Acute bacterial conjunctivitis

Acta Ophthalmologica

Volumn 86, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 5-17

  Høvding, Gunnar ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BERGEN   (Norway)

^b HAUKELAND UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Norway)

Author keywords

Acute bacterial conjunctivitis; Aetiology; Clinical picture; Complications; Differential diagnoses; Epidemiology; In vitro examinations; Treatment

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; BACITRACIN; CEFIXIME; CHLORAMPHENICOL; CIPROFLOXACIN; FUSIDIC ACID; GATIFLOXACIN; GENTAMICIN; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; LEVOFLOXACIN; NEOMYCIN; NETILMICIN; NORFLOXACIN; OFLOXACIN; PLACEBO; POLYMYXIN B; POLYTRIM; PREDNISOLONE; QUINOLINE DERIVED ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; RIFAMPICIN; TETRACYCLINE; TOBRAMYCIN; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT;

ADENOVIRUS; ALLERGIC CONJUNCTIVITIS; ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY; APLASTIC ANEMIA; BACTERIAL COLONIZATION; BACTERIAL TRANSMISSION; BACTERIUM CULTURE; BLOOD DYSCRASIA; BLOOD TOXICITY; BLURRED VISION; BONE MARROW DISEASE; BURNING SENSATION; CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONJUNCTIVAL HYPEREMIA; CONJUNCTIVITIS; CYTOPENIA; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DISEASE COURSE; DRUG CHOICE; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG FORMULATION; EVENING DOSAGE; FOLLICULITIS; GLAUCOMA; HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE; HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS; HUMAN; IMPETIGO; INFECTION RATE; IRIDOCYCLITIS; KERATITIS; LEG ULCER; MONOTHERAPY; MORAXELLA; MORNING DOSAGE; NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE; NONHUMAN; OSTEOMYELITIS; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PRIMARY MEDICAL CARE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA; REMISSION; REVIEW; RISK BENEFIT ANALYSIS; SKIN INFECTION; SLIT LAMP; SOCIOECONOMICS; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; STAPHYLOCOCCUS INFECTION; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE; THERAPY DELAY; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; VIRAL CONJUNCTIVITIS; ACUTE DISEASE; MICROBIOLOGY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; TOPICAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION;

ACUTE DISEASE; ADMINISTRATION, TOPICAL; ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; CONJUNCTIVITIS, BACTERIAL; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; HUMANS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC;

EID: 39349090858     PISSN: 1755375X     EISSN: 16000420     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0420.2007.01006.x     Document Type: Review

References (124)

