Modulation effects of anisotropic perpendicular diffusion on cosmic ray electron intensities in the heliosphere

Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics

Volumn 105, Issue A8, 2000, Pages 18305-18314

  Ferreira, S E S ^a   Potgieter, M S ^a   Burger, R A ^a   Heber, B ^b  

^a NORTH WEST UNIVERSITY   (South Africa)

^b MAX PLANCK INSTITUT FÜR SONNENSYSTEMFORSCHUNG   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 39449083446     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21699402     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2000ja000043     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Bieber, J. W., et al., Proton and electron mean free paths: The Palmer consensus revisited, Astrophys. J., 420, 294, 1994.
2. Bieber, J. W., R. L. Mace, and W. H. Matthaeus, Perpendicular diffusion of charged test particles in magnetostatic slab turbulence, Conf. Pap. Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. 26th, 7, 61, 1999.
3. Burger, R. A., and M. Hattingh, Steady-state drift-dominated modulation models for galactic cosmic rays, Astrophys. Space Sci., 230, 375, 1995.
4. Burger, R. A., and M. Hattingh, Toward a realistic diffusion tensor for galactic cosmic rays, Astrophys. J., 505, 244, 1998.
5. Burger, R. A., and M. S. Potgieter, The calculation of neutral sheet drift in two-dimensional cosmic ray modulation models, Astrophys. J., 339, 501, 1989.
6. Burger, R. A., M. S. Potgieter, and B. Heber, Rigidity dependence of near-Earth latitudinal proton density gradients, Conf. Pap. Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. 26th, 7, 242, 1999.
7. Evenson, P., Cosmic ray electrons, Space Sci. Rev., 83, 63, 1998.
8. Ferrando, P., MeV to GeV electron propagation and modulation: Results from the KET-telescope onboard Ulysses, Adv. Space Res., 19, 905, 1997.
9. Ferreira, S. E. S., A study of the modulation of cosmic ray electrons in the heliosphere, M.Sc. thesis, Potchefstroom Univ. for C.H.E., Potchefstroom, South Africa, 1998.
10. Ferreira, S. E. S., and M. S. Potgieter, Effects of anisotropic perpendicular diffusion on the energy and spatial dependence of galactic electron intensities in the heliosphere, Conf. Pap. Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. 26th, 7, 25, 1999.
11. Ferreira, S. E. S., M. S. Potgieter, and R. A. Burger, Implications of increased perpendicular diffusion on the tile angle dependence of electron modulation in the heliosphere, Conf. Pap. Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. 26th, 7, 53, 1999a.
12. Ferreira, S. E. S., M. S. Potgieter, and R. A. Burger, Comparison of a two- and three-dimensional drift model, Conf. Pap. Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. 26th, 7, 77, 1999b.
13. Ferreira, S. E. S., M. S. Potgieter, H. Fichtner, and R. A. Burger, A Comparison of the latitudinal and radial dependencies of Jovian and galactic electrons in the heliosphere using a 3-D modulation model, Adv. Space Res., in press, 2000.
14. Fichtner, H., M. S. Potgieter, S. E. S. Ferreira, and R. A. Burger, On the propagation of Jovian electrons in the heliosphere: Transport modelling in a 4-D phase space, Geophys. Res. Lett., in press, 2000.
15. Fisk, L. A., Solar modulation of galactic cosmic rays, 4, Latitude-dependent modulation, J. Geophys. Res., 81, 4646, 1976.
16. Fisk, L. A., Motion of the footprints of heliospheric magnetic field lines at the Sun: Implications for recurrent energetic particle events at high heliographic latitudes, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 15,547, 1996.
17. Forsyth, R. J., A. Balogh, E. J. Smith, N. Murphy, and D. J. McComas, The underlying magnetic field direction in Ulysses observations of the southern polar heliosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 3321, 1995.
18. Giacalone, J., and J. R. Jokipii, The transport of cosmic rays across a turbulent magnetic field, Astrophys. J., 520, 204, 1999.
19. Haasbroek, L. J., The transport and acceleration of charged particles in the heliosphere, Ph.D. thesis, Potchefstroom Univ. for C.H.E., Potchefstroom, South Africa, 1997.
