Oral diseases associated with hepatitis C virus infection. Part 1. Sialadenitis and salivary glands lymphoma

Oral Diseases

Volumn 14, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 123-130

  Carrozzo, M ^a  

^a NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Cryoglobulinemia; Hepatitis C virus; Lymphoma; Sialadenitis; Sjogren Syndrome

Indexed keywords

CANCER RISK; CLINICAL FEATURE; CRYOGLOBULINEMIA; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; HEPATITIS C; HEPATITIS C VIRUS; HUMAN; IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS; LYMPHOMA; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SALIVARY GLAND; SIALOADENITIS; SJOEGREN SYNDROME;

HEPACIVIRUS; HEPATITIS C; HUMANS; LYMPHOMA; RNA, VIRAL; SALIVARY GLAND NEOPLASMS; SIALADENITIS; SJOGREN'S SYNDROME;

EID: 39749116413     PISSN: 1354523X     EISSN: 16010825     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2007.01436.x     Document Type: Review

References (106)

1. Aceti A, Taliani G, Sorice M, Amendolea MA (1992). HCV and Sjögren's syndrome. Lancet 339 : 1425 1426.
2. Ali N, Siddiqui A (1997). The La antigen binds 5' noncoding region of the hepatitis C virus RNA in the context of the initiator AUG codon and stimulates internal ribosome entry site-mediated translation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94 : 2249 2254.
3. Ali N, Pruijn GJ, Kenan DJ, Keene JD, Siddiqui A (2000). Human La antigen is required for the hepatitis C virus internal ribosome entry site-mediated translation. J Biol Chem 275 : 27531 27540.
4. Almasio P, Provenzano G, Scimemi M, Cascio G, Craxi A, Pagliaro L (1992). Hepatitis C virus and Sjögren's syndrome. Lancet 339 : 989 990.
5. Alter MJ (2007). Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection. World J Gastroenterol 7 : 2436 2441.
6. Ambrosetti A, Zanotti R, Pattaro C et al (2004). Most cases of primary salivary mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma are associated either with Sjoegren syndrome or hepatitis C virus infection. Br J Haematol 126 : 43 49.
7. Arrieta JJ, Rodriguez-Inigo E, Ortiz-Movilla N et al (2001). In situ detection of hepatitis C virus RNA in salivary glands. Am J Pathol 158 : 259 264.
8. Ascoli V, Lo Coco F, Artini M, Levrero M, Martelli M, Negro F (1998). Extranodal lymphomas associated with hepatitis C virus infection. Am J Clin Pathol 109 : 600 609.
9. de Bandt M (1992). Role of hepatitis C virus in "essential" mixed cryoglobulinemias and Gougerot-Sjögren's syndrome (letter). Presse Med 21 : 1750 1752.
10. Barrier JH, Magadur-Joly G, Gassin M (1993). Le VHC: un agent etiologique improbable du SGS (letter). Presse Med 22 : 1108.
11. Biasi D, Colombari R, Achille A et al (1995). HCV RNA detection in parotid gland biopsy in a patient with chronic hepatitis C virus liver disease. Acta Gastroenterol Belg 58 : 465 469.
12. Blackard JT, Kemmer N, Sherman KE (2006). Extrahepatic replication of HCV: insights into clinical manifestations and biological consequences. Hepatology 44 : 15 22.
13. Boscagli A, Hatron PY, Canva-Delcambre V et al (1996). Syndrome sec et infection par le virus C de l'hepatite: un pseudosyndrome de Gougerot-Sjögren? Rev Med Interne 17 : 375 380.
14. von Bultzingslowen I, Sollecito TP, Fox PC et al (2007). Salivary dysfunction associated with systemic diseases: systematic review and clinical management recommendations. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 103 (Suppl S57.e1 S57.e15.
15. Cacoub P, Poynard T, Ghillani P et al (1999). Extrahepatic manifestations of chronic hepatitis C. MULTIVIRC Group. Multidepartment Virus C. Arthritis Rheum 42 : 2204 2212.
16. Cacoub P, Renou C, Rosenthal E et al (2000). Extrahepatic manifestations associated with hepatitis C virus infection. A prospective multicenter study of 321 patients. The GERMIVIC. Groupe d'Etude et de Recherche en Medecine Interne et Maladies Infectieuses sur le Virus de l'Hepatite C. Medicine (Baltimore) 79 : 47 56.
17. Cacoub P, Ratziu V, Myers RP et al (2002). Impact of treatment on extraheaptic manifestations in patients with chronic hepatitis C. J Hepatol 36 : 812 818.