1. Abrams SM, Degnan TJ & Vinciguerra V (1980): Marrow aplasia following topical application of chloramphenicol eye ointment. Arch Intern Med 140: 576-577.
2. Aoki K & Tagawa Y (2002): A twenty-one year surveillance of adenoviral conjunctivitis in Sapporo, Japan. Int Ophthalmol Clin 42: 49-54.
3. Besamusca FW & Bastiaensen LA (1986): Blood dyscrasias and topically applied chloramphenicol in ophthalmology. Doc Ophthalmol 64: 87-95.
4. Block SL, Hedrick J, Tyler R, Smith A, Findlay R, Keegan E & Stroman DW (2000): Increasing bacterial resistance in pediatric acute conjunctivitis (1997-1998). Antimicrob Agents Chemother 44: 1650-1654.
5. Brennen C & Muder RR (1990): Conjunctivitis associated with methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a long-term-care facility. Am J Med 88: 14-17.
6. Brown EM & Thomas P (2002): Fusidic acid resistance in Staphylococcus aureus isolates. Lancet 359: 803.
7. Buckley SA (1990): Survey of patients taking topical medication at their first presentation to eye care casualty. Br Med J 300: 1497-1498.
8. Buckley RJ, Kirkness CM, Kanski JJ, Ridgway AE, Tullo AB & Watson PG (1995): Safe in patients with no history of blood dyscrasia. Br Med J 311: 451.
9. Buznach N, Dagan R & Greenberg D (2005): Clinical and bacterial characteristics of acute bacterial conjunctivitis in children in the antibiotic resistance era. Pediatr Infect Dis J 24: 823-828.
10. Cagle CD & Abshire RL (1981): Quantitative ocular bacteriology. Invest Ophth Vis Sci 20: 751-757.
11. Carpenter G (1975): Chloramphenicol eye-drops and marrow aplasia. Lancet Aug 16: 326-327.
12. Carr WD (1998): Comparison of Fucithalmic ® (fusidic acid viscous eye drops 1%) and Chloromycetin Redidrops ® (chloramphenicol eye drops 0.5%) in the treatment of acute bacterial conjunctivitis. J Clin Res 1: 403-411.
13. Chaudhry NA, Flynn HW, Murray TG, Tabandeh H, Mello MJ & Miller D (1999): Emerging ciprofloxacin-resistant pseudomonas aeruginosa. Am J Ophhtalmol 128: 509-510.
14. Cvenkel B & Globocnik M (1997): Conjunctival scrapings and impression cytology in chronic conjunctivitis. Correlation with microbiology. Eur J Ophthalmol 7: 19-23.
15. Dannevig L, Straume B & Melby K (1992): Ophthalmia neonatorum in Northern Norway. II. Microbiology with emphasis on Chlamydia trachomatis. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) 70: 19-25.
16. Dart JKG (1986): Eye disease at a community health centre. Br Med J 293: 1477-1480.
17. Dawson CR, Hanna L & Togni B (1972): Adenovirus type 8 infections in the United States. IV. Observations on the pathogenesis of lesions in severe eye disease. Arch Ophthalmol 87: 258-268.
18. Dobie D & Gray J (2004): Fusidic acid resistance in Staph. Aureus. Arch Dis Child 89: 74-77.
19. Doern GV, Brueggemann A, Holley HP & Rauch AM (1996): Antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae recovered from outpatients in the United States during the winter months of 1994 to 1995: Results of a 30-center national surveillance study. Antimicrobial Agents Chemotherapy 40: 1208-1213.
20. Doona M & Walsh JB (1995): Use of chloramphenicol as topical eye medication: Time to cry halt? Br Med J 310: 1217-1218.
21. Doona M & Walsh JB (1998): Topical chloramphenicol is an outmoded treatment. Br Med J 316: 1903.
22. Ehlers N & Bek T (2004): Akut purulent conjunctivitis. In: Høvding G (ed.) Oftalmologi. Nordisk lærebok og atlas. Bergen: Studia, 129-132.
23. El-Zimaity D, Kearns AM, Dawson SJ, Price S & Harrison GA (2004): Survey, characterization and susceptibility to fusidic acid of Staphylococcus aureus in the Camarthen area. J Antimicrob Chemother 54: 441-446.
24. Everitt H, Kumar S & Little P (2003): A qualitative study of patients' perceptions of acute infective conjunctivitis. Br J General Pract 53: 36-41.
25. Everitt H & Little P (2002): How do GPs diagnose and manage acute infective conjunctivitis? A GP survey. Fam Pract 19: 658-660.
26. Everitt HA, Little PS & Smith PW (2006): A randomised controlled trial of management strategies for acute infective conjunctivitis in general practice. Br Med J 333: 321-324.
27. Fahmy JA, Møller S & Weiss Bentzon M (1975): Bacterial flora of the normal conjunctiva II. Methods of obtaining cultures. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) 53: 237-253.
