute of East Asian Studies.
78. Kohl, Philip 1987 The Use and Abuse of World Systems Theory: The Case of the Pristine West Asian State. Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory 11:1-35.
79. Lee, Yun Kuen 2002 Building the Chronology of Early Chinese History. Asian Perspectives 41(1):15-42.
80. Lee, Yun Kuen, and Naicheng Zhu 2002 Social Integration of Religion and Ritual in Prehistoric China. Antiquity (76):715-23.
81. Li, Xueqin, ed. 1997 Zhongguo Gudai Wenming yu Guojia Xingcheng Yanjiu. Kunming: Yunnan Renmin Press.
82. Lin, Yun 1998 Guanyu Zhongguo zaoqi guojia xingshi de jige wenti (Issues on the forms of early states in China). In Lin Yun Xueshu Wenji. Yun Lin, ed. Pp. 85-99. Beijing: Zhongguo Dabaikequanshu Press.
83. Linduff, Katheryn M. 1998 The Emergence and Demise of Bronze-Producing Cultures Outside the Central Plain of China. In The Bronze Age and Early Iron Age Peoples of Eastern Central Asia. Victor H. Mair, ed. Pp. 619-46. Volume 2. Washington DC: Institute for the Study of Man Inc.
84. Linduff, Katheryn M., Rubin Han, and Shuyun Sun, eds. 2000 The Beginning of Metallurgy in China. New York: The Edwin Mellen Press.
85. Liu, Chuanying 1997 Shixi Lutaigang yizhi I, II hao yiji de xingzhi (Analysis of the nature of structures I and II at the Lutaigang site). Jianghan Kaogu 2:45-9.
86. Liu, Dunyuan 1992 Longshan wenhua ruogan wenti zhiyi (Questions about some issues in the Longshan culture). In Shandong Longshan Wenhua Yanjiu Wenji. Fengshu Cai and Fengshi Luan, eds. Pp. 23-40. Jinan: Qilu Shushe.
87. Liu, Li 1996a Mortuary Ritual and Social Hierarchy in the Longshan Culture. Early China 21:1-46.
88. Liu, Li 1996b Settlement Patterns, Chiefdom Variability, and the Development of Early States in North China. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 15:237-88.
89. Liu, Li 2000a Ancestor Worship: An Archaeological Investigation of Ritual Activities in Neolithic North China. Journal of East Asian Archaeology 2(1-2):129-64.
90. Liu, Li 2000b The Development and Decline of Social Complexity in China: Some Environmental and Social Factors. Indo-Pacific Prehistory: The Melaka Papers. Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association 20(4):14-33.
91. Liu, Li 2003 "The Products of Minds as Well as of Hands:" Production of Prestige Goods in the Neolithic and Early State Periods of China. Asian Perspectives 42(1):1-40.
92. Liu, Li 2004 The Chinese Neolithic: Trajectories to Early States. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
93. Liu, Li In press Urbanization in China: Erlitou and its Hinterland. In Urbanism in the Preindustrial World: Cross-Cultural Approaches. Glenn Storey, ed. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
94. Liu, Li, and Xingcan Chen 2001a China. In Encyclopedia of Archaeology: History and Discoveries. Tim Murray, ed. Pp. 315-33. Volume I, A-D. Santa Barbara: ABC Clio.
95. Liu, Li, and Xingcan Chen 2001b Cities and Towns: The Control of Natural Resources in Early States, China. Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities 73:5-47.
96. Liu, Li, and Xingcan Chen 2001c Settlement Archaeology and the Study of Social Complexity in China. The Review of Archaeology 22(2):4-21.
97. Liu, Li, and Xingcan Chen 2003 State Formation in Early China. London: Duckworth.
98. Liu, Li, with Xingcan Chen, Yun Kuen Lee, Henry Wright, and Arlene Rosen 2002-4 Settlement Patterns and Development of Social Complexity in the Yiluo Region, North China. Journal of Field Archaeology 29:1-26.
99. Longacre, W. A. 1999 Standardization and Specialization: What's the Link? In Pottery and People: A Dynamic Interaction. J. Skibo and G. Feinman, eds. Pp. 44-58. Salt Lake City: The University of Utah Press.
100. Luan, Fengshi 1993 Shilun Yueshi wenhua de laiyuan (On the origin of the Yueshi culture). In Jinian Chengziyai Yizhi Fajue 60 Zhounian Guoji Xueshu Taolunhui Wenji. Pp. 266-82. Jinan: Qi Lu Press.
