메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 17, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 50-59

Variability in fireclimate relationships in ponderosa pine forests in the Colorado front Range

Author keywords

Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation; El Ni o?Southern Oscillation; Fire history; Pacific Decadal Oscillation; Pinus ponderosa

Indexed keywords

PINUS PONDEROSA;

EID: 39449132941     PISSN: 10498001     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1071/WF07029     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (34)

References (57)
  • 2
    • 0025631429 scopus 로고
    • Fire history on a desert mountain range: Rincon Mountain Wilderness, Arizona, USA
    • doi:10.1139/X90-208
    • Baisan CH, Swetnam TW (1990) Fire history on a desert mountain range: Rincon Mountain Wilderness, Arizona, USA. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 20, 1559-1569. doi:10.1139/X90-208
    • (1990) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.20 , pp. 1559-1569
    • Baisan, C.H.1    Swetnam, T.W.2
  • 3
    • 33846407221 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fire, fuels and restoration of ponderosa pine-Douglas fir forests in the Rocky Mountains, USA
    • doi:10.1111/J.1365-2699.2006.01592.X
    • Baker WL, Veblen TT, Sherriff RL (2007) Fire, fuels and restoration of ponderosa pine-Douglas fir forests in the Rocky Mountains, USA. Journal of Biogeography 34, 251-269. doi:10.1111/J.1365-2699.2006.01592.X
    • (2007) Journal of Biogeography , vol.34 , pp. 251-269
    • Baker, W.L.1    Veblen, T.T.2    Sherriff, R.L.3
  • 4
    • 0027332465 scopus 로고
    • Factors controlling plant distributions: Drought, competition, and fire in montane pines in Arizona
    • doi:10.2307/2937151
    • Barton AM (1993) Factors controlling plant distributions: drought, competition, and fire in montane pines in Arizona. Ecological Monographs 63, 367-397. doi:10.2307/2937151
    • (1993) Ecological Monographs , vol.63 , pp. 367-397
    • Barton, A.M.1
  • 5
    • 0027949794 scopus 로고
    • Gradient analysis of relationships among fire, environment, and vegetation in a South-western USA mountain range
    • doi:10.2307/2997180
    • Barton AM (1994) Gradient analysis of relationships among fire, environment, and vegetation in a South-western USA mountain range. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 121, 251-265. doi:10.2307/2997180
    • (1994) Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club , vol.121 , pp. 251-265
    • Barton, A.M.1
  • 6
    • 0035656709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gradient analysis of fire regimes in montane forests of the Southern Cascade Range, Thousand Lakes Wilderness, California, USA
    • doi:10.1023/A:1013263212092
    • Bekker MF, Taylor AH (2001) Gradient analysis of fire regimes in montane forests of the Southern Cascade Range, Thousand Lakes Wilderness, California, USA. Plant Ecology 155, 15-28. doi:10.1023/A:1013263212092
    • (2001) Plant Ecology , vol.155 , pp. 15-28
    • Bekker, M.F.1    Taylor, A.H.2
  • 7
    • 3543073552 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A winter precipitation 'dipole' in the western United States associated with multidecadal ENSO variability
    • doi:10.1029/2003GL018726
    • Brown DP, Comrie AC (2004) A winter precipitation 'dipole' in the western United States associated with multidecadal ENSO variability. Geophysical Research Letters 31, L09203. doi:10.1029/2003GL018726
    • (2004) Geophysical Research Letters , vol.31
    • Brown, D.P.1    Comrie, A.C.2
  • 8
    • 33845366278 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brown PM (2006) Climate effects on fire regimes and tree recruitment in Black Hills ponderosa pine forests. Ecology 87, 2500-2510. doi:10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[2500:CEOFRA]2.0.CO;2
    • Brown PM (2006) Climate effects on fire regimes and tree recruitment in Black Hills ponderosa pine forests. Ecology 87, 2500-2510. doi:10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[2500:CEOFRA]2.0.CO;2
  • 9
    • 1442289316 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fire history and fire climatology along a 5° gradient in latitude in Colorado and Wyoming, USA
    • Brown PM, Shepperd WD (2001) Fire history and fire climatology along a 5° gradient in latitude in Colorado and Wyoming, USA. Paleobotanist 50, 133-140.
