Achieving vascular risk factor targets: A survey of a London general practice

Angiology

Volumn 59, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 36-46

  Levine, Adam P ^a,b   Mikhailidis, Dimitri P ^b   Moross, Tessa ^a   Benson, Karen ^a   Gor, Mayur ^a  

^a Box   (United Kingdom)

^b ROYAL FREE AND UNIVERSITY COLLEGE MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Cholesterol; Guidelines; Intolerance; Ischemic heart disease; Primary care; Statin

Indexed keywords

ALPHA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; ANGIOTENSIN 2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ANTIDIABETIC AGENT; ANTILIPEMIC AGENT; ANTITHROMBOCYTIC AGENT; ATORVASTATIN; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; CHOLESTEROL; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; DIURETIC AGENT; EZETIMIBE; FIBRIC ACID DERIVATIVE; FLUINDOSTATIN; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; OMEGA 3 FATTY ACID; PRAVASTATIN; SIMVASTATIN; TETRAHYDROLIPSTATIN; TRIACYLGLYCEROL;

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; CARDIOLOGY; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; DIABETES MELLITUS; DRUG TOLERABILITY; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; FEMALE; GENERAL PRACTICE; HEALTH SURVEY; HEART INFARCTION; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; LIVER FUNCTION; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MEDICAL SERVICE; MEDICAL SOCIETY; MONOTHERAPY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRESCRIPTION; STROKE; TRIACYLGLYCEROL BLOOD LEVEL; UNITED KINGDOM;

ADULT; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CHOLESTEROL; CHOLESTEROL, HDL; CHOLESTEROL, LDL; COMORBIDITY; CREATINE KINASE; DRUG THERAPY, COMBINATION; FAMILY PRACTICE; FEMALE; GUIDELINE ADHERENCE; HUMANS; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL-COA REDUCTASE INHIBITORS; HYPERLIPIDEMIAS; LIPIDS; LIVER FUNCTION TESTS; LONDON; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTORS; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TRIGLYCERIDES;

EID: 39149144793     PISSN: 00033197     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0003319707309538     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. Allender S., Peto V., Scarborough P., et al. