Ion cyclotron diffusion of velocity distributions in the extended solar corona

Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics

Volumn 106, Issue A11, 2001, Pages 24937-24954

  Cranmer, Steven R ^a  

^a HARVARD SMITHSONIAN CENTER FOR ASTROPHYSICS   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 39449099868     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21699402     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2001ja000012     Document Type: Article

References (116)

1. Abraham-Shrauner, B., and W. C. Feldman, Nonlinear Alfvén waves in high-speed solar wind streams, J. Geophys. Res., 82, 618-624, 1977.
2. Antonucci, E., et al., First results from UVCS: Dynamics of the extended corona, in First Advances in Solar Physics Euroconference: Advances in the Physics of Sunspols, ASP Conf. Ser., vol. 118, edited by B. Schmieder, J. C. del Toro Iniesta, and M. Vásquez, pp. 273-277, Astron. Soc. of the Pac., San Francisco, Calif., 1997.
3. Arunasalam, V., Quasilinear theory of ion-cyclotron-resonance heating of plasmas and associated longitudinal cooling, Phys. Rev. Lett., 37, 746-749, 1976.
4. Axford, W. I., and J. F. McKenzie, The origin of high-speed solar wind streams, in Solar Wind Seven, edited by E. Marsch and R. Schwenn, pp. 1-5, Pergamon, New York, 1992.
5. Barakat, A. R., and R. W. Schunk, Transport equations for multicomponent anisotropic space plasmas: A review, Plasma Phys., 24, 389-418, 1982.
6. Bieber, J. W., W. Wanner, and W. H. Matthaeus, Dominant two-dimensional solar wind turbulence with implications for cosmic ray transport, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 2511-2522, 1996.
7. Bruno, R., B. Bavassano, E. Pietropaolo, V. Carbone, and H. Rosenbauer, On the "inward" component of Alfvénic turbulence in the solar wind, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 14,687-14,700, 1997.
8. Cho, J., and E. T. Vishniac, The anisotropy of magnetohydrodynamic Alfvénic turbulence, Astrophys. J., 539, 273-282, 2000.
9. 2+: Observations from Wind/MASS and Ulysses/SWICS, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 1187-1190, 1996.
10. Coleman, P. J., Jr., Turbulence, viscosity, and dissipation in the solar-wind plasma, Astrophys. J., 153, 371-388, 1968.
11. Cranmer, S. R., Non-Maxwellian redistribution in solar coronal Lyman alpha emission, Astrophys. J., 508, 925-939, 1998.
12. Cranmer, S. R., Ion cyclotron wave dissipation in the solar corona: The summed effect of more than 2000 ion species, Astrophys. J., 532, 1197-1208, 2000.
13. Cranmer, S. R., et al., An empirical model of a polar coronal hole at solar minimum, Astrophys. J., 511, 481-501, 1999a.
14. Cranmer, S. R., G. B. Field, and J. L. Kohl, Spectroscopic constraints on models of ion cyclotron resonance heating in the polar solar corona and high-speed solar wind, Astrophys. J., 518, 937-947, 1999b.
15. Davidson, R. C., Methods in Nonlinear Plasma Theory, 356 pp., Academic, San Diego, Calif., 1972.
16. Dusenbery, P. B., and J. V. Hollweg, Ion cyclotron heating and acceleration of solar wind minor ions, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 153-164, 1981.
17. Dusenbery, P. B., and L. R. Lyons, Generation of ion conic distributions by upgoing ionospheric electrons, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 7627-7638, 1981.
18. Feldman, W. C., and E. Marsch, Kinetic phenomena in the solar wind, in Cosmic Winds and the Heliosphere, edited by J. R. Jokipii, C. P. Sonett, and M. S. Giampapa, pp. 617-676, Univ. of Ariz. Press, Tucson, Ariz., 1997.
19. 5+ acceleration by turbulence in polar coronal holes, in Fifth SOHO Workshop: The Corona and Solar Wind Near Minimum Activity, edited by A. Wilson, pp. 379-383, Eur. Space Agency, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, 1997.
20. Galeev, A. A., and R. Z. Sagdeev, Wave-particle interaction, in Basic Plasma Physics I, edited by A. A. Galeev and R. N. Sudan, pp. 683-698, North-Holland, New York, 1983.