28. Fitch CP, Rapoza PA, Owens S, Murillo-Lopez F, Johnson RA, Quinn TC, Pepose JS & Taylor HR (1989): Epidemiology and diagnosis of acute conjunctivitis at an inner-city hospital. Ophthalmology 96: 1215-1220.
29. Franklin RM, Winkelstein JA & Seto DSY (1977): Conjunctivitis and keratoconjunctivitis associated with primary immunodeficiency diseases. Am J Ophthalmol 84: 563-566.
30. Fraunfelder FT, Bagby GC & Kelly DJ (1982): Fatal aplastic anemia following topical administration of ophthalmic chloramphenicol. Am J Ophthalmol 93: 356-360.
31. Fraunfelder FT, Morgan RL & Yunis AA (1993): Blood dyscrasias and topical ophthalmic chloramphenicol. Am J Ophthalmol 115: 812-813.
32. Friedlaender MH, Masi RJ, Osumoto M, Smolin G & Ammann AJ (1980): Ocular microbial flora in immunodeficient patients. Arch Ophthalmol 98: 289-294.
33. Garibaldi RA, Brodine S & Matsumiya S (1981): Infections among patients in nursing homes. N Engl J Med 305: 731-735.
34. Gigliotti F, Williams WT, Hayden FG & Hendley JO (1981): Etiology of acute conjunctivitis in children. J Pediatr 98: 531-536.
35. Goldstein MH, Kowalski RP & Gordon YJ (1999): Emerging fluoroquinolone resistance in bacterial keratitis. Ophthalmology 106: 1313-1318.
36. Gritz DC, Scott TJ, Sedo SF, Cevallos AV, Margolis TP & Whitcher JP (1997): Ocular flora of patients with AIDS compared with those of HIV-negative patients. Cornea 16: 400-405.
37. Hilton E, Adams AA, Uliss A, Lesser ML, Samuels S & Lowy FD (1983): Nosocomial bacterial eye infections in intensive-care units. Lancet 11: 1318-1320.
38. Hørven I (1993): Acute conjunctivitis. A comparison of fusidic acid viscous eye drops and chloramphenicol. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) 71: 165-168.
39. Hørven I (1994): Bakteriell konjunktivitt [Bacterial conjunctivitis]. Tidsskr Nor Lægeforen 114: 661.
40. Høvding G (1981): The conjunctival and contact lens bacterial flora during lens wear. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) 59: 387-401.
41. Høvding G (2004): Akutt bakteriell konjunktivitt [Acute bacterial conjunctivitis]. Tidsskr Nor Lægeforen 124: 1518-1520.
42. Høvding G & Bertelsen T (2004): Kontaktlinser. In: Høvding G (ed.) Oftalmologi. Nordisk lærebok og atlas. Bergen: Studia, 103-108.
43. Høvding G, Bratland SZ & Digranes A (1991): Rødt øye -praktisk veiledning i allmenn praksis. Oslo: Løvens Kemiske Fabrik.
44. Howden BP & Grayson ML (2006): Dumber and dumber - the potential waste of a useful antistaphylococcal agent: Emerging fusidic acid resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Infect Dis 42: 394-400.
45. Inoue Y (2002): Ocular infections in patients with atopic dermatitis. Int Ophthalmol Clin 42: 55-69.
46. Isenberg SJ, Apt L, Yoshimori R, McCarty JW & Alvarez RN (1988): Source of the conjunctival bacterial flora at birth and implications for ophthalmia neonatorum prophylaxis. Am J Ophthalmol 106: 458-462.
47. Jackson WB, Low DE, Dattani D, Whitsitt PF, Leeder RG & MacDougall R (2002): Treatment of acute bacterial conjunctivitis: 1% fusidic acid viscous drops vs. 0.3% tobramycin drops. Can J Ophthalmol 37: 228-237.
48. Jett BD (2005): Host defence against ocular infection. In: Tasman M & Jaeger EA (eds) Duane's clinical ophthalmology, vol. 2. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 1-20.
49. Kass MA, Gordon M, Morley RE, Meltzer DW & Goldberg JJ (1987): Compliance with topical timolol treatment. Am J Ophthalmol 103: 188-193.
50. Kernt K, Martinez M, Bertin D, Stroman D, Cupp G, Martinez C, Tirado M & Guasch J (2005): A clinical comparison of two formulations of tobramyin 0.3% eyedrops in the treatment of acute bacterial conjunctivitis. Eur J Ophthalmol 15: 541-549.
51. King S, Devi SP, Mindorff C, Patrick ML, Gold R & Ford-Jones EL (1988): Nosocomial pseudomonas aeruginosa conjunctivitis in a pediatric hospital. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 9: 77-80.
52. Kowalski RP & Roat MI (2005): Normal flora of the human conjunctiva and eyelid. In: Tasman M & Jaeger EA (eds) Duane's clinical ophthalmology, vol. 2. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 1-11.