    • (2001) Paleobotanist , vol.50 , pp. 133-140
    • Brown, P.M.1    Shepperd, W.D.2
  • 10
    • 33745652317 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regional relationships between climate and wildfire-burn area in the Interior West, USA
    • doi:10.1139/X05-264
    • Collins BM, Omi PN, Chapman PL (2006) Regional relationships between climate and wildfire-burn area in the Interior West, USA. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36, 699-709. doi:10.1139/X05-264
    • (2006) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.36 , pp. 699-709
    • Collins, B.M.1    Omi, P.N.2    Chapman, P.L.3
  • 12
    • 0033117522 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cook ER, Meko DM, Stahle DW, Cleaveland MK (1999) Drought reconstructions for the continental United States. Journal of Climatology 12, 1145-1162. doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012〈1145:DRFTCU〉 2.0.CO;2
    • Cook ER, Meko DM, Stahle DW, Cleaveland MK (1999) Drought reconstructions for the continental United States. Journal of Climatology 12, 1145-1162. doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012〈1145:DRFTCU〉 2.0.CO;2
  • 13
    • 0035669426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tree-ring estimates of Pacific decadal climate variability
    • doi:10.1007/S003820100177
    • D'Arrigo R, Villalba R, Wiles G (2001) Tree-ring estimates of Pacific decadal climate variability. Climate Dynamics 18, 219-224. doi:10.1007/S003820100177
    • (2001) Climate Dynamics , vol.18 , pp. 219-224
    • D'Arrigo, R.1    Villalba, R.2    Wiles, G.3
  • 15
    • 0034765208 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climatic and human influences on fire history in Pike National Forest, central Colorado
    • doi:10.1139/CJFR-31-9-1526
    • Donnegan JA, VeblenTT, Sibold JS (2001 ) Climatic and human influences on fire history in Pike National Forest, central Colorado. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 31, 1526-1539. doi:10.1139/CJFR-31-9-1526
    • (2001) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.31 , pp. 1526-1539
    • Donnegan, J.A.1    Veblen, T.T.2    Sibold, J.S.3
  • 16
    • 0035874457 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Atlantic multidecadal oscillation and its relation to rainfall and river flows in the continental US
    • doi:10.1029/ 2000GL012745
    • Enfield DB, Mestas-Nunez AM, Trimble PJ (2001) The Atlantic multidecadal oscillation and its relation to rainfall and river flows in the continental US. Geophysical Research Letters 28, 2077-2080. doi:10.1029/ 2000GL012745
    • (2001) Geophysical Research Letters , vol.28 , pp. 2077-2080
    • Enfield, D.B.1    Mestas-Nunez, A.M.2    Trimble, P.J.3
  • 18
    • 13944255534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Atmospheric, climatic, and ecological controls on extreme wildfire years in the north-western United States
    • doi:10.1890/03-5116
    • Gedalof Z, Peterson DL, Mantua NJ (2005) Atmospheric, climatic, and ecological controls on extreme wildfire years in the north-western United States. Ecological Applications 15, 154-174. doi:10.1890/03-5116
    • (2005) Ecological Applications , vol.15 , pp. 154-174
    • Gedalof, Z.1    Peterson, D.L.2    Mantua, N.J.3
  • 19
    • 0041689821 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterns and sources of multidecadal oscillations in drought-sensitive tree-ring records from the central and southern Rocky Mountains
    • Gray ST, Betancourt J, Fastie C, Jackson SJ (2003) Patterns and sources of multidecadal oscillations in drought-sensitive tree-ring records from the central and southern Rocky Mountains. Geophysical Research Letters 30, 1316.
