Particle acceleration and coronal mass ejection driven shocks: A theoretical model

Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics

Volumn 105, Issue A11, 2000, Pages 25079-25095

  Zank, G P ^a   Rice, W K M ^a   Wu, C C ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF DELAWARE   (United States)

^b NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 39449119164     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21699402     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/1999ja000455     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. Axford, W.I., E. Leer, and G. Skadron, The acceleration of cosmic rays by shock waves, Conf. Pap. Int. Cosmic Ray Conf., 15th, 11, 132-137, 1977.
2. Bell, A.R., The acceleration of cosmic rays in shock fronts, I, Mon. Not. Astron. Soc., 182, 147-156, 1978a.
3. Bell, A.R., The acceleration of cosmic rays in shock fronts, II, Mon. Not. Astron. Soc., 182, 443-455, 1978b.
4. Blandford, R.D., and J.P. Ostriker, Particle acceleration by astrophysical shocks, Astrophys. J., 221, 269-280, 1978.
5. Bogdan, T.J., and H.J. Völk, Onion-shell model of cosmic-ray acceleration in supernova remnants, Astron. Astrophys., 122, 129-136, 1983.
6. Cane, H.V., Energetic particles in the solar wind: propagation, acceleration and modulation, Conf. Pap. Int. Cosmic Ray Conf., 25th, 8, 135-150, 1997.
7. Cane, H.V., The structure and evolution of interplanetary shocks and the relevance for particle-acceleration, Nucl. Phys. B., 39A, 35-44, 1995.
8. Cane, H.V., R.E. McGuire, and T.T. von Rosenvinge, 2 Classes of solar energetic particle events associated with impulsive and long-duration soft-X-ray flares, Astrophys. J., 301, 448-459, 1986.
9. Cane, H.V, D.V. Reames, and T.T. von Rosenvinge, The role of interplanetary shocks in the longitude distribution of solar energetic particles, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 9555-9567, 1988.
10. Domingo, V., B. Sanahuja, and A.M. Heras, Energetic particles, interplanetary shocks and solar activity, Adv. Space Res., 9(4), 191-195, 1989.
11. Drury, L.O'C., An introduction to the theory of diffusive shock acceleration of energetic particles in tenuous plasmas, Rep. Prog. Phys., 46, 973-1027, 1983.
12. Dryer, M., Interplanetary studies: Propagation of disturbances between the Sun and the magnetosphere, Space Sci. Rev., 67, 363-419, 1994.
13. Franz, M., E. Keppler, U. Lauth, M.K. Reuss, G.M. Mason, and J.E. Mazur, Energetic particle abundances at CIR shocks, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 17-20, 1999.
14. Gloeckler, G., J. Geiss, B.C. Roelof, L.A. Fisk, F.M. Ipavich, K.W. Ogilvie, L.J. Lanzerotti, R. von Sieiger, and B. Wilken, Acceleration of interstellar pickup ions in the disturbed solar wind observed on Ulysses, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 17,637-17,643, 1994.
15. Gosling, J.T., The solar-flare myth, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 18,937-18,949, 1993.
16. Gosling, J.T., J.R. Asbridge, S.J. Bame, W.C. Feldman, R.D. Zwickl, G. Paschmann, N. Sckopke, and R.J. Hynds, Interplanetary ions during an energetic storm particle event: The distribution from solar wind thermal energies to 1.6 MeV, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 547-554, 1981.
17. Heras, A.M., B. Sanahuja, Z.K. Smith, T. Detman, and M. Dryer, The influence of the large-scale interplanetary shock structure on a low-energy particle event, Astrophys. J., 391, 359-369, 1992.
18. Heras, A.M., B. Sanahuja, D. Lario, Z.K. Smith, T. Detman, and M. Dryer, 3 Low energy particle events: Modeling the influence of the parent interplanetary shock, Astrophys. J., 445, 497-508, 1995.