21. Galinsky, V. L., and V. I. Shevchenko, Nonlinear cyclotron resonant wave-particle interaction in a nonuniform magnetic field, Phys. Rev. Lett., 85, 90-93, 2000.
22. Gary, S. P., Theory of Space Plasma Microinstabilities, 181 pp., Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 1993.
23. Gary, S. P., L. Yin, D. Winske, and L. Ofman, Electromagnetic heavy ion cyclotron instability: Anisotropy constraint in the solar corona, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 10,715-10,722, 2001.
24. Giordano, S., E. Antonucci, G. Noci, M. Romoli, and J. L. Kohl, Identification of the coronal sources of the fast solar wind, Astrophys. J. Lett., 531, L79-L82, 2000.
25. Goldreich, P., and S. Sridhar, Magnetohydrodynamic turbulence revisited, Astrophys. J., 485, 680-688, 1997.
26. Gomberoff, L., and H. F. Astudillo, Ion heating and acceleration in the solar wind, in Solar Wind Nine, edited by S. R. Habbal, R. Esser, J. V. Hollweg, and P. A. Isenberg, pp. 461-464, Am. Inst. of Phys., Woodbury, N. Y., 1999.
27. Gomberoff, L., and R. Elgueta, Resonant acceleration of alpha particles by ion cyclotron waves in the solar wind, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 9801-9804, 1991.
28. Gomberoff, L., F. T. Gratton, and G. Gnavi, Acceleration and heating of heavy ions by circularly polarized Alfvén waves, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 15,661-15,666, 1996.
29. Harvey, R. W., Quasi-linear spectrum of current driven ion cyclotron waves, Phys. Fluids, 18, 1790-1799, 1975.
30. 0, and |δB|, J. Geophys. Res., 79, 1539-1541, 1974.
31. Hollweg, J. V., Transition region, corona, and solar wind in coronal holes, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 4111-4125, 1986.
32. 9+, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 24,781-24,792, 1999a.
33. Hollweg, J. V., The cyclotron resonance in coronal holes, 2, A two-proton description, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 24,793-24,805, 1999b.
34. Hollweg, J. V., The cyclotron resonance in coronal holes, 3, A five-beam turbulence-driven model, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 15,699-15,713, 2000a.
35. Hollweg, J. V., Compressibility of ion cyclotron and whistler waves: Can radio measurements detect high-frequency waves of solar origin in the corona?, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 7573-7581, 2000b.
36. Hollweg, J. V., and W. Johnson, Transition region, corona, and solar wind in coronal holes: Some two-fluid models, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 9547-9554, 1988.
37. ++, 3, Effects of resonant and nonresonant interaction with transverse waves, J. Geophys. Res., 83, 97-113, 1978.
38. Hu, Y. Q., Heating rates of solar wind ions by Alfvén waves, in Solar Wind Nine, edited by S. R. Habbal, R. Esser, J. V. Hollweg, and P. A. Isenberg, pp. 365-368, Am. Inst. of Phys., Woodbury, N. Y., 1999.
39. Hu, Y. Q., and S. R. Habbal, Resonant acceleration and heating of solar wind ions by dispersive ion cyclotron waves, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 17,045-17,056, 1999.
40. Hu, Y. Q., S. R. Habbal, and X. Li, On the cascade processes of Alfvén waves in the fast solar wind, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 24,819-24,834, 1999.
41. Isenberg, P. A., The ion cyclotron dispersion relation in a proton alpha solar wind, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 2133-2141, 1984a.
42. Isenberg, P. A., Resonant acceleration and heating of solar wind ions: Anisotropy and dispersion, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 6613-6622, 1984b.
43. Isenberg, P. A., Investigations of a turbulence-driven solar wind model, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 6437-6442, 1990.
44. Isenberg, P. A., and J. V. Hollweg, On the preferential acceleration and heating of solar wind heavy ions, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 3923-3935, 1983.
45. Isenberg, P. A., and M. A. Lee, A dispersive analysis of bispherical pickup ion distributions, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 11,055-11,066, 1996.
46. Isenberg, P. A., M. A. Lee, and J. V. Hollweg, A kinetic model of coronal heating and acceleration by ion cyclotron waves: Preliminary results, Sol. Phys., 193, 247-257, 2000.
