Chronic Insomnia and the Stress System

Sleep Medicine Clinics

Volumn 2, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 279-291

  Basta, Maria ^a   Chrousos, George P ^b   Vela Bueno, Antonio ^c   Vgontzas, Alexandros N ^a  

^a PENN STATE COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS   (Greece)

^c UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE MADRID   (Spain)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMPHETAMINE DERIVATIVE; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVE; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; INTERLEUKIN 6; MIRTAZAPINE; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; TRAZODONE; TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

AGING; AROUSAL; BEDTIME DOSAGE; BLURRED VISION; BRAIN METABOLISM; COGNITIVE DEFECT; CONSTIPATION; CYTOKINE RELEASE; DAYTIME SOMNOLENCE; DEPRESSION; EMOTIONAL STRESS; FATIGUE; HUMAN; HYDROCORTISONE RELEASE; HYPOTHALAMUS HYPOPHYSIS ADRENAL SYSTEM; INSOMNIA; MENOPAUSE; MENTAL DISEASE; NEUROIMAGING; NONREM SLEEP; ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE; PSYCHOTHERAPY; REVIEW; SLEEP DISORDER; STRESS; WAKEFULNESS; XEROSTOMIA;

EID: 39449091783     PISSN: 1556407X     EISSN: 15564088     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jsmc.2007.04.002     Document Type: Review

References (76)

