Sudden increase in a rare endemic carnivore: Ecology of the island spotted skunk

Journal of Mammalogy

Volumn 89, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 75-86

  Jones, Krista L ^a   Van Vuren, Dirk H ^a   Crooks, Kevin R ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability   (United States)

Author keywords

Channel Islands; Competitive release; Interference competition; Intraguild predation; Island fox; Island recovery; Radiotelemetry; Spilogale gracilis; Urocyon littoralis

Indexed keywords

ABUNDANCE; CARNIVORE; CARRYING CAPACITY; DIETARY SHIFT; DIURNAL ACTIVITY; ENDEMIC SPECIES; FERAL ORGANISM; HOME RANGE; INTERFERENCE COMPETITION; POPULATION DECLINE; RARE SPECIES; RESOURCE USE;

CALIFORNIA; CHANNEL ISLANDS [CALIFORNIA]; NORTH AMERICA; SANTA CRUZ ISLAND; UNITED STATES;

CARNIVORA; MEPHITIDAE; SPILOGALE; SPILOGALE GRACILIS; UROCYON LITTORALIS;

EID: 39749167781     PISSN: 00222372     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1644/07-MAMM-A-034.1     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. ADLER, G. H., AND R. LEVINS. 1994. The island syndrome in rodent populations. Quarterly Review of Biology 69:473-490.
2. AEBISCHER, N. J., P. A. ROBERTSON, AND R. E. KENWARD. 1993. Compositional analysis of habitat use from animal radio-tracking data. Ecology 74:1313-1325.
3. ALCOVER, J. A., AND M. MCMINN. 1994. Predators of vertebrates on islands. BioScience 44:12-18.
4. BIOTAS. 2003. LOAS. 2.10. Ecological Software Solutions, Urnasch, Switzerland.
5. BOUTIN, S. 1990. Food supplementation experiments with terrestrial vertebrates: patterns, problems and the future. Canadian Journal of Zoology 68:203-220.
6. BRENTON, B., AND R. C. KLINGER. 1994. Modeling the expansion and control of fennel on the Channel Islands. Pp. 497-504 in Proceedings of The Fourth California Islands Symposium: Update on the Status of Resources, Santa Barbara, California (W. L. Halvorson and G. J. Maender, eds.). Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, California.
7. BRUMBAUGH, R. W. 1980. Recent geomorphic and vegetal dynamics on Santa Cruz Island, California. Pp. 139-158 in Proceedings of The California Islands: A Multidisciplinary Symposium, Santa Barbara, California (D. M. Power, ed.). Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, California.
8. BYERS, C. R., R. K. STEINHORST, AND P. R. KRAUSMAN. 1984. Clarification of a technique for analysis of utilization-availability data. Journal of Wildlife Management 48:1050-1053.
9. CARBONE, C., AND J. L. GITTLEMAN. 2002. A common rule for the scaling of carnivore density. Science 295:2273-2276.
10. CARROLL, K. N. 2000. Macro- and microhabitat characteristics of the western spotted skunk, Spilogale gracilis, in the Sierra Nevada of northern California. M.S. thesis, California State University, Sacramento.
11. CEBALLOS, G., AND J. H. BROWN. 1995. Global patterns of mammalian diversity, endemism, and endangerment. Conservation Biology 9:559-568.
12. CLIFFORD, D. L., ET AL. 2006. Pathogen exposure in endangered island fox (Urocyon littoralis) populations: implications for conservation management. Biological Conservation 131:230-243.
13. COCHRAN, W. W., AND R. D. LORD. 1963. A radio-tracking system for wild animals. Journal of Wildlife Management 27:9-24.
14. COONAN, T. 2006. Integrated biological approach generates recovery of island foxes at Channel Islands. Pp. 42-43 in Natural resource year in review - 2005 (J. Selleck, ed.). National Park Service, Denver, Colorado. D-1755.
15. COONAN, T. J., C. A. SCHWEMM, G. W. ROEMER, D. K. GARCELON, AND L. MUNSON. 2005. Decline of an island fox subspecies to near extinction. Southwestern Naturalist 50:32-41.
16. COURCHAMP, F., J.-L. CHAPUIS, AND M. PASCAL. 2003. Mammal invaders on islands: impact, control and control impact. Biological Reviews 78:347-383.
17. CRABB, W. D. 1948. The ecology and management of the prairie spotted skunk in Iowa. Ecological Monographs 18:201-232.
18. CREEL, S., G. SPONG, AND N. CREEL. 2001. Interspecific competition and the population biology of extinction-prone carnivores. Pp. 35-60 in Carnivore conservation (J. L. Gittleman, S. M. Funk, D. Macdonald, and R. K. Wayne, eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
19. CROOKS, K. 1994a. Demography and status of the island fox and the island spotted skunk on Santa Cruz Island, California. Southwestern Naturalist 39:257-262.
20. CROOKS, K. R. 1994b. Den-site selection in the island spotted skunk of Santa Cruz Island, California. Southwestern Naturalist 39:354-357.
