Co-morbid major depression and generalized anxiety disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey follow-up

Psychological Medicine

Volumn 38, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 365-374

  Kessler, R C ^a   Gruber, M ^a   Hettema, J M ^b   Hwang, I ^a   Sampson, N ^a   Yonkers, K A ^c  

^a HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^b VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c YALE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Co morbidity; Generalized anxiety disorder; Major depressive episode

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; CHILD ABUSE; COMORBIDITY; CONTROLLED STUDY; EXTRAVERSION; FAMILY HISTORY; FOLLOW UP; GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER; HEALTH SURVEY; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MAJOR DEPRESSION; NEUROSIS; PREVALENCE; RISK FACTOR;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ANXIETY DISORDERS; CHILD; CHILD OF IMPAIRED PARENTS; COHORT STUDIES; COMORBIDITY; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; HEALTH SURVEYS; HUMANS; MIDDLE AGED; PERSONALITY; PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT; PREVALENCE; PROGNOSIS; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; PSYCHIATRIC STATUS RATING SCALES; RECURRENCE; RISK FACTORS; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; TIME FACTORS;

EID: 39749121456     PISSN: 00332917     EISSN: 14698978     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0033291707002012     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. Akiskal HS (1985). Anxiety: definition, relationship to depression, and proposal for an integrative model. In Anxiety and the Anxiety Disorders (ed. A. H. Tuma and J. D. Maser), pp. 787-797. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: Hillsdale, NJ.
2. Akiskal HS (1990). Toward a clinical understanding of the relationship of anxiety and depressive disorders. In Comorbidity of Mood and Anxiety Disorders (ed. J. D. Maser and C. R. Cloninger), pp. 597-610. American Psychiatric Press: Washington, DC.
3. APA (1968). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 2nd edn. American Psychiatric Association: Washington, DC.
4. APA (1980). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd edn. American Psychiatric Association: Washington, DC.
5. APA (1987). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd edn, revised. American Psychiatric Press: Washington, DC.
6. APA (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edn. American Psychiatric Association: Washington, DC.
7. Belli RF (1998). The structure of autobiographical memory and the event history calendar: potential improvements in the quality of retrospective reports in surveys. Memory 6, 383-406.
8. Belli RF, Shay WL, Stafford FP (2001). Event history calendars and question list surveys: a direct comparison of interviewing methods. Public Opinion Quarterly 65, 45-74.
9. Belzer K, Schneier FR (2004). Comorbidity of anxiety and depressive disorders: issues in conceptualization, assessment, and treatment. Journal of Psychiatric Practice 10, 296-306.
10. Breslau N (1985). Depressive symptoms, major depression, and generalized anxiety: a comparison of self-reports on CES-D and results from diagnostic interviews. Psychiatry Research 15, 219-229.
11. Breslau N, Davis GC (1985a). DSM-III generalized anxiety disorder: an empirical investigation of more stringent criteria. Psychiatry Research 15, 231-238.
12. Breslau N, Davis GC (1985b). Further evidence on the doubtful validity of generalized anxiety disorder. Psychiatry Research 16, 177-179.
13. Brown TA, Chorpita BF, Barlow DH (1998). Structural relationships among dimensions of the DSM-IV anxiety and mood disorders and dimensions of negative affect, positive affect, and autonomic arousal. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 107, 179-192.
14. Cloninger CR, Martin RL, Guze SB, Clayton PJ (1990). The empirical structure of psychiatric comorbidity and its theoretical significance. In Comorbidity of Mood and Anxiety Disorders (ed. J. D. Maser and C. R. Cloninger), pp. 439-462. American Psychiatric Press:Washington, DC.
15. Durham RC, Allan T, Hackett CA (1997). On predicting improvement and relapse in generalized anxiety disorder following psychotherapy. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 36, 101-119.
16. Efron B (1988). Logistic regression, survival analysis, and the Kaplan-Meier curve. Journal of the American Statistical Association 83, 414-425.
17. Endicott J, Andreasen N, Spitzer RL (1978). Family History Research Diagnostic Criteria. Biometrics Research, New York State Psychiatric Institute: New York, NY.
18. Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ, Boden JM (2006). Structure of internalising symptoms in early adulthood. British Journal of Psychiatry 189, 540-546.
19. First MB, Spitzer RL, Gibbon M, Williams JBW (2002). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders, Research Version, Non-patient Edition (SCID-I/NP). Biometrics Research, New York State Psychiatric Institute: New York, NY.
20. Goldberg LR (1992). The development of markers for the big-five factor structure. Psychological Assessment 4, 26-42.
21. Gorwood P (2004). Generalized anxiety disorder and major depressive disorder comorbidity: an example of genetic pleiotropy? European Psychiatry 19, 27-33.
22. Grant BF, Hasin DS, Stinson FS, Dawson DA, June Ruan W, Goldstein RB, Smith SM, Saha TD, Huang B (2005). Prevalence, correlates, co-morbidity, and comparative disability of DSM-IV generalized anxiety disorder in the USA: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Psychological Medicine 35, 1747-1759.
23. Haro JM, Arbabzadeh-Bouchez S, Brugha TS, di Girolamo G, Guyer ME, Jin R, Lepine JP, Mazzi F, Reneses B, Vilagut Saiz G, Sampson NA, Kessler RC (2006). Concordance of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview Version 3.0 (CIDI 3.0) with standardized clinical assessments in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research 15, 167-180.
24. Hettema JM, Neale MC, Myers JM, Prescott CA, Kendler KS (2006). A population-based twin study of the relationship between neuroticism and internalizing disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry 163, 857-864.