18. Caramaschi P, Biasi D, Carletto A et al (1999). MALT lymphoma of the salivary glands. Review of the literature apropos of a case in a patient with hepatitis C virus infection. Recenti Prog Med 90 : 585 591.
19. Carrozzo M (2001). Oral health in patients with hepatitis C virus infection: an underestimated problem? Oral Dis 7 : 267 270.
20. Carrozzo M, Gandolfo S (2003). Oral diseases possibly associated with hepatitis C virus. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 14 : 115 127.
21. Chainani-Wu N, Lozada-Nur F, Terrault N (2004). Hepatitis C virus and lichen planus: a review. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 98 : 171 183.
22. Chisholm DM, Mason DK (1968). Labial salivary gland biopsy in Sjögren's disease. J Clin Pathol 21 : 656 660.
23. Choo QL, Kuo G, Weiner AJ, Overby LR, Bradley DW, Houghton M (1989). Isolation of a cDNA clone derived from a blood-borne non-A, non-B viral hepatitis genome. Science 244 : 359 362.
24. Coates EA, Brennan D, Logan RM et al (2000). Hepatitis C infection and associated oral health problems. Aust Dent J 45 : 108 114.
25. Coll J, Gambus G, Corominas J, Tomas S, Esteban JI, Guardia J (1997). Immunochemistry of minor salivary gland biopsy specimens from patients with Sjögren's syndrome with and without hepatitis C virus. Ann Rheum Dis 56 : 390 392.
26. Dal Maso L, Franceschi S (2006). Hepatitis C virus and risk of lymphoma and other lymphoid neoplasms: a meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 15 : 2078 2085.
27. Dammacco F, Sansonno D, Piccoli C, Tucci FA, Racanelli V (2001). The cryoglobulins: an overview. Eur J Clin Invest 31 : 628 638.
28. De Vita S, Sansonno D, Dolcetti R et al (1995). Hepatitis C virus within a malignant lymphoma lesion in the course of type II mixed cryoglobulinemia. Blood 86 : 1887 1892.
29. De Vita S, Sacco C, Sansonno D et al (1997). Characterization of overt B-cell lymphomas in patients with hepatitis C virus infection. Blood 90 : 776 782.
30. De Vita S, De Re V, Sansonno D et al (2000). Gastric mucosa as an additional extrahepatic localization of hepatitis C virus: viral detection in gastric low-grade lymphoma associated with autoimmune disease and in chronic gastritis. Hepatology 31 : 182 189.
31. De Vita S, Damato R, De Marchi G, Sacco S, Ferraccioli G (2002). True primary Sjogren's syndrome in a subset of patients with hepatitis C infection: a model linking chronic infection to chronic sialadenitis. Isr Med Assoc J 4 : 1101 1105.
32. Doffoel-Hantz V, Loustaud-Ratti V, Ramos-Casals M et al (2005). Evolution of Sjogren syndrome associated with hepatitis C virus when chronic hepatitis C is treated by interferon or the association of interferon and ribavirin. Rev Med Interne 26 : 88 94.
33. Duibuisson J (2007). Hepatitis C virus proteins. World J Gastroenterol 7 : 2406 2415.
34. Duverlie G, Wychowski C (2007). Cell culture systems for the hepatitis C virus. World J Gastroenterol 7 : 2442 2445.
35. El-Serag HB, Hampel H, Yeh C, Rabeneck L (2002). Extrahepatic manifestations of hepatitis C among United States male veterans. Hepatology 36 : 1439 1445.
36. Fernandez-Campillo J, Martin-Mola E, Martinez-Zapico J, Gijon-Banos J (1997). Sindrome de Sjögren asociado a infeccion por virus de hepatitis C: prevalencia y caracteristicas clinicas (letter). Rev Esp Reumatol 24 : 150.
37. Ferreiro M, Hermida Prieto M, Barral Rodriguez S, Laredo Vazquez R, Castro Iglesias A, Dios P (2001). Whole stimulated salivary flow in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. J Oral Pathol Med 31 : 117 120.
38. Ferreiro MC, Dios PD, Scully C (2005). Transmission of hepatitis C virus by saliva? Oral Dis 11 : 230 235.
39. Ferri C, Greco F, Longombardo G et al (1991). Antibodies to hepatitis C virus in patients with mixed cryoglobulinemia. Arthritis Rheum 34 : 1606 1610.
40. Ferri C, Caracciolo F, Zignego AL et al (1994). Hepatitis C virus infection in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Br J Haematol 88 : 392 394.