101. Ma, Xiaolin 2003 Emergent Social Complexity in the Yangshao Culture: Analyzes of Settlement Patterns and Faunal Remains from Lingbao, Western Henan, China. Ph. D. dissertation, La Trobe University.
102. Maisels, Charles 1987 Models of Social Evolution: Trajectories from the Neolithic to the State. Man 22(2):331-59.
103. Maisels, Charles 1990 The Emergence of Civilization: From Hunting and Gathering to Agriculture, Cities, and the State in the Near East. London: Routledge.
104. Murowchick, Robert 1997 The State of Sino-Foreign Collaborative Archaeology in China. Orientations 28(6):26-33.
105. Murowchick, Robert, and David Cohen 2001 Searching for Shang's Beginnings: Great City Shang, City Song, and Collaborative Archaeology in Shangqiu, Henan. The Review of Archaeology 22(2):47-60.
106. Peng, Ke, and Yanshi Zhu 1999 Zhongguo gudai suoyong haibei laiyuan xintan (New inquiry in the sources of cowries in ancient China). Kaoguxue Jikan 12:119-47.
107. Peregrine, Peter 1991 Some Political Aspects of Craft Specialization. World Archaeology 23(1):1-11.
108. Quine, T. A., with D. Walling and X. Zhang 1999 Slope and Gully Response to Agricultural Activity in the Rolling Loess Plateau, China. In Fluvial Processes and Environmental Change. A. G. Brown and T. A. Quine, eds. Pp. 71-90. New York: Wiley and Sons.
109. Railey, Jim 1999 Neolithic to Early Bronze Age Sociopolitical Evolution in the Yuanqu Basin, North-Central China. Ph. D. dissertation, Washington University.
110. Renfrew, Colin 1975 Trade as Action at a Distance: Questions of Integration and Communication. In Ancient Civilization and Trade. Jeremy Sablof and C. C. Lamberg-Karlovsky, eds. Pp. 3-59. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
111. Rice, Prudence M. 1981 Evolution of Specialized Pottery Production: A Trial Model. Current Anthropology 22(33):219-40.
112. Rice, Prudence M. 1996 Recent Ceramic Analysis: 2. Composition, Production and Theory. Journal of Archaeological Research 4(3):165-202.
113. Rosen, Arlene M. 1995 The Social Response to Environmental Change in Early Bronze Age Canaan. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 14:26-44.
114. Schneider, J. 1991 Was There a Pre-Capitalist World-System? In Core-Periphery Relations in Precapitalist Worlds. C. Chase-Dunn and T. D. Hall, eds. Pp. 45-66. Boulder CO: Westview Press.
115. Shanxi Team, Institute of Archaeology, and CASS 1984 Shanxi Xiangfen Taosi yizhi shouci faxian tongqi (First copper object discovered at the Taosi site in Xiangfen, Shanxi). Kaogu 12:1069-71.
116. Shanxi Team, Institute of Archaeology, CASS, Shanxi Institute of Archaeology, and Linfen Bureau of Cultural Relics 2003a 2002 nian Shanxi Xiangfen Taosi chengzhi fajue (Excavation of the Taosi walled site in Xiangfen, Shanxi, 2002). Zhongguo Shehui Kexueyuan Gudai Wenming Yanjiu Zhongxin Tongxun 5:40-9.
117. Rosen, Arlene M. 2003b Taosi chengzhi faxian Taosi wenhua zhongqi muzang (Mid-Taosi phase burials at the Taosi walled site). Kaogu 9:3-6.
118. Shao, Wangping 1996 Chudi xin wu gui, zhong yinxi shuyuan (In search of the origin of witch-believing and witchcraft in ancient Chu area). In Changjiang Zhongyou Shiqian Wenhua ji Dierjie Yazhou Wenming Xueshu Taolunhui Lunwenji. Hunan Institute of Archaeology, ed. Pp. 326-31. Changsha:Yuelu Press.
119. Shi, Yafeng, with Z. C. Kong, S. M. Wang, L. Y. Tang, F. B. Wang, T. D. Yao, X. T. Zhao, P. Y. Zhang, and S. H. Shi 1992 Zhongguo quanxinshi danuanqi qihou yu huanjing de jiben tezheng (Basic characteristics of climate and environment during the Holocene megathermal in China). In Zhongguo Quanxinshi Danuanqi Qihou yu Huanjing. Yafeng Shi and Shaochen Kong, eds. Pp. 1-18. Beijing: Kexue Press.