47. Isenberg, P. A., M. A. Lee, and J. V. Hollweg, The kinetic shell model of coronal heating and acceleration by ion cyclotron waves, 1, Outward propagating waves, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 5649-5660, 2001.
48. Jacques, S. A., Momentum and energy transport by waves in the solar atmosphere and solar wind, Astrophys. J., 215, 942-951, 1977.
49. Jokipii, J. R., Cosmic-ray propagation, I, Charged particles in a random magnetic field, Astrophys. J., 146, 480-487, 1966.
50. Jones, F. C., T. J. Birmingham, and T. B. Kaiser, Partially averaged field approach to cosmic ray diffusion, Phys. Fluids, 21, 347-360, 1978.
51. Jordanova, V. K., J. U. Kozyra, and A. F. Nagy, Effects of heavy ions on the quasi-linear diffusion coefficients from resonant interactions with electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 19,771-19,778, 1996.
52. Kennel, C. F., and F. Engelmann, Velocity space diffusion from weak plasma turbulence in a magnetic field, Phys. Fluids, 9, 2377-2388, 1966.
53. Kohl, J. L., et al., First results from the SOHO Ultraviolet Coronagraph Spectrometer, Sol. Phys., 175, 613-644, 1997.
54. Kohl, J. L., et al., UVCS/SOHO empirical determinations of anisotropic velocity distributions in the solar corona, Astrophys. J. Lett., 501, L127-L131, 1998.
55. Kohl, J. L., et al., EUV spectral line profiles in polar coronal holes from 1.3 to 3.0 solar radii, Astrophys. J. Lett., 510, L59-L62, 1999.
56. Krall, N. A., and A. W. Trivelpiece, Principles of Plasma Physics, 674 pp., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1973.
57. Kuperus, M., J. A. Ionson, and D. S. Spicer, On the theory of coronal heating mechanisms, Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys., 19, 7-40, 1981.
58. Kuramitsu, Y., and T. Hada, Acceleration of charged particles by large amplitude MHD waves: Effect of wave spatial correlation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 629-632, 2000.
59. Leamon, R. J., W. H. Matthaeus, C. W. Smith, and H. K. Wong, Contribution of cyclotron-resonant damping to kinetic dissipation of interplanetary turbulence, Astrophys. J. Lett., 507, L181-L184, 1998a.
60. Leamon, R. J., C. W. Smith, N. F. Ness, W. H. Matthaeus, and H. K. Wong, Observational constraints on the dynamics of the interplanetary magnetic field dissipation range, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 4775-4787, 1998b.
61. Leamon, R. J., W. H. Matthaeus, C. W. Smith, G. P. Zank, D. J. Mullan, and S. Oughton, MHD-driven kinetic dissipation in the solar wind and corona, Astrophys. J., 537, 1054-1062, 2000.
62. Lee, L. C., and B. H. Wu, Heating and acceleration of protons and minor ions by fast shocks in the solar corona, Astrophys. J., 535, 1014-1026, 2000.
63. Lee, M. A., Self-consistent kinetic equations and the evolution of a relativistic plasma in an ambient magnetic field, Plasma Phys., 13, 1079-1098, 1971.
64. Li, X., and S. R. Habbal, Damping of the fast and ion cyclotron oblique waves in the multi-ion fast solar wind, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 10,669-10,680, 2001.
65. Li, X., S. R. Habbal, J. L. Kohl, and G. Noci, The effect of temperature anisotropy on observations of Doppler dimming and pumping in the inner corona, Astrophys. J. Lett., 501, L133-L137, 1998.
66. Li, X., S. R. Habbal, J. V. Hollweg, and R. Esser, Heating and cooling of protons by turbulence-driven ion cyclotron waves in the fast solar wind, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 2521-2536, 1999.
67. Lie-Svendsen, Ø., and M. H. Rees, An improved kinetic model for the polar outflow of a minor ion, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 2415-2433, 1996.
68. Liewer, P. G., M. Velli, and B. E. Goldstein, Hybrid simulations of wave propagation and ion cyclotron heating in the expanding solar wind, in Solar Wind Nine, edited by S. R. Habbal, R. Esser, J. V. Hollweg, and P. A. Isenberg, pp. 449-452, Am. Inst. of Phys., Woodbury, N. Y., 1999.