41. Feucht HH, Polywka S, Zollner B, Laufs R (1994). Greater amount of HCV-RNA in tears compared to blood. Microbiol Immunol 38 : 157 158.
42. Fox RI, Saito I (1994). Criteria for diagnosis of Sjögren syndrome. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 20 : 391 407.
43. Fox RI, Robinson CA, Curd JG, Kosin F, Howell FV (1986). Sjögren's syndrome. Proposed criteria for classification. Arthritis Rheum 29 : 577 585.
44. Fox RI, Michelson P, Casiano CA, Hayashi J, Stern M (2000). Sjögren's syndrome. Clin Dermatol 18 : 589 600.
45. Frisoni M, Baffoni L, Miniero R, Boni P, Falasconi C, Ferri S (1994). Virus de l'hepatite C et syndrome de Sjögren: Quel lien? (letter). Presse Med 23 : 1272.
46. Garcia-Carrasco M, Cervera R, Rosas J et al (1999). Primary Sjögren's syndrome in the elderly: clinical and immunological characteristics. Lupus 8 : 20 23.
47. Guisset M, Klotz F, Debonne JM, Vitte S (1993). Sicca syndrome and low-grade chronic viral hepatitis C. Apropos of a series of 50 cases (letter). Rev Med Interne 14 : 1006.
48. Gumber SC, Chopra S (1995). Hepatitis C: a multifaceted disease. Review of extrahepatic manifestations. Ann Intern Med 123 : 615 620.
49. Haddad J, Deny P, Munz-Gotheil C et al (1992). Lymphocytic sialadenitis of Sjögren's syndrome associated with chronic hepatitis C virus liver disease. Lancet 339 : 321 323.
50. Henderson L, Muir M, Mills PR et al (2001). Oral health of patients with hepatitis C virus infection: a pilot study. Oral Dis 7 : 271 274.
51. Honda M, Shimazaki T, Kaneko S (2005). La protein is a potent regulator of replication of hepatitis C virus in patients with chronic hepatitis C through internal ribosomal entry site-directed translation. Gastroenterology 128 : 449 462.
52. Houghton M, Weiner A, Han J, Kuo G, Choo QL (1991). Molecular biology of the hepatitis C viruses: implications for diagnosis, development and control of viral disease. Hepatology 14 : 381 388.
53. Jorgensen C, Legouffe MC, Perney P et al (1996). Sicca syndrome associated with hepatitis C virus infection. Arthritis Rheum 39 : 1166 1171.
54. King PD, McMurray RW, Becherer PR (1994). Sjögren's syndrome without mixed cryoglobulinemia is not associated with hepatitis C virus infection. Am J Gastroenterol 89 : 1047 1059.
55. Koike K, Moriya K, Ishibashi K et al (1997). Sialadenitis histologically resembling Sjögren syndrome in mice transgenic for hepatitis C virus envelope genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94 : 233 236.
56. Laskus T, Radkowski M, Wang LF, Nowicki M, Rakela J (2000). Uneven distribution of hepatitis C virus quasispecies in tissues from subjects with end-stage liver disease: confounding effect of viral adsorption and mounting evidence for the presence of low-level extrahepatic replication. J Virol 74 : 1014 1017.
57. Le Guillou-Guillemette H, Vallet S, Gaudy-Graffin C et al (2007). Genetic diversity of the hepatitis C virus: impact and issues in the antiviral therapy. World J Gastroenterol 7 : 2416 2426.
58. Lodi G, Porter SR (1997). Hepatitis C virus infection and lichen planus: a short review. Oral Dis 3 : 77 81.
59. Loustaud-Ratti V, Vidal E, Delaire L (1992). Gougerot-Sjögren, syndrome sec et hepatite C (abstract). Rev Med Interne 13 : S346.
60. Loustaud-Ratti V, Riche A, Liozon E et al (2001). Prevalence and characteristics of Sjögren's sindrome or sicca sindrome in chronic hepatitis C virus infection: a prospective study. JRheumatol 28 : 2245 2251.
61. Luppi M, Longo G, Ferrari MG et al (1996). Additional neoplasms and HCV infection in low-grade lymphoma of MALT type. Br J Haematol 94 : 373 375.
62. Major ME, Feinstone SM (1997). The molecular virology of hepatitis C. Hepatology 25 : 1527 1538.
63. Mariette X (2001). Lymphomas complicating Sjögren's syndrome and hepatitis C virus infection may share a common pathogenesis: chronic stimulation of rheumatoid factor B cells. Ann Rheum Dis 60 : 1007 1011.
64. Mariette X, Zerbib M, Jaccard A, Schenmetzler C, Danon F, Clauvel JP (1993). Hepatitis C virus and Sjögren's syndrome. Arthritis Rheum 36 : 280 281.