19. Jokipii, J.R., Rates of energy gain and maximum energy in diffusive shock acceleration, Astrophys. J., 313, 842-846, 1987.
20. Kahler, S.W., Solar flares and coronal mass ejections, Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys., 30, 113-141, 1992.
21. Kahler, S.W., N.R. Sheeley, R.A. Howard, M.J. Koomen, D.J. Michels, R.E. McGuire, T.T. von Rosenvinge, and D.V. Reames, Associations between coronal mass ejections and solar energetic proton events, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 9683-9693, 1984.
22. Kallenrode, M.-B., and R. Hatzky, Energetic particle events at traveling interplanetary shocks: Modeling between 20 keV and 500 MeV, Conf. Pap. Int. Cosmic Ray Conf., 26th, 6, 324-327, 1999.
23. Kallenrode, M.-B., and G. Wibberenz, Propagation of particles injected from interplanetary shocks: A black box model and its consequences for acceleration theory and data interpretation, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 22,311-22,334, 1997.
24. Krymsky, G.F., A regular mechanism for the acceleration of charged particles on the front of a shock wave, Dok. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, 234, 1306-1308, 1977.
25. Lagage, P.O., and C.J. Cesarsky, Cosmic-ray shock acceleration in the presence of self excited waves, Astron. Astrophys., 118, 223-228, 1983.
26. Lario, D., B. Sanahuja, and A.M. Heras, Energetic particle events: Efficiency of interplanetary shocks as 50 keV < E < 100 MeV proton accelerators, Astrophys. J., 509, 415-434, 1998.
27. Lee, M.A., Coupled hydrodynamic wave excitation and ion-acceleration at interplanetary traveling shocks, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 6109-6119, 1983.
28. Lee, M.A., and J.M. Ryan, Time-dependent coronal shock acceleration of energetic solar-flare particles, Astrophys. J., 303, 829-842, 1986.
29. Leske, R.A., J.R. Cummings, R.A. Mewaldt, E.C. Stone, and T.T. von Rosenvinge, Measurements of the ionic charge states of solar energetic particles using the geomagnetic-field, Astrophys. J., 452, L149-L152, 1995.
30. Luhn, A., B. Klecker, D. Hovestadt, and E. Mobius, The mean ionic charge state of silicon in He-3 rich events, Adv. Space Res., 4(2/3), 161-164, 1984.
31. Luhn, A., B. Klecker, D. Hovestadt, and E. Mobius, The mean ionic charge state of silicon in He-3-rich solar-flares, Astrophys. J., 317, 951-955, 1987.
32. Malkov, M.A., Leakage from quasi-parallel collisionless shocks: Implications for injection and shock dissipation, Phys. Rev. E. Stat. Phys. Plasmas Fluids Relat. Interdiscip. Top., 58, 4911-4928, 1998.
33. Mason, G.M., G. Gloeckler, and D. Hovestadt, Temporal variations of nucleonic abundances in solar-flare energetic particles events, 2, Evidence for large-scale shock acceleration, Astrophys. J., 280, 902-916, 1984.
34. Mason, G.M., J.E. Mazur, M.D. Looper, and R.A. Mewaldt, Charge-state measurements of solar energetic particles observed with SAMPEX, Astrophys. J., 452, 901-911, 1995.
35. Mason, G.M., et al., Particle acceleration and sources in the November 1997 solar energetic particle event, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 141-144, 1999.
36. McKenzie, J.F., and H.J. Volk, Non-linear theory of cosmic ray shocks including self-generated alfvén waves, Astron. Astrophys., 116, 191-200, 1982.
37. McKibben, R.B., Azimuthal propagation of low-energy solar-flare protons as observed from spacecraft very widely separated in solar azimuth, J. Geophys. Res., 77, 3957-3984, 1972.
38. Moraal, H., and W.I. Axford, Cosmic-ray acceleration in supernova blast waves, Astron. Astrophys., 125, 204-216, 1983.