69. Mann, G., P. Hackenberg, and E. Marsch, Linear mode analysis in multi-ion plasmas, J. Plasma Phys., 58, 205-221, 1997.
70. Marsch, E., Kinetic physics of the solar wind plasma, in Physics of the Inner Heliosphere, vol. II, edited by R. Schwenn and E. Marsch, pp. 45-134, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1991.
71. Marsch, E., Closure of multi-fluid and kinetic equations for cyclotron resonant interactions of solar wind ions with Alfvén waves, Nonlinear Proc. Geophys., 5, 111-120, 1998.
72. Marsch, E., Dissipation and wave-ion interaction in the solar wind: Links between fluid and kinetic theory, Nonlinear Proc. Geophys., 6, 149-160, 1999.
73. Marsch, E., and C.-Y. Tu, Heating and acceleration of coronal ions interacting with plasma waves through cyclotron and Landau resonance, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 227-238, 2001.
74. Marsch, E., C. K. Goertz, and K. Richter, Wave heating and acceleration of solar wind ions by cyclotron resonance, J. Geophys. Res., 87, 5030-5044, 1982.
75. Matthaeus, W. H., M. L. Goldstein, and D. A. Roberts, Evidence for the presence of quasi-two-dimensional nearly incompressible fluctuations in the solar wind, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 20,673-20,683, 1990.
76. Matthaeus, W. H., S. Ghosh, S. Oughton, and D. A. Roberts, Anisotropic three-dimensional MHD turbulence, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 7619-7630, 1996.
77. Matthaeus, W. H., G. P. Zank, S. Oughton, D. J. Mullan, and P. Dmitruk, Coronal heating by magnetohydrodynamic turbulence driven by reflected low-frequency waves, Astrophys. J. Lett., 523, L93-L96, 1999.
78. McKenzie, J. F., Interaction between Alfvén waves and a multicomponent plasma with differential ion streaming, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 4193-4200, 1994.
79. McKenzie, J. F., and E. Marsch, Resonant wave acceleration of minor ions in the solar wind, Astrophys. Space Sci., 81, 295-314, 1982.
80. McKenzie, J. F., M. Banaszkiewicz, and W. I. Axford, Acceleration of the high speed solar wind, Astron. Astrophys., 303, L45-L48, 1995.
81. McKenzie, J. F., W. I. Axford, and M. Banaszkiewicz, The fast solar wind, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 2877-2880, 1997.
82. Medvedev, M. V., Particle heating by nonlinear Alfvénic turbulence in advection-dominated accretion flows, Astrophys. J., 541, 811-820, 2000.
83. Mihalas, D., Stellar Atmospheres, 2nd ed., 632 pp., W. H. Freeman, New York, 1978.
84. Miller, J. A., Electron acceleration in solar flares by fast mode waves: Quasi-linear theory and pitch-angle scattering, Astrophys. J., 491, 939-951, 1997.
85. Montgomery, D., Major disruptions, inverse cascades, and the Strauss equations, Phys. Scr. T, 2(1), 83-88, 1982.
86. Nakamura, T. K., Limit of temperature anisotropy quenching by ion cyclotron waves: A statistical theory (abstract), Eos Trans. AGU, 80(46), Fall Meet. Suppl., F902, 1999.
87. Nicholson, D. R., Introduction to Plasma Theory, 292 pp., John Wiley, New York, 1983.
88. Noci, G., and L. Maccari, Radiation scattering in the solar corona, Astron. Astrophys., 341, 275-285, 1999.
89. Noci, G., J. L. Kohl, and G. L. Withbroe, Solar wind diagnostics from Doppler-enhanced scattering, Astrophys. J., 315, 706-715, 1987.
90. Noci, G., et al., First results from UVCS, Adv. Space Res., 20(12), 2219, 1997.
91. Oraevsky, V. N., Kinetic theory of waves, in Basic Plasma Physics 1, edited by A. A. Galeev and R. N. Sudan, pp. 243-278, North-Holland, New York, 1983.
92. Parker, E. N., Heating solar coronal holes, Astrophys. J., 372, 719-727, 1991.
93. Press, W. H., S. A. Teukolsky, W. T. Vetterling, and B. P. Flannery, Numerical recipes in FORTRAN: The art of scientific computing, 963 pp., Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 1992.
94. Retterer, J. M., T. Chang, and J. R. Jasperse, Transversely accelerated ions in the topside ionosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 13,189-13,201, 1994.
95. Rowlands, J., V. D. Shapiro, and V. I. Shevchenko, Quasilinear theory of plasma cyclotron instability, Soviet Phys. JETP, Engl. Transl., 23, 651-660, 1966.
96. Ruzmaikin, A., and M. A. Berger, On a source of Alfvén waves heating the solar corona, Astron. Astrophys., 337, L9-L12, 1998.
97. Schlickeiser, R., Cosmic-ray transport and acceleration, 1, Derivation of the kinetic equation and application to cosmic rays in static cold media, Astrophys. J., 336, 243-263, 1989.
98. 6+ ions in the solar wind, Geophys. Res. Lett., 7, 697-700, 1980.
99. Seely, J. F., U. Feldman, U. Schühle, K. Wilhelm, W. Curdt, and P. Lemaire, Turbulent velocities and ion temperatures in the solar corona obtained from SUMER line widths, Astrophys. J. Lett., 484, L87-L90, 1997.
100. Shapiro, V. D., and V. I. Shevchenko, The nonlinear theory of interaction between charged particle beams and a plasma in a magnetic field, Soviet Phys. JETP, Engl. Transl., 75, 1053-1061, 1962.
101. Shebalin, J. V., W. H. Matthaeus, and D. Montgomery, Anisotropy in MHD turbulence due to a mean magnetic field, J. Plasma Phys., 29, 525-547, 1983.
102. Shevchenko, V. I., V. L. Galinsky, M. V. Medvedev, P. H. Diamond, S. K. Ride, and R. Sagdeev, Heating and acceleration of ions in the fast solar wind (abstract), Eos Trans. AGU, 79(45), Fall Meet. Suppl., F692, 1998.
103. Siregar, E., A. F. Viñas, and M. L. Goldstein, Coarse-graining and nonlocal processes in proton cyclotron resonant interactions, Phys. Plasmas, 5, 333-344, 1998.
104. Spangler, S. R., and S. Mancuso, Radio astronomical constraints on coronal heating by high-frequency Alfvén waves, Astrophys. J., 530, 491-499, 2000.
105. Stawicki, O., S. P. Gary, and H. Li, Solar wind magnetic fluctuation spectra: Dispersion versus damping, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 8273-8281, 2001.
106. Steinacker, J., and J. A. Miller, Stochastic gyroresonant electron acceleration in a low-beta plasma, I, Interaction with parallel transverse cold plasma waves, Astrophys. J., 393, 764-781, 1992.
107. Stix, T. H., The Theory of Plasma Waves, 283 pp., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1962.
108. Tam, S. W. Y., and T. Chang, Kinetic evolution and acceleration of the solar wind, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 3189-3192, 1999.
109. Tu, C.-Y., A solar wind model with the power spectrum of Alfvénic fluctuations, Sol. Phys., 109, 149-186, 1987.
110. Tu, C.-Y., and E. Marsch, Two-fluid model for heating of the solar corona and acceleration of the solar wind by high-frequency Alfvén waves, Sol. Phys., 171, 363-391, 1997.
111. Tu, C.-Y., and E. Marsch, On cyclotron wave heating and acceleration of solar wind ions in the outer corona, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 8233-8252, 2001.
112. Tu, C.-Y., E. Marsch, K. Wilhelm, and W. Curdt, Ion temperatures in a solar polar coronal hole observed by SUMER on SOHO, Astrophys. J., 503, 475-482, 1998.
113. Vainio, R., Charged-particle resonance conditions and transport coefficients in slab-mode waves, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser., 131, 519-529, 2000.
114. Warren, H. P., J. T. Mariska, K. Wilhelm, and P. Lemaire, Doppler shifts and nonthermal broadening in the quiet solar transition region: O VI, Astrophys. J. Lett., 484, L91-L94, 1997.
115. Withbroe, G. L., J. L. Kohl, H. Weiser, and R. H. Munro, Probing the solar wind acceleration region using spectroscopic techniques, Space Sci. Rev., 33, 17-52, 1982.
116. Xia, H., O. Ishihara, and A. Hirose, Non-Markovian diffusion in plasma turbulence, Phys. Fluids B, 5, 2892-2904, 1993.