20. Haasbroek, L. J., and M. S. Potgieter, The modulation of cosmic rays in the high latitude heliosphere: A computer simulation, Space Sci. Rev., 72, 385, 1995.
21. Haasbroek, L. J., M. S. Potgieter, and G. Wibberenz, Long-term cosmic ray modulation along the Ulysses trajectory: A numerical simulation, Conf. Pap. Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. 24th, 4, 768, 1995.
22. Haasbroek, L. J., M. S. Potgieter, and J. A. le Roux, Acceleration of galactic and Jovian electrons at the heliospheric solar wind termination shock, Adv. Space Res., 19, 953, 1997a.
23. Haasbroek, L. J., M. S. Potgieter, and J. A. le Roux, Some modulation effects of termination shock accelerated galactic and Jovian electrons, Conf. Pap. Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. 25th, 2, 29, 1997b.
24. Hattingh, M., The modulation of galactic cosmic rays in a three dimensional heliosphere, Ph.D. thesis, Potchefstroom Univ. for C.H.E., Potchefstroom, South Africa, 1998.
25. Hattingh, M., and R. A. Burger, A new simulated wavy neutral sheet drift model, Adv. Space Res., 13(9), 9213, 1995a.
26. Hattingh, M., and R. A. Burger, Some properties of a fully three-dimensional drift model for the modulation of galactic cosmic rays, Conf. Pap. Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. 24th, 4, 337, 1995b.
27. Hattingh, M., R. A. Burger, M. S. Potgieter, and L.J. Haasbroek, Cosmic ray latitude effects predicted by a three-dimensional drift model, Adv. Space Res., 19, 893, 1997.
28. Heber, B., et al., Spatial variation of > 40 MeV/n nuclei fluxes observed during the Ulysses rapid latitude scan, Astron. Astrophys., 316, 538, 1996.
29. Heber, B., et al., Determination of 7-30 electron intensities: Ulysses Cospin/KET results, Conf. Pap. Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. 26th, 7, 186, 1999.
30. Huber, D. M., Solar modulation of 50-500 MeV cosmic ray electrons and the electron spectrum from 1964-1994, Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Delaware, 1998.
31. Jokipii, J. R., and J. Kóta, The polar heliospheric magnetic field, Geophys. Res. Lett., 16, 1, 1989.
32. Jokipii, J. R., and E. N. Parker, Stochastic aspects of magnetic field lines of force with application to cosmic ray propagation, Astrophys. J., 155, 777, 1969.
33. Jokipii, J. R., and B. T. Thomas, Effects of drift on the transport of cosmic rays, IV, Modulation by wavy neutral sheet, J. Astrophys., 243, 1115, 1981.
34. Kóta, J., and J. R. Jokipii, Effects of drift on the transport of cosmic rays, VI, A three-dimensional model including diffusion, Astrophys. J., 265, 573, 1983.
35. Kóta, J., and J. R. Jokipii, 3-D distribution of cosmic rays in the outer heliosphere, Conf. Pap. Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. 24th, 4, 680, 1995.
36. Kóta, J., and J. R. Jokipii, 3-D simulations of heliospheric transport: A comparison of models, Conf. Pap. Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. 25th, 2, 25, 1997.
37. Kóta, J., and J. R. Jokipii, Cosmic ray modulation and the structure of the heliospheric magnetic field, Conf. Pap. Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. 26th, 7, 9, 1999.
38. le Roux, J. A., and M. S. Potgieter, A time-dependent drift model for the long-term modulation of cosmic rays with special reference to asymmetries with respect to the solar minimum of 1987, Astrophys. J., 361, 275, 1990.
39. le Roux, J. A., G. P. Zank, and V. S. Ptuskin, An evaluation of perpendicular diffusion models regarding cosmic ray modulation on the basis of a hydromagnetic description for solar wind turbulence, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 24,845, 1999.
40. Lopate, C., Jovian and galactic electrons (2-30GeV) in the heliosphere from 1 to 50 AU, Conf. Pap. Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. 22nd, 2, 149, 1991.
41. Lukasiak, A, F. B. McDonald, W. R. Webber, A. C. Cummings, E. C. Stone, and N. Lal, The Voyager electron telescope: A status report, Conf. Pap. Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. 26th, 3, 65, 1999.