53. Kowalski RP, Yates KA, Romanowski EG, Karenchak LM, Mah ES & Gordon YJ (2005): An ophthalmologist's guide to understanding antibiotic susceptibility and minimum inhibitory concentration data. Ophthalmology 112: 1987-1991.
54. Krohn MA, Hillier SL, Bell TA, Kronmal RA & Grayston JT (1993): The bacterial etiology of conjunctivitis in early infancy. Am J Epidemiol 138: 326-332.
55. Lærum E, Fiskaadal HJ, Erdal JE & Løberg RM (1994): Kloramfenikol øyedråper ved akutt bakteriell konjunktivitt [Chloramphenicol eyedrops in acute bacterial conjunctivitis. A comparison of 2 dosage regimes in general practice]. Tidsskr Nor Lægefor 114: 671-673.
56. Lancaster T, Swart AM & Jick H (1998): Risk of serious haematolocical toxicity with use of chloramphenicol eye drops in a British general practice database. Br Med J 316: 667.
57. Leibowitz HM (1991): Antibacterial effectiveness of ciprofloxacin 0.3% ophthalmic solution in the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis. Am J Ophthalmol 112 (Suppl): 29-33.
58. Lie KK (1994): Konjunktivitt og barnehager. Statens Institutt for Folkehelse MSIS-Rapport 22:6. Oslo: Statens Institutt for Folkehelse.
59. Locatcher-Khorazo D & Seegal B (1972): Microbiology of the eye. St Louis: Mosby.
60. MacKean JM & Elkington AR (1983): Compliance with treatment of patients with chronic open-angle glaucoma. Br J Ophtalmol 67: 46-49.
61. Mahajan VM (1983): Acute bacteriaT infections of the eye: their aetiology and treatment. Br J Ophthalmol 67: 191-194.
62. Mannis MJ & Plotnik RD (2005): Bacterial conjunctivitis. In: Tasman M & Jaeger EA (eds) Duane's clinical ophthalmology, vol. 4. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 1-11.
63. Martins EN, Alvarenga LS, Höfling-Lima AL, Freitas D, Zorat-Yu MC, Farah ME & Mannis MJ (2004): Aerobic bacterial conjunctival flora in diabetic patients. Cornea 23: 136-142.
64. Mason BW & Howard AJ (2004): Fusidic acid resistance in community isolates of methicillin susceptible Staphylococcus aureus and the use of topical fusidic acid: A retrospective case-control study. Int J Antimicrob Agents 23: 300-303.
65. McClellan KA (1997): Mucosal defence of the outer eye. Surv Ophthalmol 42: 233-245.
66. McCormick M, Fleming D & Charlton J (1995): Morbidity statistics from general practice: Fourth National Survey 1991-92. London. HMSO.
67. McDonnell PJ (1988): How do general practitioners manage eye disease in the community? Br J Ophthalmol 72: 733-736.
68. McMinn PC, Stewart J & Burrell CJ (1991): A community outbreak of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis in Central Australia due to adenovirus type 8. J Infect Dis 164: 1113-1118.
69. Midtvedt T (2004): Om bruken av antimikrobielle midler. In: Vilberg A (ed.) Norsk legemiddelhåndbok for helsepersonell. Oslo: Foreningen for utgivelse av Norsk legemiddelhåndbok, 602-606.
70. Miller B & Ellis P (1977): Conjunctival flora in patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs. Arch Ophthalmol 95: 2012-2014.
71. Miller IM, Vogel R, Cook TJ & Wittreich JM (1992a): Topically administered norfloxacin compared with topically administered gentamicin for the treatment of external ocular bacterial infections. Am J Ophthalmol 113: 638-644.
72. Miller IM, Wittreich JM, Cook T & Vogel R (1992b): The safety and efficacy of topical norfloxacin compared with chloramphenicol for the treatment of external ocular bacterial infections. Eye 6: 111-114.
73. Norell SE (1981): Monitoring compliance with pilocarpine therapy. Am J Ophthalmol 92: 727-731.
74. Normann EK (2005): Conjunctivitis in children. Lancet 366: 6-7.
75. Normann EK, Bakken O, Peltola J, Andreasson B, Buhl S, Sigg P & Nielsen K (2002): Treatment of acute neonatal bacterial conjunctivitis: a comparison of fusidic acid to chloramphenicol eye drops. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 80: 183-187.
76. O'Brien TP & Hahn TW (2005): Therapy of bacterial infections of the eye. In: Tasman M & Jaeger EA (eds) Duane's clinical ophthalmology, vol. 3. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 6-9.
77. Olafsen LD, Størvold G & Melby K (1986): A microbiological study of conjunctivitis with emphasis on Chlamydia trachomatis in Northern Norway. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) 64: 463-470.
