Pirates, slavers, and the indigenous population in Madagascar, c. 1690-1715

International Journal of African Historical Studies

Volumn 38, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 401-425

  Bialuschewski, Arne ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 39449093790     PISSN: 03617882     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (124)

1. Robert E. Dewar, "Does It Matter that Madagascar Is an Island?," Human Ecology 25 (1997), 481-89
2. William Foster, "An English Settlement in Madagascar, 1645-1646," English Historical Review 27 (1912), 239-50
3. Georges Bastian, "Un vieil établissement français de l'Océan Indien: Fort-Dauphin," Cahiers d'outre-mer 5 (1952), 241-45
4. Mike Parker Pearson, "Close Encounters of the Worst Kind: Malagasy Resistance and Colonial Disasters in Southern Madagascar," World Archaeology 28 (1997), 398-410
5. Hubert Deschamps, Histoire de Madagascar (Paris, 1960), 91
6. e siècles," Bulletin de l'Académie Malgache 18 (1935), 5-7
7. Forest D. Arnold-Foster, The Madagascar Pirates (New York, 1957), 53-186
8. e siècles (Paris, 1972), 129-71
9. Robert E. Dewar and Henry T. Wright, "The Culture History of Madagascar," Journal of World Prehistory 7 (1993), 442-59
10. e siècles," Studia 11 (1963), 306-11
11. Jaap R. Bruijn, "Between Batavia and the Cape: Shipping Patterns of the Dutch East India Company," Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 11 (1980), 253-57
12. Perry J. Moree, A Concise History of Dutch Mauritius, 1598-1710: A Fruitful and Healthy Land (London, 1998), 31-32
13. e siècle (Paris, 1974), 117-18
14. Ho Hai Quang, Contribution à l'histoire économique de l'île de La Réunion, 1642-1848 (Paris, 1998), 47-59
15. James C. Armstrong, "Madagascar and the Slave Trade in the 17th Century," Omaly sy Anio 17-20 (1983-84), 223-29
16. G. Con de Wet, Die vryliede en vryswartes in die Kaapse nedersetting, 1657-1707 (Cape Town, 1981), 174-81
17. idem, "Die VOC-nedersetting aan die Kaap die Goeie Hoop se betrokkenheid by die lande van die westelike Indiese oseaan, 1652-1700," Historia 47 (2002), 229-32
18. John Ovington, A Voyage to Suratt, in the Year 1689 (London, 1696), 102
19. Armstrong, "Madagascar," 218-19
20. Virginia Bever Platt, "The East India Company and the Madagascar Slave Trade," William and Mary Quarterly 26 (1969), 548-50
21. Robert Drury, Madagascar: or, Robert Drury's Journal During Fifteen Years Captivity on that Island (London, 1729), 125
22. This detailed account has been unconvincingly dismissed as a work of semifiction composed by Daniel Defoe. See John R. Moore, Defoe's Sources for Robert Drury's Journal (Bloomington, Ind., 1943), 11-87
23. Anne Molet-Sauvaget, Madagascar ou le journal de Robert Drury par Daniel Defoe (Paris, 1992), 7-19
24. For the authenticity of the narrative see Arthur W. Secord, Robert Drury's Journal and Other Studies (Urbana, Ill., 1961), 7-71
25. Otto C. Dahl, "Un Cockney parlant malgache vers 1710," Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap 24 (1971), 83-153
26. Rodney M. Baine, "Daniel Defoe and Robert Drury's Journal," Texas Studies in Literature and Language 16 (1974), 479-91
27. Mike Parker Pearson, "Reassessing Robert Drury's Journal as a Historical Source for Southern Madagascar," History in Africa 23 (1996), 233-51
28. Algemeen Rijksarchief, The Hague (hereafter ARA), Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie (VOC) 10811, Fols. 1-29, Journal of Soldaat, 11 November 1696 to 26 February 1697
29. ARA, VOC 4043, Fols. 1103-34, Journal of Peter en Paul, 6 October to 28 November 1699
30. NA, CO 5/1042, Fols. 212-14, Deposition of Adam Baldridge, 5 May 1699
31. BL, Add. Ms. 15738, Fol. 18, Map of Dupré-Eberard, c. 1710
32. 5A 1, No. 31, Memorandum of Godefroy de La Merveille, 1712
33. NA, CO 391/10, Fols. 216-17, Finlinson's Information
34. NA, CO 5/1042, Fols. 212-14, Baldridge's Deposition
35. Jacob Judd, "Frederick Philipse and the Madagascar Trade," New York Historical Society Quarterly 55 (1971), 357-58
36. NA, CO 5/860, Fols. 314-15, Lord Bellomont to Admiralty, 7 September 1699
37. S. Charles Hill, "Notes on Piracy in Eastern Waters," Indian Antiquary 55 Suppl. (1926), 99-123
38. James G. Lydon, Pirates, Privateers, and Profits (Upper Saddle River, N.J., 1970), 36-51
39. Judd, "Frederick Philipse," 354-74