39. Ng, C.K., D.V. Reames, and A.J. Tylka, Effect of proton-amplified waves on the evolution of solar energetic particle composition in gradual events, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 2145-2148, 1999.
40. Oetliker, M., B. Klecker, D. Hovestadt, G.M. Mason, J.E. Mazur, R.A. Leske, R.A. Mewaldt, J.B. Blake, and M.D. Looper, The ionic charge of solar energetic particles with energies of 0.3-70 MeV per nucleon, Astrophys. J., 477, 495-501, 1997.
41. Parker, E.N., Dynamics of the interplanetary gas and magnetic fields, Astrophys. J., 123, 664-676, 1958.
42. Reames, D.V., and R.G. Stone, The identification of solar He-3 rich events and the study of particle acceleration at the sun, Astrophys. J., 308, 902-911, 1986.
43. Reames, D.V., Energetic particles from impulsive solar-flares, Astrophys. J. Suppl. S., 73, 235-251, 1990.
44. Reames, D.V., Coronal element abundances derived from solar energetic particles, Adv. Space Res., 14(4), 177-180, 1993.
45. Reames, D.V., Coronal abundances determined from energetic particles, Adv. Space Res., 15(7), 41-51, 1995.
46. Reames, D.V., Particle acceleration at the Sun and in the heliosphere, Space Sci. Rev., 90(3/4), 413-491, 1999.
47. Reames, D.V., L.M. Barbier, and C.K. Ng, The spatial distribution of particles accelerated by coronal mass ejection-driven shocks, Astrophys. J., 466, 473-486, 1996.
48. Reames, D.V., S.W. Kahler, and C.K. Ng, Spatial and temporal invariance in the spectra of energetic particles in gradual solar events, Astrophys. J., 491, 414-420, 1997.
49. Ruffolo, D., Effect of adiabatic deceleration on the focused transport of solar cosmic rays, Astrophys. J., 442, 861-874, 1995.
50. th, 9, 109-134, 1997.
51. Shimada, N., Diffusive shock acceleration process of electrons in the solar wind, Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Tokyo, Tokyo, 1998.
52. Tan, L.C., G.M. Mason, F.M. Ipavich, G. Gloeckler, R.D. Zwickl, and S.J. Bame, Energetic proton and helium fluxes associated with interplanetary shocks and their relation to the solar wind composition, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 1009-1018, 1986.
53. Terasawa, T., K. Maezawa, M. Hoshino, N. Shimada, T. Mukai, Y. Saito, T. Yamamoto, S. Kokubun, B. Wilken, and T. Doke, Observation of a cosmic-ray-modified interplanetary shock, Conf. Pap. Int. Cosmic Ray Conf., 26th, 6, 528-531, Salt Lake City, Utah, 1999.
54. Tylka, A.J., P.R. Boberg, J.H. Adams, L.P. Beahm, W.F. Dietrich, and T. Kleis, The mean ionic charge state of solar energetic Fe ions above 200 MeV per nucleon, Astrophys. J., 444, L109-L113, 1995.
55. Tylka, A.J., D.V. Reames, and C.K. Ng, Observations of systematic temporal evolution in elemental composition during gradual solar energetic particle events, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 2141-2144, 1999.
56. Völk, H.J., L.A. Zank, and G.P. Zank, Cosmic-ray spectrum produced by supernova-remnants with an upper limit on wave dissipation, Astron. Astrophys., 198, 274-282, 1988.
57. Webb, G.M., G.P. Zank, C.M. Ko, and D.J. Donohue, Multidimensional greens-functions and the statistics of diffusive shock acceleration, Astrophys. J., 453, 178-206, 1995.
58. Zank, G.P., Interaction of the solar wind with the local interstellar medium: A theoretical perspective, Space Sci. Rev., 89(3/4), 413-688, 1999.