1. US Department of HEW. Selected symptoms of psychological distress (1970), US Department of HEW, Rockville(MD)
2. Karacan I., Thornby J.I., Anch M., et al. Prevalence of sleep disturbances in a primarily urban Florida county. Arch Gen Psychiatry 10 (1976) 239-244
3. Bixler EO, Kales A, Soldatos CR, et al. Prevalence of sleep disorders in the Los Angeles metropolitan area. Am J Psychiatry 10979;136:1257-62.
4. Mellinger G.D., Balter M.B., and Uhlenhuth E.H. Insomnia and its treatment. Prevalence and correlates. Arch Gen Psychiatry 42 (1985) 225-232
5. Klink M., and Quan S.F. Prevalence of reported sleep disturbances in a general adult population and their relationship to obstructive airway diseases. Chest 91 (1987) 540-546
6. Klink M., Quan S.F., Kaltenborn W.T., et al. Risk factors associated with complaints of insomnia in a general adult population. Arch Intern Med 152 (1992) 1634-1637
7. Dodge R., Cline M.G., and Quan S.F. The natural history of insomnia and its relationship to respiratory symptoms. Arch Intern Med 155 (1995) 1797-1800
8. Foley D.J., Monjan A.A., Brown S.L., et al. Sleep complaints among elderly persons: an epidemiologic study of three communities. Sleep 18 6 (1995) 425-432
9. US Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). National Center for Health Statistics. Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. NHANES III laboratory data file (1996), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hyattsville(MD)
10. Ancoli-Israel S, Roth T. Characteristics of insomnia in the United States: results of the 1991 National Sleep Foundation Survey I. Sleep 1999;1(22):S347-53.
11. Ford D.E., and Kamerow D.B. Epidemiologic study of sleep disturbances and psychiatric disorders. JAMA 262 (1989) 1479-1484
12. Cortoos A., Verstraeten E., and Cluydts R. Neurophysiological aspects of primary insomnia: implications for its treatment. Sleep Medicine Reviews 10 (2006) 255-266
13. Ohayon M.M. Prevalence of DSM-IV diagnostic criteria of insomnia: distinguishing insomnia related to mental disorders from sleep disorders. J Psychiatr Res 31 (1997) 333-346
14. Simon G.E., and Von Korff M. Prevalence, burden, and treatment of insomnia in primary care. Am J Psychiatry 154 (1997) 1417-1423
15. Chevalier H., Los F., Boichut D., et al. Evaluation of severe insomnia in the general population: results of a European multinational survey. J Psychopharmacol 13 (1999) S21-S24
16. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, text revision. 4th edition (2000), American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC
17. Morin C.M. Insomnia: psychological assessment and management (1993), The Guilford Press, New York
18. Roth T., and Roehrs T. Insomnia: epidemiology, characteristics, and consequences. Clin Cornerstone 5 (2003) 5-15
19. Ohayon M.M. Epidemiology of insomnia: what we know and what we still need to learn. Sleep Med Rev 6 (2002) 97-111
20. Kales A., and Kales J. Evaluation and treatment of insomnia (1984), Oxford University Press, New York
21. Kales A., Caldwell A.B., Soldatos C.R., et al. Biopsychobehavioral correlates of insomnia II. Pattern specificity and consistency with the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. Psychosomatic Med 45 4 (1983) 341-345
22. Buysse D.J., Reynolds III C.F., Kupfer D.J., et al. Clinical diagnoses in 216 insomnia patients using the international classification of sleep disorders (ICSD), DSM-IV and ICD-10 categories: a report form the APA/NIMH DSM-IV trial. Sleep 17 (1994) 630-637
23. Breslau N., Roth T., Rosenthal L., et al. Sleep disturbance and psychiatric disorders: a longitudinal epidemiological study of young adults. Biol Psychiatry 39 (1996) 411-418
24. Summers M.O., Crisostomo M.I., and Stepanski E.J. Recent developments in the classification, evaluation, and treatment of insomnia. Chest 130 (2006) 276-286
25. Kales A., Bixler E.O., Soldatos C.R., et al. Biopsychobehavioral correlates of insomnia, part 1: role of sleep apnea and nocturnal myoclonus. Psychosomatics 23 6 (1982) 589-600
26. Vgontzas A.N., Kales A., Bixler E.O., et al. Usefulness of polysomnographic studies in the differential diagnosis of insomnia. Int J Neurosci 82 (1995) 47-60
27. Buysse DJ, Reynolds III CF, Hauri PJ, et al. Diagnostic concordance for insomnia patients among sleep specialists using proposed DSM-IV, proposed ICD-10, and ICSD diagnostic systems: report from the APA/NIMH DSM-IV field trial. In: Widiger TA, et al. editors. DSM-IV Sourcebook, vol. 4. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; p. 869-89.
28. Kales A., Cadwell A.B., Preston T.A., et al. Personality patterns in insomnia. Theoretical implications. Arch Gen Psychiatry 33 (1976) 1128-1134
29. Kales A., Soldatos K., and Kales J.D. Sleep disorders: insomnia, sleepwalking, night terrors, nightmares and enuresis. Ann Inter Med 106 (1987) 582-592
30. Bonnet M.H., and Arand D.L. Insomnia, metabolic rate and sleep restoration. J Intern Med 254 (2003) 23-31
31. Vgontzas A.N., Bixler E.O., Lin H.M., et al. Chronic insomnia is associated with nyctohemeral activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis: clinical implications. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86 (2001) 3787-3794
32. Rodenbeck A., Huether G., Ruether E., et al. Interactions between evening and nocturnal cortisol secretion and sleep parameters in patients with severe chronic primary insomnia. Neurosci Lett 324 2 (2002) 159-163
33. Spielman A.J. Assessment of insomnia. Clin Psychol Rev 6 (1986) 11-26
34. Spielman A.J., Glovinsky P.B., and Hauri P.J. The varied nature of insomnia. Case studies in insomnia (1991), Plenum Press, New York 1-15
35. Vgontzas A.N. Understanding insomnia in the primary care setting: a new model. Insomnia Series 9 2 (2004) 1-7
36. Stepanski E., Zorick F., Roehrs T., et al. Daytime alertness in patients with chronic insomnia compared to asymptomatic control subjects. Sleep 11 1 (1988) 54-60
37. Edinger J.D., Glenn D.M., Bastian L.A., et al. Sleep in laboratory and sleep at home II: comparisons of middle-aged insomnia sufferers and normal sleepers. Sleep 24 7 (2001) 761-770
38. Vgontzas A.N., Zoumakis E., Papanicolaou D.A., et al. Chronic insomnia is associated with a shift of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor secretion from nighttime to daytime. Metabolism 51 7 (2002) 887-892
39. Vgontzas A.N., Zoumakis E., Bixler E.O., et al. Adverse effects of modest sleep restriction on sleepiness, performance, and inflammatory cytokines. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89 (2004) 2119-2126