40. Cathy Matson, Merchants and Empire: Trading in Colonial New York (London, 1998), 62-64
41. Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, Nouvelles acquisitions françaises 9343, Fols. 88-89, Directors of Compagnie des Indes Orientales to Comte de Pontchartrain, 13 June 1700
42. Robert C. Ritchie, Captain Kidd and the War Against the Pirates (Cambridge, Mass., 1986), 110-25
43. NA, CO 5/714, Fol. 377, Deposition of Theophilus Turner, 8 June 1699
44. NA, CO 5/1042, Fols. 300-01, Examination of Otto van Toyle, 14 June 1699
45. NA, HCA 1/53, Fols. 109-10, Examination of Samuel Burgess, 28 August 1701
46. GL, Ms. 3041/3, No. (i); Ovington, Voyage to Suratt, 102-105
47. Manuel Pimentel, Arte practica de navegar, & roteiro das viagens, & costas maritimas do Brazil, Guine, Angola, Indias e Ilhas orientaes e occidendaes (Lisbon, 1699), 376
48. Drury, Madagascar, 267-68, 312
49. ARA, VOC 4043, Fols. 420-24, Report of Jan Coin, 20 November 1699
50. NA, HCA 1/53, Fols. 97-99, Examination of Michael Hicks, 27 August 1701
51. For an example where provisioning European vessels had a considerable impact on regional development see Malyn Newitt, The Comoro Islands: Struggle Against Dependency in the Indian Ocean (London, 1984), 17-20
52. Parker Pearson, "Close Encounters," 406-407
53. Clara Ramiandrisoa, "La baie de Saint-Augustin," Aombe 4 (1991), 14-29. The findings included fragments of silk, red carnelian beads, beads of glass and agate, a silver ring, a gold ring and a gold filigree bead, copper alloy bracelets, and fragments of guns. Other archaeological sites in the hinterland did not contain any imported goods that predate the middle of the 18th century
54. Drury, Madagascar, 336-37. It seems that in the late 17th and early 18th centuries the various groups that Drury termed Fihereña people, the Andriavola royal clan, and the Masikoro, who lived further east, became associated
55. Etienne de Flacourt, Histoire de la Grande Isle Madagascar (Paris, 1661), 43-46
56. While Drury emphasized negative effects of cattle raiding, some modern studies have interpreted raids as means of redistribution and as potentially cohesive forces. See, for example, Andrew B. Smith, Pastoralism in Africa: Origins and Development Ecology (London, 1992), 19-21. However, the historical evidence for southwestern Madagascar does not point into this direction
57. William Dampier, A New Voyage Round the World (London, 1697), 510
58. Charles Johnson, The History of the Pyrates (London, 1728), 265
59. e siècle: le pirate Abraham Samuel," Etudes Océan Indien 23-24 (1997), 211-21
60. About this time the Tanosy stopped making ceramic cooking pots. It seems that they had ample access to iron pots, which had many advantages over earthenware. In the interior the late ceramic cooking pots adopt the shape and decoration of European pots. For the material culture see Jean-Aimé Rakotoarisoa, Mille ans d'occupation humaine dans le Sud-Est de Madagascar: Anosy, une île au milieu des terres (Paris, 1998), 79-134
61. Molet-Sauvaget, "Un Européen," 219-20
62. ARA, VOC 4052, Fols. 17-18, Report of Robert Coleson, 31 March 1706
63. Secord, Robert Drury's Journal, 27-32
64. Parker Pearson, "Reassessing Robert Drury's Journal," 236-38
65. Mike Parker Pearson and Karen Godden, In Search of the Red Slave: Shipwreck and Captivity in Madagascar (London, 2002), 36-53
66. John Mack, Madagascar: Island of the Ancestors (London, 1986), 49-52
67. Jacques Lombard, Le royaume sakalava du Menabe: essai d'analyse d'un système politique à Madagascar (Paris, 1988), 20-39
68. Raymond K. Kent, Early Kingdoms in Madagascar, 1500-1700 (New York, 1970), 200-201
69. Kent, Early Kingdoms, 201
70. Lombard, Le royaume sakalava, 45-47
71. GL, Ms. 3041/3, No. (i); Pierre Vérin, Les échelles anciennes du commerce sur les côtes nord de Madagascar (Lille, 1975), 243-73
72. Vincent Belrose-Huyghues, "La baie de Boina entre 1580 et 1640: une critique des sources anciennes et récentes," Omaly sy Anio 17-20 (1983-84), 165-85
73. Vérin, Les échelles anciennes, 133-35
74. Armstrong, "Madagascar," 215
75. ARA, VOC 4034, Fols. 102-109, Report of Jeremias Brons, 14 January 1695
76. ARA, VOC 10811, Fol. 7, Journal of Soldaat, 15 December 1696
77. ARA, VOC 4043, Fol. 1108, Journal of Peter en Paul, 21 October 1699
78. BL, Add. Ms. 33765, Fol. 18, Memorandum of Charles Noble, 1756