25. Kendler KS (1996). Major depression and generalised anxiety disorder. Same genes (partly) different environments - revisited. British Journal of Psychiatry (Suppl.), 68-75.
26. Kendler KS, Davis CG, Kessler RC (1997). The familial aggregation of common psychiatric and substance use disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey: a family history study. British Journal of Psychiatry 170, 541-548.
27. Kendler KS, Gardner CO, Gatz M, Pedersen NL (2007). The sources of co-morbidity between major depression and generalized anxiety disorder in a Swedish national twin sample. Psychological Medicine 37, 453-462.
28. Kendler KS, Neale MC, Kessler RC, Heath AC, Eaves LJ (1992). Generalized anxiety disorder in women. A population-based twin study. Archives of General Psychiatry 49, 267-272.
29. Kessler RC (1977). Rethinking the 16-fold table problem. Social Science Research 6, 84-107.
30. Kessler RC (2000). The epidemiology of pure and comorbid generalized anxiety disorder: a review and evaluation of recent research. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Supplement 7-13.
31. Kessler RC, Chiu WT, Demler O, Merikangas KR, Walters EE (2005). Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry 62, 617-627.
32. Kessler RC, Davis CG, Kendler KS (1997). Childhood adversity and adult psychiatric disorder in the US National Comorbidity Survey. Psychological Medicine 27, 1101-1119.
33. Kessler RC, McGonagle KA, Zhao S, Nelson CB, Hughes M, Eshleman S, Wittchen HU, Kendler KS (1994). Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States. Results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry 51, 8-19.
34. Kessler RC, Nelson CB, McGonagle KA, Liu J, Swartz M, Blazer DG (1996). Comorbidity of DSM-III-R major depressive disorder in the general population: results from the US National Comorbidity Survey. British Journal of Psychiatry (Suppl.), 17-30.
35. Kessler RC, Ustun TB (2004). The World Mental Health (WMH) Survey Initiative Version of the World Health Organization (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research 13, 93-121.
36. Kessler RC, Wittchen H-U, Abelson JM, McGonagle KA, Schwarz N, Kendler KS, Knäuper B, Zhao S (1998). Methodological studies of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) in the US National Comorbidity Survey. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research 7, 33-55.
37. Krueger RF (1999). The structure of common mental disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry 56, 921-926.
38. Krueger RF, Caspi A, Moffitt TE, Silva PA (1998). The structure and stability of common mental disorders (DSM-III-R): a longitudinal- epidemiological study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 107, 216-227.
39. Lazarsfeld PF (1973). Mutual relations over time of two attributes: a review and integration of various approaches. In Psychopathology: Contributions From the Social, Behavioral and Biological Sciences (ed. M. Hammer, K. Salzinger, S. Sutton and J. Zubin), pp. 461-480. Wiley: New York, NY.
40. Martin EI, Nemeroff CB (in press). The biology of generalized anxiety disorder and major depressive disorder: commonalities and distinguishing features. In The Future of Psychiatric Diagnoses: Refining the Research Agenda Depression and Generalized Anxiety Disorder (ed. D. P. Goldberg and K. S. Kendler). American Psychiatric Press: Washington, DC.
41. Mickelson KD, Kessler RC, Shaver PR (1997). Adult attachment in a nationally representative sample. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 73, 1092-1106.
42. Moffitt TE, Caspi A, Harrington H, Milne BJ, Melchior M, Goldberg D, Poulton R (2007). Generalized anxiety disorder and depression: childhood risk factors in a birth cohort followed to age 32. Psychological Medicine 37, 441-452.
43. Noyes Jr. R (2001). Comorbidity in generalized anxiety disorder. Psychiatric Clinics of North America 24, 41-55.
44. Offord DR, Boyle M, Campbell D, Cochrane J, Goering PN, Lin E, Rhodes A, Wong M (1994). Mental Health in Ontario: Selected Findings from the Mental Health Supplement to the Ontario Health Survey. Queen's Printer for Ontario: Toronto.
45. Post RM, Weiss SR (1998). Sensitization and kindling phenomena in mood, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorders: the role of serotonergic mechanisms in illness progression. Biological Psychiatry 44, 193-206.
46. Research Triangle Institute (2002). SUDAAN: professional software for survey data analysis. Research Triangle Institute: Research Triangle Park, NC.
47. Robins LN, Wing J, Wittchen HU, Helzer JE, Babor TF, Burke J, Farmer A, Jablenski A, Pickens R, Regier DA, Farmer A, Jablenski A, Pickens R, Regier DA, Sartorious N, Towle LH (1988). The Composite International Diagnostic Interview. An epidemiologic instrument suitable for use in conjunction with different diagnostic systems and in different cultures. Archives of General Psychiatry 45, 1069-1077.
48. Rosenbaum PR, Rubin DB (1983). The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika 70, 41-55.
49. Roy MA, Neale MC, Pedersen NL, Mathe AA, Kendler KS (1995). A twin study of generalized anxiety disorder and major depression. Psychological Medicine 25, 1037-1049.
50. Slade T, Watson D (2006). The structure of common DSM-IV and ICD-10 mental disorders in the Australian general population. Psychological Medicine 36, 1593-1600.
51. Spitzer RL, Williams JB, Gibbon M, First MB (1992). The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID). I: History, rationale, and description. Archives of General Psychiatry 49, 624-629.
52. Vollebergh WA, Iedema J, Bijl RV, de Graaf R, Smit F, Ormel J (2001). The structure and stability of common mental disorders: the NEMESIS study. Archives of General Psychiatry 58, 597-603.
53. Watson D (2005). Rethinking the mood and anxiety disorders: a quantitative hierarchical model for DSM-V. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 114, 522-536.
54. Wolter KM (1985). Introduction to Variance Estimation. Springer-Verlag: New York, NY.
55. Yonkers KA, Warshaw MG, Massion AO, Keller MB (1996). Phenomenology and course of generalised anxiety disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry 168, 308-313.