78. Orden Martinez B, Martinez Ruiz R & Millan PR (2004): Conjunctivitis bacteriana: Patógenos más prevalentes y sensibilidad antibiótica [Bacterial conjunctivitis: Most prevalent pathogens and their antibiotic sensitivity]. An Pediatr (Barc) 61: 32-36.
79. Papa V, Aragona P, Scuderi AC, Blanco AR, Di Zola PBA, Santocono M & Milazzo G (2002): Treatment of acute bacterial conjunctivitis with topical netilmicin. Cornea 21: 43-47.
80. Rapoza PA, Quinn TC, Kiesling LA & Taylor HR (1986): Epidemiology of neonatal conjunctivitis. Ophthalmology 93: 456-461.
81. Ravenscroft JC, Layton A & Barnham M (2000): Observations on high levels of fusidic acid resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Harrogate, North Yorkshire, UK. Clin Exp Dermatol 25: 327-330.
82. Rayner SA & Buckley RJ (1996): Ocular chloramphenicol and aplastic anemia. Is there a link? Drug Safety 14: 273-276.
83. Richardson M, Elliman D, Maguire H, Simpson J & Nicoll A (2001): Evidence base of incubation periods, periods of infectiousness and exclusion policies for the control of communicable diseases in schools and preschools. Pediatr Infect Dis J 20: 380-391.
84. Rietveld RP, ter Riet G, Bindels PJE, Bink D, Sloos JH & van Weert HCPM (2005): The treatment of acute infectious conjunctivitis with fusidic acid: A randomised controlled trial. Br J General Pract 55: 924-930.
85. Rietveld RP, ter Riet G, Bindels PJE, Sloos JH & van Weert HCPM (2004): Predicting bacterial cause in infectious coCjunctivitis: cohort study on informativeness of combinations of signs and symptoms. Br Med J 329: 206-210.
86. Rietveld RP, van Wert HCMP, Ter Riet G & Bindels PJE (2003): Diagnostic impact of signs and symptoms in acute infectious conjunctivitis: Systematic literature search. Br Med J 327: 789.
87. Ringvold A, Vik E & Bevanger LS (1985): Moraxella lacunata isolated from epidemic conjunctivitis among teen-aged females. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) 63: 427-431.
88. Ritch ML, Ritterhof RJ & Hoffman RJ (1950): A fatal case of aplastic anemia following chloramphenicol therapy. Ann Intern Med 33: 1459-1467.
89. Rørtveit S & Rørtveit G (2003): Epidemi av bulløs impetigo i Austevoll kommune år 2002 [An epidemic of bullous impetigo in the municipality of Austevoll in the year of 2002]. Tidsskr Nor Lægeforen 123: 2557-2560.
90. Rose PW, Harnden A, Brueggemann AB, Perera R, Sheikh A, Crook D & Mant D (2005): Chloramphenicol treatment for acute infective conjunctivitis in children in primary care: A randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study. Lancet 366: 37-43.
91. Rosenthal RL & Blackman A (1965): Bone marrow hypoplasia following use of chloramphenicol eye drops. JAMA 191: 148-149.
92. Rotchford AP & Murphy KM (1998): Compliance with timolol treatment in glaucoma. Eye 12: 234-236.
93. Ruben FL, Norden CW, Heisler B & Korica Y (1984): An outbreak of Streptococcus pyogenes infections in a nursing home. Ann Intern Med 101: 494-496.
94. Rubenstein JB (1999): Disorders of the conjunctiva and limbus. In: Yanoff M & Duker JS (eds) Ophthalmology. St Louis: Mosby, 12-18.
95. Schiebel NEE (2003): Use of antibiotics in patients with acute bacterial conjunctivitis. Ann Emerg Med 41: 407-409.
96. Schmitz H, Wigand R & Heinrich W (1983): Worldwide epidemiology of human adenovirus infections. Am KJ Epidemiol 117: 455-466.
97. Schwab IR, Friedlaender M, McCulley J, Lichtenstein SJ & Moran CT (2003): A phase III clinical trial of 0.5% levofloxacin ophthalmic solution versus 0.3% ofloxacin ophthalmic solution for the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis. Ophthalmology 110: 457-465.
98. Schwartz B, Harrison LH, Motter JS, Motter RN, Hightower AW & Broome CV (1989): Investigation of an outbreak of Moraxella conjunctivitis at a Navajo boarding school. Am J Ophthalmol 107: 341-347.
99. Seibel W & Ruprecht KW (1983): Bacteriologische Befunde in Bindehautabstrichen [Bacteriological findings in conjunctival smears]. Klin Mbl Augenheilk 183: 60-62.
100. Shah M & Mohanraj M (2003): High levels of fusidic acid-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in dermatology patients. Br J Dermatol 148: 1018-1020.