    • (2003) Geophysical Research Letters , vol.30 , pp. 1316
    • Gray, S.T.1    Betancourt, J.2    Fastie, C.3    Jackson, S.J.4
  • 20
    • 6044228166 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A tree-ring based reconstruction of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation since 1567 AD
    • doi:10.1029/2004GL019932
    • Gray ST, Graumlich LJ, Betancourt JL, Pederson GT (2004) A tree-ring based reconstruction of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation since 1567 AD. Geophysical Research Letters 31, L12205. doi:10.1029/2004GL019932
    • (2004) Geophysical Research Letters , vol.31
    • Gray, S.T.1    Graumlich, L.J.2    Betancourt, J.L.3    Pederson, G.T.4
  • 21
    • 39549102570 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Grissino-Mayer HD (1995) Tree-ring reconstructions of climate and fire history at El Malpaís National Monument, New Mexico. PhD Dissertation, University of Arizona, Tucson.
    • Grissino-Mayer HD (1995) Tree-ring reconstructions of climate and fire history at El Malpaís National Monument, New Mexico. PhD Dissertation, University of Arizona, Tucson.
  • 22
    • 4444223017 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term climatic and human influences on fire regimes of the San Juan National Forest, South-western Colorado, USA
    • Grissino-Mayer H, Romme W, Floyd M, Hanna D (2004) Long-term climatic and human influences on fire regimes of the San Juan National Forest, South-western Colorado, USA. Ecological Applications 85, 1708-1724.
    • (2004) Ecological Applications , vol.85 , pp. 1708-1724
    • Grissino-Mayer, H.1    Romme, W.2    Floyd, M.3    Hanna, D.4
  • 23
    • 0021626799 scopus 로고
    • Disturbance and vegetation response in relation to environmental gradients in the Great Smoky Mountains
    • doi:10.1007/BF00045013
    • Harmon ME, Bratton SP, White PS (1984) Disturbance and vegetation response in relation to environmental gradients in the Great Smoky Mountains. Vegetatio 55, 129-139. doi:10.1007/BF00045013
    • (1984) Vegetatio , vol.55 , pp. 129-139
    • Harmon, M.E.1    Bratton, S.P.2    White, P.S.3
  • 24
    • 1642264251 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drought and Pacific Decadal Oscillation linked to fire occurrence in the Inland Pacific North-west
    • doi:10.1890/03-5019
    • Hessl A, McKenzie D, Schellhaas R (2004) Drought and Pacific Decadal Oscillation linked to fire occurrence in the Inland Pacific North-west. Ecological Applications 14, 425-442. doi:10.1890/03-5019
    • (2004) Ecological Applications , vol.14 , pp. 425-442
    • Hessl, A.1    McKenzie, D.2    Schellhaas, R.3
  • 25
    • 0036729563 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Annual and decadal climate forcing of historical fire regimes in the interior Pacific Northwest, USA
    • Heyerdahl EK, Brubaker LB, Agee JK (2002) Annual and decadal climate forcing of historical fire regimes in the interior Pacific Northwest, USA. The Holocene 12, 597-604.
    • (2002) The Holocene , vol.12 , pp. 597-604
    • Heyerdahl, E.K.1    Brubaker, L.B.2    Agee, J.K.3
  • 28
    • 0034973533 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inter-hemispheric synchrony of forest fires and El Nin̈o-Southern Oscillation
    • doi:10.1046/J.1466-822X.2001.00234.X
    • Kitzberger T, Swetnam TW, Veblen TT (2001) Inter-hemispheric synchrony of forest fires and El Nin̈o-Southern Oscillation. Global Ecology and Biogeography 10, 315-326. doi:10.1046/J.1466-822X.2001.00234.X
    • (2001) Global Ecology and Biogeography , vol.10 , pp. 315-326
    • Kitzberger, T.1    Swetnam, T.W.2    Veblen, T.T.3
  • 30
    • 39549099670 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Krasnow K (2007) Forest fuel mapping and strategic wildfire mitigation in the montane zone of Boulder County, Colorado. Masters Thesis, University of Colorado, Boulder.
    • Krasnow K (2007) Forest fuel mapping and strategic wildfire mitigation in the montane zone of Boulder County, Colorado. Masters Thesis, University of Colorado, Boulder.