21. CROOKS, K. R., AND D. VAN VUREN. 1994. Conservation of the island spotted skunk and island fox in a recovering island ecosystem. Pp. 379-385 in Proceedings of The Fourth California Islands Symposium: Update on the Status of Resources, Santa Barbara, California (W. L. Halvorson and G. J. Maender, eds.). Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, California.
22. CROOKS, K. R., AND D. VAN VUREN. 1995. Resource utilization by two insular endemic mammalian carnivores, the island fox and island spotted skunk. Oecologia 104:301-307.
23. CROOKS, K. R., AND D. VAN VUREN. 2000. Update on the status of the island spotted skunk. Pp. 298-299 in Proceedings of The Fifth California Islands Symposium, Santa Barbara, California (D. R. Browne, K. L. Mitchell, and H. W. Chaney, eds.). Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, California.
24. CROWELL, K. L., AND S. L. PIMM. 1976. Competition and niche shifts of mice introduced onto small islands. Oikos 27:251-258.
25. DAYAN, T., AND D. SIMBERLOFF. 1998. Size patterns among competitors: ecological character displacement and character release in mammals, with special reference to island populations. Mammal Review 28:99-124.
26. DONADIO, E., AND S. W. BUSKIRK. 2006. Diet, morphology, and interspecific killing in Carnivora. American Naturalist 167:524-536.
27. DOTY, J. B., AND R. C. DOWLER. 2006. Denning ecology in sympatne populations of skunks (Spilogale gracilis and Mephitis mephitis) in west-central Texas. Journal of Mammalogy 87:131-138.
28. ERICKSON, W. P., T. L. MCDONALD, K. G. GEROW, S. HOWLIN, AND J. W. KERN. 2001. Statistical issues in resource selection studies with radio-marked animals. Pp. 209-242 in Radio tracking and animal populations (J. J. Millspaugh and J. M. Marzluff, eds.). Academic Press, San Diego, California.
29. GANNON, W. L., R. S. SIKES, AND THE ANIMAL CARE AND USE COMMITTEE OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MAMMALOGISTS. 2007. Guidelines of the American Society of Mammalogists for the use of wild mammals in research. Journal of Mammalogy 88:809-823.
30. GITTLEMAN, J. L., AND P. H. HARVEY. 1982. Carnivore home-range size, metabolic needs and ecology. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 10:57-63.
31. HOLT, R. D., AND G. A. POLIS. 1997. A theoretical framework for intraguild predation. American Naturalist 149:745-764.
32. HOOGE, P. N., AND B. EICHENLAUB. 2000. Animal Movement Extension to ArcView. Version 2.0. Alaska Science Center-Biological Science Office, United States Geological Survey, Anchorage.
33. JUNAK, S., T. AYERS, R. SCOTT, D. WILKEN, AND D. YOUNG. 1995. A flora of Santa Cruz Island. Santa Barbara Botanic Garden, Santa Barbara, California.
34. KELT, D. A., AND D. H. VAN VUREN. 2001. The ecology and macroecology of mammalian home range area. American Naturalist 157:637-645.
35. KINLAW, A. 1995. Spilogale putorius. Mammalian Species 511:1-7.
36. KLINGER, R. C., P. T. SCHUYLER, AND J. D. STERNER. 1994. Vegetation response to the removal of feral sheep from Santa Cruz Island. Pp. 341-350 in Proceedings of The Fourth California Islands Symposium: Update on the Status of Resources, Santa Barbara, California (W. L. Halvorson and G. J. Maender, eds.). Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, California.
37. LAUGHRIN, L. L. 1977. The island fox: a field study of its behavior and ecology. Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Santa Barbara.
38. LEBAN, F. A. 1999. Resource Selection for Windows. Version 1.0. University of Idaho, Moscow.
39. LOMOLINO, M. V., B. R. RIDDLE, AND J. H. BROWN. 2005. Biogeography. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Publishers, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
40. MACARTHUR, R. H., J. M. DIAMOND, AND J. R. KARR. 1972. Density compensation in island faunas. Ecology 53:330-342.
41. MARES, M. A., AND T. E. LACHER. 1987. Social spacing in small mammals: patterns of individual variation. American Zoologist 27:293-306.
42. MARES, M. A., ET AL. 1982. An experimental analysis of social spacing in Tamias striatus. Ecology 63:267-273.
43. MAYFIELD, R. L., D. VAN VUREN, AND M. L. JOHNSON. 2000. Demography of an insular endemic rodent, Peromyscus maniculatus santacruzae, on Santa Cruz Island. Southwestern Naturalist 45:508-513.
44. NETER, J., M. H. KUTNER, C. J. NACHSHEIM, AND W. WASSERMAN. 1996. Applied linear statistical models. McGraw Hill, Boston, Massachusetts.
45. NEU, C. W., C. R. BYERS, AND J. M. PEEK. 1974. Technique for analysis of utilization-availability data. Journal of Wildlife Management 38:541-545.
46. NORTH, S. G., D. J. BULLOCK, AND M. E. DULLOO. 1994. Changes in the vegetation and reptile populations on Round Island, Mauritius, following eradication of rabbits. Biological Conservation 67:21-28.