42. Parker, E. N., The passage of energetic charged particles through interplanetary space, Planet. Space Sci., 13, 9, 1965.
43. Peterson, J. D., P. R. Higbie, J. M. Rockstroh, and W. R. Webber, A new look at galactic polar radio emission and the local interstellar electron spectrum, Conf. Pap. Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. 26th, 4, 251, 1999.
44. Phillips, J. L., et al., Ulysses solar wind plasma observations from pole to pole, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 3301, 1995.
45. Potgieter, M. S., Heliospheric modulation of galactic electrons: Consequences of new calculations for the mean free path of electrons between 1 MeV and 1 GeV, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 24,411, 1996.
46. Potgieter, M. S., Implications of enhanced perpendicular diffusion in the heliospheric modulation of cosmic rays, Conf. Pap. Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. 25th, 2, 1, 1997.
47. Potgieter, M. S., and R. A. Burger, The modulation of cosmic ray electrons, positrons, and helium as predicted by a drift model with a simulated wavy neutral sheet, Astron.Astrophys., 233, 598, 1990.
48. Potgieter, M. S., and S. E. S. Ferreira, The importance of perpendicular diffusion in the heliospheric modulation of cosmic ray electrons, Adv. Space Res., 23(3), 463, 1999a.
49. Potgieter, M. S., and S. E. S. Ferreira, Implications of cosmic ray electron observations on the modelling of electron modulation in the heliosphere, Conf. Pap. Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. 26th, 7, 21, 1999b.
50. Potgieter, M. S., and L. J. Haasbroek, The simulation of base-line cosmic ray modulation for the Ulysses trajectory, Conf. Pap. Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. 23rd, 3, 457, 1993.
51. Potgieter, M. S., and J. A. le Roux, A numerical model for a cosmic ray modulation barrier in the outer heliosphere, Astron. Astrophys., 209, 406, 1989.
52. Potgieter, M. S., and H. Moraal, A drift model for the modulation of galactic cosmic rays, Astrophys. J., 294, 425, 1985.
53. Potgieter, M. S., L. J. Haasbroek, B. Heber, and P. Ferrando, The modelling of the latitude dependence of cosmic ray protons and electrons in the inner heliosphere, Adv. Space Res., 19(6), 917, 1997.
54. Potgieter, M. S., S. E. S. Ferreira, and B. Heber, The heliospheric modulation of cosmic ray electrons: Rigidity dependence of the perpendicular diffusion coefficient, Conf. Pap. Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. 26th, 7, 57, 1999a.
55. Potgieter, M. S., S. E. S., Ferreira, B. Heber, P. Ferrando, and A. Raviart, Implications of the heliospheric modulation of cosmic ray electrons observed by Ulysses, Adv. Space Res., 23(3), 467, 1999b.
56. Quenby, J. J., J. A Lockwood, and W. R. Webber, Cosmic-ray gradient measurements and modulation beyond the inner solar wind termination shock, Astrophys. J., 365, 365, 1990.
57. Raviart, A., et al., Evolution of cosmic ray electron spectra above 350 MeV along the Ulysses trajectory, Conf. Pap. Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. 25th, 2, 37, 1997.
58. Strong, A. W., et al., Diffuse continuum gamma rays from the galaxy observed by COMPTEL, Astron. Astrophys. 292, 82, 1994.
59. Strong, A. W., and I. V. Moskalenko, Evidence for a discrete source contribution to low-energy continuum galactic γ-rays, Conf. Pap. Compton Symp. 5th, in press, 1999.
60. Webber, W. R., and J. A. Lockwood, Interplanetary radial cosmic ray gradients and their implication for a possible large modulation effect at the heliosphere boundary, Astrophys. J., 317, 534, 1987.
61. Webber, W. R., and J. A. Lockwood, Intensities of anomalous and galactic cosmic rays in the outer heliosphere near the heliospheric equator in 1987 and during the period from 1994 and 1996, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 9773, 1997.
62. Zank, G. P., W. H. Matthaeus, J. W. Bieber, and H. Moraal, The cosmic ray diffusion tensor in the heliosphere, Conf. Pap. Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. 25th, 2, 9, 1997.