  • 31
    • 0031465646 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mantua NJ, Hare SR, Zhang Y, Wallace JM, Francis RC (1997) A Pacific interdecadal climate oscillation with impacts on salmon production. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 78, 1069-1079. doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1997)078〈1069:APICOW〉2.0.CO;2
    • Mantua NJ, Hare SR, Zhang Y, Wallace JM, Francis RC (1997) A Pacific interdecadal climate oscillation with impacts on salmon production. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 78, 1069-1079. doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1997)078〈1069:APICOW〉2.0.CO;2
  • 32
    • 0002329042 scopus 로고
    • Analysis of tree rings and fire scars to establish fire history
    • McBride JR (1983) Analysis of tree rings and fire scars to establish fire history. Tree Ring Bulletin 43, 51-67.
    • (1983) Tree Ring Bulletin , vol.43 , pp. 51-67
    • McBride, J.R.1
  • 33
    • 0033570696 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • McCabe GJ, Dettinger MD (1999) Decadal variations in the strength of ENSO teleconnexions with precipitation in the western United States. International Journal of Climatolology 19, 1399-1410. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0088(19991115)19:13〈1399::AID-JOC457〉3. 0.CO;2-A
    • McCabe GJ, Dettinger MD (1999) Decadal variations in the strength of ENSO teleconnexions with precipitation in the western United States. International Journal of Climatolology 19, 1399-1410. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0088(19991115)19:13〈1399::AID-JOC457〉3.0.CO;2-A
  • 36
    • 0003049682 scopus 로고
    • Forest vegetation of the Colorado Front Range: Composition and dynamics
    • doi:10.1007/BF00240202
    • Peet RK (1981) Forest vegetation of the Colorado Front Range: composition and dynamics. Vegetatio 45, 3-75. doi:10.1007/BF00240202
    • (1981) Vegetatio , vol.45 , pp. 3-75
    • Peet, R.K.1
  • 37
    • 0027388602 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quinn WH (1992) A study of Southern Oscillation-related climatic activity for AD 622-1990 incorporating Nile River flow data. (Eds HF Diaz, V Markgraf) pp. 119-149. In 'El Nino: Historical and Paleoclimatic Aspects of the Southern Oscillation'. (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK)
    • Quinn WH (1992) A study of Southern Oscillation-related climatic activity for AD 622-1990 incorporating Nile River flow data. (Eds HF Diaz, V Markgraf) pp. 119-149. In 'El Nino: Historical and Paleoclimatic Aspects of the Southern Oscillation'. (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK)
  • 38
    • 3242669153 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Schoennagel T, Veblen TT, Romme WH (2004) The interaction of fire, fuels, and climate across Rocky Mountain forests. Bioscience 54, 661-676. doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0661:TIOFFA]2.0.CO;2
    • Schoennagel T, Veblen TT, Romme WH (2004) The interaction of fire, fuels, and climate across Rocky Mountain forests. Bioscience 54, 661-676. doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0661:TIOFFA]2.0.CO;2
  • 39
    • 30944454635 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ENSO and PDO variability affect drought-induced fire occurrence in Rocky Mountain subalpine forests
    • doi:10.1890/04-1579
    • Schoennagel T, Veblen TT, Romme WH, Sibold. JS, Cook ER (2005) ENSO and PDO variability affect drought-induced fire occurrence in Rocky Mountain subalpine forests. Ecological Applications 15, 2000-2014. doi:10.1890/04-1579
    • (2005) Ecological Applications , vol.15 , pp. 2000-2014
    • Schoennagel, T.1    Veblen, T.T.2    Romme, W.H.3    Sibold, J.S.4    Cook, E.R.5
  • 40
    • 34247397882 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Standard, fire behavior fuel models: A comprehensive set for use with Rothermel's Surface Fire Spread Model. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station
    • RMRS-GTR-153, Fort Collins, CO
    • Scott JH, Burgan RE (2005) Standard, fire behavior fuel models: a comprehensive set for use with Rothermel's Surface Fire Spread Model. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-153. (Fort Collins, CO)
    • (2005) General Technical Report
    • Scott, J.H.1    Burgan, R.E.2
  • 42
    • 33846930142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sherriff RL, Veblen TT (2006) Ecological effects of changes in fire regimes in Pinus ponderosa ecosystems in the Colorado Front Range. Journal of Vegetation Science 17, 705-718. doi:10.1658/1100- 9233(2006)17[705:EEOCIF]2.0.CO;2
    • Sherriff RL, Veblen TT (2006) Ecological effects of changes in fire regimes in Pinus ponderosa ecosystems in the Colorado Front Range. Journal of Vegetation Science 17, 705-718. doi:10.1658/1100- 9233(2006)17[705:EEOCIF]2.0.CO;2
  • 43
    • 39549107292 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A spatially-explicit reconstruction of historical fire occurrence in the ponderosa pine zone of the Colorado Front Range
    • Sherriff RL, Veblen TT (2007) A spatially-explicit reconstruction of historical fire occurrence in the ponderosa pine zone of the Colorado Front Range. Ecosystems 9, 1342-1347.