120. Sino-American Collaborative Liangcheng Archaeology Team 1997 Shandong Rizhaoshi Liangcheng diqu de kaogu diaocha (Archaeological survey in the Liangcheng area, Rizhao city, Shandong). Kaogu 4:1-15.
121. Shi, Yafeng, with Z. C. Kong, S. M. Wang, L. Y. Tang, F. B. Wang, T. D. Yao, X. T. Zhao, P. Y. Zhang, and S. H. Shi 2002 Shandong Rizhao diqu xitong quyu diaocha de xin shouhuo (New gains from the systematic regional surveys in the Rizhao district, Shandong). Kaogu 5:10-18.
122. Sino-American Huan River Valley Archaeology Team 1998 Huanhe liuyu kaogu yanjiu chubu baogao (Preliminary report of regional archaeological research in the Huan River valley). Kaogu 10:13-22.
123. Song, Xinchao 1991 Yin Shang Wenhua Quyu Yanjiu. (A regional approach to the Shang culture.) Xi'an: Shaanxi Renmin Press.
124. Southall, Aidan 1993 Urban Theory and the Chinese City. In Urban Anthropology in China. G. Guldin and A. Southall, eds. Pp. 19-40. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
125. Stein, Gil 1999 Rethinking World-Systems: Diasporas, Colonies, and Interaction in Uruk Mesopotamia. Tucson: The University of Arizona Press.
126. Su, Bingqi, and Weizhang Yin 1981 Guanyu kaoguxue wenhua de quxi leixing wenti (On the issue of the distribution and development of regional cultures in Chinese archaeology). Wenwu 5:10-17.
127. The Chifeng International Collaborative Archaeological Research Project 2003 Regional Archaeology in Eastern Inner Mongolia: A Methodological Exploration. Beijing: Science Press.
128. Thorp, Robert 1991 Erlitou and the Search for the Xia. Early China 16:1-38.
129. Trigger, Bruce 1999 Shang Political Organization: A Comparative Approach. Journal of East Asian Archaeology 1(1-4):43-62.
130. Underhill, Anne P. 1994 Variation in Settlements During the Longshan Period of Northern China. Asian Perspectives 33(2):197-228.
131. Underhill, Anne P. 2000 An Analysis of Mortuary Ritual at the Dawenkou Site, Shandong, China. Journal of East Asian Archaeology 2(1-2):93-128.
132. Underhill, Anne P. 2002 Craft Production and Social Change in Northern China. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
133. Underhill, Anne P., with Gary Feinman, Linda Nicholas, Gwen Bennet, Feng Cai, Haiguang Yu, Fengshi Luan, and Hui Fang 1998 Systematic Regional Survey in SE Shandong Province, China. Journal of Field Archaeology 25:453-74.
134. Underhill, Anne P., with Gary Feinman, Linda Nicholas, Gwen Bennett, Hui Fang, Fengshi Luan, Haiguang Yu, and Fengshu Cai 2002 Regional Survey and the Development of Complex Societies in Southeastern Shandong, China. Antiquity 76:745-55.
135. Wallerstein, Immanuel 1974 The Modern World-System: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World Economy in the Sixteenth Century. New York: Academic Press.
136. Wang, Jin, and Xianyi Chen 1987 Shilun Shangdai Panlongcheng zaoqi chengshi de xingtai yu tezheng (On the form and characteristics of the early city at Panlongcheng). In Hubeisheng Kaoguxuehui Lunwen Xuanji. Hubei Archaeology Association, ed. Pp. 70-7. Volume 1. Wuhan:Wuhan Daxue Press.
137. Wang, Lixin 1998 Zao Shang Wenhua Yanjiu. (A study of the early Shang culture.) Beijing: Gaodeng Jiaoyu Press.
138. Wang, Qing 1993 Shilun shiqian Huanghe xiayou de gaidao yu guwenhua de fazhan (On the changes of the lower Yellow River's course and the development of ancient cultures in prehistory). Zhongyuan Wenwu 4:63-72.