65. Marrone A, Di Bisceglie AM, Fox P (1995). Absence of hepatitis C viral infection among patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome (letter). J Hepatol 22 : 599.
66. Marson P, Ostuni PA, Vicarioto M, Ongaro G, Gambari PF (1991). Anti-hepatitis C virus serology in primary Sjögren's syndrome: no evidence of cross-reactivity between rheumatoid factor and specific viral proteins. Clin Exp Rheumatol 9 : 661 662.
67. Masaki N, Hayashi S (1995). Autoimmune liver disease complicating Sjögren's syndrome. Nippon Rinsho 10 : 2530 2535.
68. Monti G, Pioltelli P, Saccardo F et al (2005). Incidence and characteristics of non-Hodgkin lymphomas in a multicenter case file of patients with hepatitis C virus-related symptomatic mixed cryoglobulinemias. Arch Intern Med 65 : 101 105.
69. Nagao Y, Sata M (2004). Hepatitis C virus and lichen planus. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 19 : 1101 1113.
70. Nagao Y, Sata M, Noguchi S, Kinoshita M, Kameyama T, Ueno T (2000). Detection of hepatitis C virus RNA in oral lichen planus and oral cancer tissues. J Oral Pathol Med 29 : 259 266.
71. Nagao Y, Hanada S, Shishido S et al (2003). Incidence of Sjogren's syndrome in Japanese patients with hepatitis C virus infection. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 18 : 258 266.
72. Negro F, Krawczynski K, Quadri R et al (1999). A detection of genomic- and minus-strand of hepatitis C virus RNA in the liver of chronic hepatitis C patients by strand-specific semiquantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Hepatology 29 : 536 542.
73. Ohoka S, Tanaka Y, Amako Y et al (2003). Sialadenitis in patients with chronic hepatitis C is not directly related to hepatitis C virus. Hepatol Res 27 : 23 29.
74. Pawlotsky JM, Ben Yahia M et al (1994a). Immunological disorders in C virus chronic active hepatitis: a prospective case-control study. Hepatology 19 : 841 848.
75. Pawlotsky JM, Voisin MC, Krawczynski K et al (1994b). Salivary gland lesions in patients with chronic hepatitis C (abstract). Hepatology 20 : 248A.
76. Perz JF, Armstrong GL, Farrington LA, Hitin YJ, Bell BP (2006). The contribution of hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus infections to cirrhosis and primary liver cancer worldwide. JHepatol 45 : 529 538.
77. Pirisi M, Scott C, Fabris C et al (1994). Mild sialoadenitis: a common finding in patients with hepatitis C virus infection. Scand J Gastroenterol 29 : 940 942.
78. Poet JL, Torolli-Serabian I, Garnier PP (1994). Chronic hepatitis C and Sjögren's syndrome. J Rheumatol 21 : 1376 1377.
79. Porter SR, Scully C, Lodi G, Teo CG (1996). Lack of association between hepatitis C virus and Sjögren's syndrome. Oral Dis 2 : 183 184.
80. Ramos-Casals M, Garcia-Carrasco M, Cervera R et al (2001). Hepatitis C virus infection mimicking primary Sjögren syndrome. A clinical and immunologic description of 35 cases. Medicine (Baltimore) 80 : 1 8.
81. Ramos-Casals M, García-Carrasco M, Cervera R et al (2002). Th1/Th2 cytokine imbalance in patients with Sjögren syndrome secondary to hepatitis C virus infection. Semin Arthritis Rheum 32 : 56 63.
82. Ramos-Casals M, De Vita S, Tzioufas AG (2005). Hepatitis C virus, Sjogren's syndrome and B-cell lymphoma: linking infection, autoimmunity and cancer. Autoimmun Rev 4 : 8 15.
83. Ramos-Casals M, la Civita L, de Vita S et al (2007). Characterization of B cell lymphoma in patients with Sjogren's syndrome and hepatitis C virus infection. Arthritis Rheum 57 : 161 170.
84. Roy K, Bagg J (1999). Hepatitis C virus and oral disease: a critical review. Oral Dis 5 : 270 277.
85. Roy KM, Bagg J, McCarron B, Good T, Cameron S, Pithie A (1998). Predominance of HCV type 2a in saliva from intravenous drug users. J Med Viro 54 : 271 275.
86. Saadoun D, Landau DA, Calabrese LH, Cacoub PP (2007). Hepatitis C-associated mixed cryoglobulinaemia: a crossroad between autoimmunity and lymphoproliferation. Rheumatology (Oxford) 12 [Epub ahead of print].