    • (2007) Ecosystems , vol.9 , pp. 1342-1347
    • Sherriff, R.L.1    Veblen, T.T.2
  • 44
    • 0034772976 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fire history in high elevation subalpine forests in the Colorado Front Range
    • Sherriff RL, Veblen TT, Sibold JS (2001) Fire history in high elevation subalpine forests in the Colorado Front Range. Ecoscience 3, 369-380.
    • (2001) Ecoscience , vol.3 , pp. 369-380
    • Sherriff, R.L.1    Veblen, T.T.2    Sibold, J.S.3
  • 45
    • 33646015350 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationships of subalpine forest fires in the Colorado Front Range with interannual and multidecadal-scale climatic variation
    • doi:10.1111/J.1365-2699.2006.01456.X
    • Sibold JS, Veblen TT (2006) Relationships of subalpine forest fires in the Colorado Front Range with interannual and multidecadal-scale climatic variation. Journal of Biogeography 33, 833-842. doi:10.1111/J.1365-2699.2006.01456.X
    • (2006) Journal of Biogeography , vol.33 , pp. 833-842
    • Sibold, J.S.1    Veblen, T.T.2
  • 46
    • 0002716282 scopus 로고
    • Southern oscillation extremes reconstructed from tree rings of the Sierra Madre Occidental and southern Great Plains
    • Stahle DW, Cleaveland MK (1993) Southern oscillation extremes reconstructed from tree rings of the Sierra Madre Occidental and southern Great Plains. Journal of Climatology 1, 59-74.
    • (1993) Journal of Climatology , vol.1 , pp. 59-74
    • Stahle, D.W.1    Cleaveland, M.K.2
  • 47
    • 0025691799 scopus 로고
    • Fire-Southern Oscillation relations in the south-western United States
    • doi:10.1126/SCIENCE.249.4972.1017
    • Swetnam TW, Betancourt JL (1990) Fire-Southern Oscillation relations in the south-western United States. Science 249, 1017-1020. doi:10.1126/SCIENCE.249.4972.1017
    • (1990) Science , vol.249 , pp. 1017-1020
    • Swetnam, T.W.1    Betancourt, J.L.2
  • 48
    • 0032427248 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Swetnam TW, Betancourt JL (1998) Mesoscale disturbance and ecological response to decadal climatic variability in the American Southwest. Journal of Climatology 11, 3128-3147. doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1998) 011〈3128:MDAERT〉2.0.CO;2
    • Swetnam TW, Betancourt JL (1998) Mesoscale disturbance and ecological response to decadal climatic variability in the American Southwest. Journal of Climatology 11, 3128-3147. doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1998) 011〈3128:MDAERT〉2.0.CO;2
  • 49
    • 15944405711 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climatic influences on fire regimes in the northern Sierra Nevada Mountains, Lake Tahoe Basin, Nevada, USA
    • doi:10.1111/J.1365-2699.2004.01208.X
    • Taylor AH, Beaty RM (2005) Climatic influences on fire regimes in the northern Sierra Nevada Mountains, Lake Tahoe Basin, Nevada, USA. Journal of Biogeography 32, 425-438. doi:10.1111/J.1365-2699.2004.01208.X
    • (2005) Journal of Biogeography , vol.32 , pp. 425-438
    • Taylor, A.H.1    Beaty, R.M.2
  • 50
    • 0032495118 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fire history and landscape dynamics in a late successional reserve, Klamath Mountains, California, USA