101. Sharma T, Grewal J, Gupta S & Murray PI (2004): Ophthalmic manifestations of acute leucemias: The ophthalmologist's role. Eye 18: 663-672.
102. Shayegani M, Parsons LM, Gibbons WE Jr & Cambell D (1982): Characterization of nontypable Streptococcus pneumoniae-like organisms isolated from outbreaks of conjunctivitis. J Clin Microbiol 16: 8-14.
103. Sheikh A & Hurwitz B (2001): Topical antibiotics for acute bacterial conjunctivitis: A systematic review. Br J General Prac 51: 473-477.
104. Sheikh A & Hurwitz B (2005): Topical antibiotics for acute bacterial conjunctivitis: Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis update. Br J General Prac 55: 962-964.
105. Sheikh A & Hurwitz B (2006): Antibiotics versus placebo for acute bacterial conjunctivitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2: CD001211.
106. Singer TR, Isenberg SJ & Apt L (1988): Conjunctival anaerobic and aerobic bacterial flora in paediatric versus adult subjects. Br J Ophthalmol 72: 448-451.
107. Solberg R, Meberg A & Schøyen R (1991): Neonatal konjunktivitt i en barselavdeling og en neonatalenhet [Neonatal conjunctivitis in a nursery and a neonatal unit]. Tidsskr Nor Lægefor 111: 1230-1232.
108. Starr MB (2004): How best to treat adenoviral corneal opacities? Cornea 23: 217-219.
109. Stern GA & Killingsworth DW (1989): Complications of topical antimicrobial agents. Int Ophthalmol Clin 29: 137-142.
110. Tarabishy AB, Hall GS, Procop GW & Jeng BH (2006): Bacterial culture isolates from hospitalized pediatric patients with conjunctivitis. Am J Ophthalmol 142: 678-680.
111. Thiel HJ & Schumacher U (1994): Über die Standortflora der menschlichen Bindehaut. Untersuchungen von 135 Personen unterschiedlichen Alters [Normal flora of the human conjunctiva: A study of 135 persons of various ages]. Klin Monatbl Augenheilk 205: 348-357.
112. Thorn P & Johansen S (1997): Pharmacokinetic investigation of fusidic acid 1% viscous eye drops in healthy volunteers. Eur J Ophthalmol 7: 9-12.
113. Trottier S, Stenberg K, von Rosen IA & Svanborg C (1991): Haemophilus influenzae causing conjunctivitis in day-care children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 10: 578-584.
114. Wald ER, Greenberg D & Hoberman A (2001): Short term oral cefixime therapy for treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 21: 1039-1042.
115. Walker S, Diaper CJM, Bowman R, Sweeney G, Seal DV & Kirkness CM (1998): Lack of evidence for systemic toxicity following topical chloramphenicol use. Eye 12: 875-879.
116. Wall AR, Sinclair N & Adenis JP (1998): Comparison of Fucithalmic ® (fusidic acid viscous eye drops 1%) and Noroxin (norfloxacin ophthalmic solution 0.3%) in the treatment of acute bacterial conjunctivitis. J Drug Assess 1: 549-558.
117. Wallerstein RO, Condit PK, Kasper CK, Brown JW & Morrison FR (1969): Statewide study of chloramphenicol therapy and fatal aplastic anemia. JAMA 208: 2045-2050.
118. Weiss A, Brinser JH & Nazar-Stewart V (1993): Acute conjunctivitis in childhood. J Pediatr 122: 10-14.
119. Wiholm B-E, Kelly JP, Kaufman D, Issaragrisil S, Levy M, Anderson T & Shapiro S (1998): Relation of aplastic anaemia to use of chloramphenicol eye drops in two international case-control studies. Br Med J 328: 666.
120. Wilhelmus KR (2005): Epidemiology of ocular infections. In: Tasman M & Jaeger EA (eds) Duane's clinical ophthalmology, vol. 2. Town: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 1-64.
121. Yamauchi Y, Minoda H, Yokoi K, Maruyama K, Kumakura S, Usui M, Cruz JM & Fukutake K (2005): Conjunctival flora in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 13: 301-304.
122. Yee RW, Tepedino M, Bernstein P, Jensen H, Schiffmann R & Whitcup SM (2005): A randimized, investigator-masked clinical trial comparing the efficacy and safety of gatifloxacin 0.3% administered BID versus QID for the treatment of acute bacterial conjunctivitis. Curr Med Res Opin 21: 425-431.
123. Yunis A (1973): Chloramphenicol induced bone marrow suppression. Semin Hematol 10: 225-234.
124. Zinn CS, Westh H & Rosdahl VT (2004): An international multicenter study of antimicrobial resistance and typing of hospital Staphylococcus aureus isolates from 21 laboratories in 19 countries or states. Microb Drug Resist 10: 160-168.