47. PALOMARES, F., AND T. M. CARO. 1999. Interspecific killing among mammalian carnivores. American Naturalist 153:492-508.
48. POLIS, G. A., C. A. MYERS, AND R. D. HOLT. 1989. The ecology and evolution of intraguild predation: potential competitors that eat each other. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 20:297-330.
49. PURVIS, A., G. M. MACE, AND J. L. GITTLEMAN. 2001. Past and future carnivore extinctions: a phylogenetic perspective. Pp. 11-34 in Carnivore conservation (J. L. Gittleman, S. M. Funk, D. Macdonald, and R. K. Wayne, eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
50. ROEMER, G. W., T. J. COONAN, D. K. GARCELON, J. BASCOMPTE, AND L. LAUGHRIN. 2001. Feral pigs facilitate hyperpredation by golden eagles and indirectly cause the decline of the island fox. Animal Conservation 4:307-318.
51. ROEMER, G. W., C. J. DONLAN, AND F. COURCHAMP. 2002. Golden eagles, feral pigs, and insular carnivores: how exotic species turn native predators into prey. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99:791-796.
52. ROEMER, G. W., D. K. GARCELON, T. COONAN, AND C. A. SCHWEMM. 1994. The use of capture-recapture methods for estimating, monitoring, and conserving island fox populations. Pp. 387-400 in Proceedings of The Fourth California Islands Symposium: Update on the Status of Resources, Santa Barbara, California (W. L. Halvorson and G. J. Maender, eds.). Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, California.
53. ROSATTE, R., AND S. LARIVIERE. 2003. Skunks. Pp. 692-707 in Wild mammals of North America: biology, management, and conservation (G. A. Feldhamer, B. C. Thompson, and J. A. Chapman, eds.). Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland.
54. SANDERSON, G. C. 1966. The study of mammal movements - a review. Journal of Wildlife Management 30:215-235.
55. SCHUYLER, P. T. 1993. Control of feral sheep (Ovis aries) on Santa Cruz Island. Pp. 443-452 in Proceedings of The Third California Islands Symposium: Recent Advances in Research on the California Islands, Santa Barbara, California (F. G. Hochberg, ed.). Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, California.
56. SCHWENKMEYER, D. 2006a. Elgaria multicarinata. In San Diego Natural History Museum field guide: reptiles and amphibians. http://www.sdnhm.org/fieldguide/herps/elga-mul.html. Accessed 12 September 2006.
57. SCHWENKMEYER, D. 2006b. Sceloporus occidentalis. In San Diego Natural History Museum field guide: reptiles and amphibians. http://www.sdnhm.org/fieldguide/herps/scel-occ.html. Accessed 12 September 2006.
58. SCHWENKMEYER, D. 2006c. Uta stansburiana. In San Diego Natural History Museum field guide: reptiles and amphibians. http://www.sdnhm.org/fieldguide/herps/uta-stan.html. Accessed 12 September 2006.
59. SEAMAN, D. E., J. J. MILLSPAUGH, B. J. KERNOHAN, G. C. BRUNDIGE, K. J. RAEDEKE, AND R. A. GITZEN. 1999. Effects of sample size on kernel home range estimates. Journal of Wildlife Management 63:739-747.
60. SEAMAN, D. E., AND R. A. POWELL. 1996. An evaluation of the accuracy of kernel density estimators for home range analysis. Ecology 77:2075-2085.
61. SHELDON, H. H. 1990. Santa Cruz Island mammal and bird report (1927-8). Pp. 189-205 in A step back in time: unpublished Channel Islands diaries (M. Daily, ed.). Santa Cruz Island Foundation, Santa Barbara, California.
62. SIMBERLOFF, D. 1986. The proximate causes of extinction. Pp. 259-276 in Patterns and processes in the history of life (D. M. Raup and D. Jablonski, eds.). Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
63. SWIHART, R. K., N. A. SLADE, AND B. J. BERGSTROM. 1988. Relating body size to the rate of home range use in mammals. Ecology 69:393-399.
64. VAN VUREN, D., AND B. E. COBLENTZ. 1989. Population characteristics of feral sheep on Santa Cruz Island. Journal of Wildlife Management 53:306-313.
65. VERMEER, L. 2006. Cruz status update. P. 2 in Proceedings of 2006 Integrated Island Fox Recovery Team Meeting, Ventura, California (H. M. Swarts, ed.). On file with the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Ventura, California.
66. VERTS, B. J., L. N. CARRAWAY, AND A. KINLAW. 2001. Spilogale gracilis. Mammalian Species 674:1-10.
67. WEHTJE, W. 1994. Response of a Bishop pine (Pinus muricata) population to removal of feral sheep on Santa Cruz Island, California. Pp. 331-340 in Proceedings of The Fourth California Islands Symposium: Update on the Status of Resources, Santa Barbara, California (W. L. Halvorson and G. J. Maender, eds.). Santa Barbara Natural History Museum, Santa Barbara, California.
68. WILSON, D. E., AND S. RUFF. 1999. The Smithsonian book of North American mammals. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.