    • doi:10.1016/S0378-1127(98)00342-9
    • Taylor AH, Skinner CN (1998) Fire history and landscape dynamics in a late successional reserve, Klamath Mountains, California, USA. Forest Ecology and Management 111, 285-301. doi:10.1016/S0378-1127(98)00342-9
    • (1998) Forest Ecology and Management , vol.111 , pp. 285-301
    • Taylor, A.H.1    Skinner, C.N.2
  • 51
    • 0036446525 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inter-hemispheric comparison of fire history: The Colorado Front Range, USA and the Northern Patagonian Andes, Argentina
    • doi:10.1023/A:1020905823901
    • VeblenTT, Kitzberger T (2002) Inter-hemispheric comparison of fire history: the Colorado Front Range, USA and the Northern Patagonian Andes, Argentina. Plant Ecology 163,187-207. doi:10.1023/A:1020905823901
    • (2002) Plant Ecology , vol.163 , pp. 187-207
    • Veblen, T.T.1    Kitzberger, T.2
  • 52
    • 84986815856 scopus 로고
    • Disturbance and forest dynamics along a transect from Andean rain forest to Patagonian shrubland
    • doi:10.2307/3235807
    • Veblen TT, Kitzberger T, Lara A (1992) Disturbance and forest dynamics along a transect from Andean rain forest to Patagonian shrubland. Journal of Vegetation Science 3, 507-520. doi:10.2307/3235807
    • (1992) Journal of Vegetation Science , vol.3 , pp. 507-520
    • Veblen, T.T.1    Kitzberger, T.2    Lara, A.3
  • 53
    • 0034479796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Veblen TT, Kitzberger T, Donnegan J (2000) Climatic and human influences on fire regimes in ponderosa pine forests in the Colorado Front Range. Ecological Applications 10, 1178-1195. doi:10.1890/1051-0761(2000) 010[1178:CAHIOF]2.0.CO;2
    • Veblen TT, Kitzberger T, Donnegan J (2000) Climatic and human influences on fire regimes in ponderosa pine forests in the Colorado Front Range. Ecological Applications 10, 1178-1195. doi:10.1890/1051-0761(2000) 010[1178:CAHIOF]2.0.CO;2
  • 54
    • 70449762298 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interannual to decadal drought and wildfire in the western United States
    • doi:10.1029/2003EO490001
    • Westerling AL, Swetnam TW (2003) Interannual to decadal drought and wildfire in the western United States. EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union 84, 545-560. doi:10.1029/2003EO490001
    • (2003) EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union , vol.84 , pp. 545-560
    • Westerling, A.L.1    Swetnam, T.W.2
  • 56
    • 0001817177 scopus 로고
    • Vegetation of the Great Smoky Mountains
    • doi:10.2307/1943577
    • Whittaker RH (1956) Vegetation of the Great Smoky Mountains. Ecological Monographs 26, 1-80. doi:10.2307/1943577
    • (1956) Ecological Monographs , vol.26 , pp. 1-80
    • Whittaker, R.H.1
  • 57
    • 78449260985 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NOAA-CIRES Climate Diagnostics Center. Available at, Verified 11 January 2008
    • Wolter K (2004) Multivariate ENSO Index (MEI). NOAA-CIRES Climate Diagnostics Center. Available at http://www.cdc.noaa.gov/people/klaus.wolter/ MEI/index.html [Verified 11 January 2008]
    • (2004) Multivariate ENSO Index (MEI)
    • Wolter, K.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.