139. Wang, Qing 1996 Jujin 4000 nian qianhou de huanjing bianqian yu shehui fazhan (Environmental change and social development in 4000 B. P.). In Dongfang Wenming Zhiguang-Liangzhu Wenhua Faxian 60 Zhounian Jinian Wenji. Huping Xu, ed. Pp. 291-9. Hainan: Hainan Guoji Xinwen Press.
140. Wang, Qing 1999 Da Yu zhishui de dili beijing (The geographic background for the regulation of floods by Yu the Great). Zhongyuan Wenwu 1:34-42.
141. Wang, Tao 1997 The Chinese Archaeological School: Su Bingqi and Contemporary Chinese Archaeology. Antiquity 71:31-9.
142. Xia Shang Zhou Chronology Project Team, ed. 2000 Xia Shang Zhou Duandai Gongcheng 1996-2000 Nian Jieduan Chengguo Baogao. (Report of the achievements in the 1996-2000 phase of the Xia Shang Zhou chronology project.) Beijing: Shijie Tushu Press.
143. Xie, Weiyang 1996 Zhongguo Zaoqi Guojia. Hangzhou: Zhejiang Renmin Press.
144. Yan, Wenming 1982 Jiangou de tougai bei he botoupi fengsu (Skull cap cups from Jiangou and the custom of scalping). Kaogu yu Wenwu 2:38-41.
145. Yan, Wenming 1987 Zhongguo shiqian wenhua de tongyixing yu duoyangxing (The unity and variability of prehistoric Chinese culture). Wenwu 3:38-50.
146. Yang, Yachang 2000 Shaanxi Xia shiqi kaogu de xin jinzhan (New progress of the Xia archaeology in Shaanxi). Gudai Wenming Yanjiu Tongxun 5:34-6.
147. Yates, Robin 1997 The City-State in Ancient China. In The Archaeology of City-states: Cross-Cultural Approaches. Deborah Nichols and Thomas Charlton, eds. Pp. 71-90. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
148. Yin, Da, 1955 Zhongguo Xinshiqi Shidai. (The Neolithic period in China.) Shanghai: Sanlian Press.
149. Yuan, Guangkuo 1996 Henan Erlitou wenhua muzang de jige wenti (Some issues relating to burials in the Erlitou culture of Henan). Kaogu 12:62-9.
150. Yun, Xizheng, and Yongkang Mou 1992 Zhongguo shiqian yishu de guibao (Treasures of prehistoric art in China). In Zhongguo Yuqi Quanji. Volume 1. Yongkang Mou and Xizheng Yun, eds. Pp. 23-36. Shijiazhuang: Hebei Meishu Press.
151. Zhang, Xuehai 2003 Xin Zhongyuan zhongxinlun (The new central plains-centric viewpoint). Zhongyuan Wenwu 3:7-12.
152. Zhao, Chunqing 2001 Zhengluo Diqu Xinshiqi Shidai Juluo de Yanbian. Beijing: Beijing University Press.
153. Zhao, Hui 1999 Liangzhu wenhua de ruogan teshuxing (Some characteristics of the Liangzhu culture). In Liangzhu Wenhua Yanjiu. Zhejiang Institute of Archaeology, ed. Pp. 104-19. Beijing: Kexue Press.
154. Zhao, Qingchun 2002 Xinzhai qi de queren jiqi yiyi (Significance of the confirmation of the Xinzhai phase). Zhongyuan Wenwu 1:21-3.
155. Zhao, Xitao, ed. 1996 Zhongguo Haimian Bianhua. (Sea level changes in China.) Jinan: Shandong Kexue Jishu Press.
156. Zhao, Zhiquan 1987 Lun Erlitou yizhi wei Xiadai wanqi duyi (On the Erlitou site as a capital of the late Xia dynasty). Huaxia Kaogu 2:196-204, 217.
157. Zheng, Guang 1998 Erlitou yizhi yu woguo zaoqi qingtong wenming (The Erlitou site and China's early bronze civilization). In Zhongguo Kaoguxue Luncong. Institute of Archaeology, and CASS, ed. Pp. 190-5. Beijing: Kexue Press.
158. Zhengzhou University 2000 Yudong Qixian Fajue Baogao. (Report of excavations at Qixian in East Henan.) Beijing: Kexue Press.
159. Zou, Heng 1980 Xia Shang Zhou Kaogu Lunwenji. (Essays on Shang and Zhou archaeology.) Beijing:Wenwu Press.