40. Vgontzas A.N., Pejovic S., Zoumakis E., et al. Daytime napping after a night of sleep loss decreases sleepiness, improves performance, and causes beneficial changes in cortisol and interleukin-6 secretion. Am J Physiol Endocrin Metab 292 (2007) 253-261
41. Bonnet M.H., and Arand D.L. 24-hour metabolic rate in insomniacs and matched normal sleepers. Sleep 18 7 (1995) 581-588
42. Riedel B.W., and Lichstein K.L. Insomnia and daytime functioning. Sleep Med Rev 4 3 (2000) 277-298
43. Monroe L.J. Psychological and physiological differences between good and poor sleepers. J Abnorm Psychol 72 (1967) 255-264
44. Freedman R.R., and Sattler H.L. Physiological and psychological factors in sleep-onset insomnia. J Abnorm Psychol 91 (1982) 380-389
45. Landis C.A., Savage M.V., and Lentz M.J. Brengelmann GL. Sleep deprivation alters body temperature dynamics to mild cooling and heating not sweating threshold in women. Sleep 21 1 (1998) 101-108
46. Muenter N.K., Watenpaugh D.E., Wasmund W.L., et al. Effect of sleep restriction on orthostatic cardiovascular control in humans. J Appl Physiol 88 3 (2000) 966-972
47. Kato M., Phillips B.G., Sigurdsson G., et al. Effects of sleep deprivation on neural circulatory control. Hypertension 35 (2000) 1173-1175
48. De Gennaro L., Ferrara M., and Bertini M. The boundary between wakefulness and sleep: quantitative electroencephalographic changes during the sleep onset period. Neuroscience 107 (2001) 1-11
49. Lamarche C.H., and Ogilvie R.D. Electrophysiological changes during sleep onset of psychophysiological insomniacs, psychiatric insomniacs, and normal sleepers. Sleep 20 (1997) 724-733
50. Staner L., Cornette F., Maurice D., et al. Sleep microstructure around sleep onset differentiates major depressive insomnia from primary insomnia. J Sleep Res 12 (2003) 319-330
51. Perlis M.L., Smith M.T., Andrews P.J., et al. Beta/gamma EEG activity in patients with primary and secondary insomnia and good sleeper controls. Sleep 24 (2001) 110-117
52. Merica H., Blois R., and Gaillard J.M. Spectral characteristics of sleep EEG in chronic insomnia. Eur J Neurosci 10 (1998) 1826-1834
53. Nofzinger E.A., Buysse D.J., Miewald J.M., et al. Human regional cerebral glucose metabolism during non rapid eye movement sleep in relation to waking. Brain 125 part 5 (2002) 1105-1115
54. Thomas M., Sing H., Belenky G., et al. Neural basis of alertness and cognitive performance impairments during sleepiness, I: effects of 24h of sleep deprivation on waking human regional brain activity. J Sleep Res 9 (2000) 335-352
55. Nofzinger E.A., Buysse D.J., Germain A., et al. Functional neuroimaging evidence for hyperarousal in insomnia. Am J Psychiatry 161 (2004) 2126-2129
56. Fulda S., and Schulz H. Cognitive dysfunction in sleep disorders. Sleep Med 5 6 (2001) 423-445
57. Van Dongen H.P., Maislin G., Mullington J.M., et al. The cumulative cost of additional wakefulness: dose-response effects on neurobehavioral functions and sleep physiology from chronic sleep restriction and total sleep deprivation. Sleep 2 (2003) 117-126
58. Adams K., Tomeny M., and Oswald I. Physiological and psychological differences between good and poor sleepers. J Psychiatr Res 20 (1986) 301-316
59. Vgontzas A.N., Tsigos C., Bixler E.O., et al. Chronic insomnia and activity of the stress system: a preliminary study. J Psychosom Res 45 1 (1998) 21-31
60. Irwin M., Clark C., Kennedy B., et al. Nocturnal catecholamines and immune function in insomniacs, depressed patients, and control subjects. Brain Behav Immun 17 (2003) 365-372
61. Moldofsky H., Lue F.A., Davidson J.R., et al. Effects of sleep deprivation on human immune functions. FASEB J 3 (1989) 1927-1977
62. Scheen A.J., Byrne M.M., Plat L., et al. Relationships between sleep quality and glucose regulation in normal humans. Am J Physiol 271 (1997) E261-E270
63. Brun J., Chambe G., Khalfallah Y., et al. Effect of modafinil on plasma melatonin, cortisol and growth hormone rhythms, rectal temperature and performance in healthy subjects during 36h sleep deprivation. J Sleep Res 7 (1998) 105-114
64. Vgontzas A.N., Mastorakos G., Bixler E.O., et al. Sleep deprivation effects on the activity of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and growth axes: potential clinical implications. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 51 (1999) 205-215
65. Leproult R., Copinschi G., Buxton O., and Van Cauter E. Sleep loss results in an elevation of cortisol levels the next evening. Sleep 20 (1997) 865-870
66. Spiegel K., Lerpoult R., and Van Cauter E. Impact of sleep debt on metabolic and endocrine function. Lancet 354 (1999) 1435-1439
67. Rodenberg A., Cohrs S., Jordan W., et al. The sleep-improving effects of doxepin are paralleled by a normalized plasma cortisol secretion in primary insomnia. Psychopharmacology 170 (2003) 423-428
68. Vgontzas A.N., Papanicolaou D.A., Bixler E.O., et al. Circadian interleukin-6 secretion and quantity and depth of sleep. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84 (1999) 2603-2607
69. Vgontzas A.N., Bixler E.O., Wittman A.M., et al. Middle-aged men show higher sensitivity of sleep to the arousing effects of corticotrophin-releasing hormone than young men: clinical implications. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86 (2001) 1489-1495
70. Bixler EO, Vgontzas AN, Lin HM, et al. Menopause and hormone replacement therapy: effects in objective sleep patterns. Presented at the 21st Annual Meeting of the APSS. Minneapolis, 2007.
71. Lugaresi E., Zucconi M., and Bixler E.O. Epidemiology of sleep disorders. Psychiatr Ann 17 (1987) 446-453
72. Vgontzas A.N., Bixler E.O., Kales A., et al. Validity and clinical utility of sleep laboratory criteria for insomnia. Int J Neurosci 77 (1994) 11-21
73. Thase M.E. Treatment and issues related to sleep and depression. J Clin Psychiatry 61 suppl 11 (2006) 46-50
74. Chrousos G.P., and Gold P.W. The concepts of stress and stress system disorders. Overview of physical and behavioral homeostasis. JAMA 267 (1992) 1244-1252
75. Gold P.W., Goodwin F.K., and Chrousos G.P. Clinical and biochemical manifestations of depression: relationship to the neurobiology of stress (part 1). N Engl J Med 319 (1988) 348-353
76. Gold P.W., Goodwin F.K., and Chrousos G.P. Clinical and biochemical manifestations of depression: relationship to the neurobiology of stress (part 2). N Engl J Med 319 7 (1988) 413-420