87. Salaffi F, Burattini M, Morosetti C, Carotti A, Cervini C (1997). Salivary gland lesions resembling lymphocytic sialadenitis of Sjogren's syndrome in patients with HCV-related chronic liver disease. Eur J Int Med 8 : 231 236.
88. Scott CA, Avellini C, Desinan L et al (1997). Chronic lymphocytic sialoadenitis in HCV-related chronic liver disease: comparison of Sjögren's syndrome. Histopathology 30 : 41 48.
89. Selva-O'Callaghan A, Rodriguez-Pardo D, Sanchez-Sitjes L et al (1999). Hepatitis C virus infection, Sjögren's syndrome, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Arthritis Rheum 42 : 2489 2490.
90. Smyth CM, McKiernan SM, Hagan R et al (2007). Chronic hepatitis C infection and sicca syndrome: a clear association with HLA DQB1*02. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 19 : 493 498.
91. Spangberg K, Wiklund L, Schwartz S (2001). Binding of the La autoantigen to the hepatitis C virus 3' untranslated region protects the RNA from rapid degradation in vitro. JGen Virol 82 : 113 120.
92. Starkebaum G, Sasso EH (2004). Hepatitis C and B cells: induction of autoimmunity and lymphoproliferation may reflect chronic stimulation through cell-surface receptors. JRheumatol 31 : 416 418.
93. Szodoray P, Csepregi A, Hejjas M, Horanyi M, Zeher M (2001). Study of hepatitis C virus infection in 213 Hungarian patients with Sjögren's syndrome. Rheumatol In 21 : 6 9.
94. Takamatsu K, Okayasu I, Koyanagi Y, Yamamoto N (1992). Hepatitis C virus propagates in salivary glands. J Infect Dis 165 : 973 974.
95. Taliani G, Celestino D, Badolato MC et al (1997). Hepatitis C virus infection of salivary gland epithelial cells. Lack of evidence. J Hepatol 26 : 1200 1206.
96. Toyoda H, Fukuda Y, Nakano I et al (1998). Quasispecies nature of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in patients with chronic hepatitis C with mixed HCV subtypes. J Med Virol 54 : 80 85.
97. Tzioufas AG (1996). B-cell lymphoproliferation in primary Sjogren's syndrome. Clin Exp Rheumatol 14 (Suppl 14 S65 S70.
98. Ubertalli Ape V, Pellicano R, Smedile A et al (2006). Oral health status and salivary function in Italian patients with HCV and HBV infection. Oral Dis 12 (Suppl 1 8.
99. Verbaan H, Carlson J, Eriksson S et al (1999). Extrahepatic manifestations of chronic hepatitis C infection and the interrelationship between primary Sjögren's syndrome and hepatitis C in Swedish patients. J Intern Med 245 : 127 132.
100. Vidal E, Ranger S, Loustaud V, Verdier M, Liozon F, Denis F (1994). Suspected multiviral involvement in primary Sjögren's syndrome. Clin Exp Rheumatol 12 : 227 233.
101. Vitali C, Sciuto M, Neri R et al (1992). Anti-hepatitis C virus antibodies in primary Sjögren's syndrome: false positive results are related to hyper-gamma-globulinaemia. Clin Exp Rheumatol 10 : 103 104.
102. Vitali C, Bombardieri S, Moutsopoulos HM et al (1996). Assessment of the European classification criteria for Sjogren's syndrome in a series of clinically defined cases: results of a prospective multicentre study. The European Study Group on Diagnostic Criteria for Sjogren's Syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis 55 : 116 121.
103. Wanchu A, Chawla Y, Dhiman RK, Sud A, Bambery P (2003). Paucity of anti-hepatitis C virus antibodies in the serum of Indian patients with Sjogren's syndrome and inflammatory myositis. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 46 : 191 193.
104. Wattiaux MJ, Jouan-Flahault C, Youinou P et al (1995). Association of Gougerot-Sjögren syndrome and viral hepatitis C. Apropos of 6 cases (letter). Ann Med Interne (Paris) 146 : 247 250.
105. Zignego AL, Ferri C, Pileri SA, Caini P, Bianchi FB for the Italian Association of the Study of Liver Commission on Extrahepatic Manifestations of HCV infection (2007). Extrahepatic manifestations of hepatitis C virus infection: a general overview and guidelines for a clinical approach. Dig Liver Dis 39 : 2 17
106. Zuckerman E, Zuckerman T, Levine AM et al (1997). Hepatitis C virus infection in patients with B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Ann Intern Med 127 : 423 428.