79. See also Rigsarkivet, Copenhagen, Vestindisk-guineisk Kompagni 219, Journal of Grevinden af Laurwigen, 11 to 30 April 1738
80. See, for example, ARA, VOC 4040, Fol. 286, Simon van der Stel to Simanato, 30 June 1698
81. NA, CO 5/1042, Fols. 243-44, Report of Stephanus van Cortlandt, 7 June 1698
82. NA, HCA 1/98, Fols. 136-37, Cargo List of Margaret, 1698
83. NA, CO 5/1042, Fols. 254-56, Bellomont to Board of Trade, 22 July 1699
84. Charles R. Boxer and Carlos de Azevedo, Fort Jesus and the Portuguese in Mombasa, 1593-1729 (London, 1960), 59-73
85. Bever Platt, "East India Company," 551-54
86. ARA, VOC 10812, Journal of Ter Aa, 11 to 12 October 1705
87. ARA, VOC 4052, Fols. 1-16, Willem Adriaan van der Stel to Heren XVII, 21 July 1706
88. Edward Ives, A Voyage from England to India, in the Year 1754 (London, 1773), 6-7
89. For the use of traditional weapons in warfare see Raymond Decary, Coutumes guerrières et organisation militaire chez les anciens Malgaches (Paris, 1966), 30-44
90. Gerald M. Berg, "The Sacred Musket: Tactics, Technology, and Power in Eighteenth-Century Madagascar," Comparative Studies in Society and History 27 (1985), 272-79
91. Mack, Madagascar, 44-45
92. Vérin, Les échelles anciennes, 134-38, 273-74
93. NA, CO 323/3, Fol. 156, Charles Harris to Bartholomew Gracedieu, 5 August 1699
94. OIOC, E/3/55, No. 6804, Deposition of George Revelly, 19 December 1699
95. NA, ADM 1/1462, Fols. 253-55, Deposition of Henry Apple, 10 May 1701
96. NA, HCA 1/53, Fols. 101-02, Examination of Stephen Smith, 28 August 1701
97. Ritchie, Captain Kidd, 172-75
98. NA, ADM 51/3969, Log of HMS Severn, 28 February 1704
99. Hill, "Notes on Piracy," 134
100. Jean Martin, Comores: quatre îles entre pirates el planteurs (Paris, 1983), 24-27. As in Madagascar, pirates in the Comoros became directly involved in existing conflicts between rival lineages
101. Jean de La Roque, Voyage de l'Arabie heureuse, par l'Océan oriental, & le détroit de la Mer Rouge (Amsterdam, 1716), 9
102. Woodes Rogers, A Cruising Voyage Round the World (London, 1712), 419
103. For the results of an ethnological study see Paul Ottino, Les champs de l'ancestralité à Madagascar: parenté, alliance et patrimoine (Paris, 1998), 566-71
104. 3 3, No. 23, Memorandum of Antoine Parat de Chaillenet, 1714
105. Alexis Rochon, Voyage à Madagascar et aux Indes orientales (Paris, 1791), 153-54. Rochon had obtained this information in 1769 from a certain La Bigorne, an interpreter employed by the Compagnie des Indes
106. Hill, "Notes on Piracy," 138-41
107. Yvette Sylla, "Les Malata: cohésion et disparité d'un 'groupe,'" Omaly sy Anio 21-22 (1985), 19-28
108. Dominique Bois, "Tamatave, la cité des femmes," Clio 6 (1997), 63-66
109. Gérard Dandoy, "Découverte archéologique à Fénérive-Est," Bulletin de Madagascar 18 (1968), 464-66
110. Henry T. Wright, personal communication, 14 July 2004
111. Berg, "Sacred Musket," 266-67
112. Rochon, Voyage à Madagascar, 164-65
113. NA, C 108/416, "Remarks on Madagascar in Order to Make an Advantageous Settlement," 1716. A substantial part of the population of Bourbon had come from Madagascar either as retired pirates or as passengers on pirate vessels. See Jean Barassin, La vie quotidienne des colons de l'Ile Bourbon à la fin du règne de Louis XIV (Saint-Denis, 1989), 101-107
114. Dandoy, "Découverte archéologique," 464-66
115. Berg, "Sacred Musket," 266
116. ARA, VOC 4052, Fols. 17-18, Report of Robert Coleson, 31 March 1706
117. Richard C. Temple, New Light on the Mysterious Tragedy of the Worcester, 1704-1705 (London, 1930), 134-39
118. Henry T. Wright and Fulgence Falony, "L'évolution des systèmes d'occupation des sols dans la vallée de la rivière Mananara au Nord-Est de Madagascar," Taloha 11 (1992), 47-60
119. Guillaume Le Gentil de La Galaisière, Voyage dans les mers de l'Inde, fait par ordre du Roi, à l'occasion du passage de Vénus, sur le disque du Soleil (Paris, 1781), 526-47
120. Filliot, La traite des esclaves, 119-22
121. Sophie Goedefroit, A l'Ouest de Madagascar: les Sakalava de Menabe (Paris, 1998), 120-24
122. Conrad P. Kottak, "The Process of State Formation in Madagascar," American Ethnologist 4 (1977), 142-49
123. Dewar and Wright, "Culture History of Madagascar," 450-61
124. Gilbert Ratsivalaka, Madagascar dans le Sud-Ouest de l'Océan Indien, c. 1500-1824 (Lille, 1995), 119-72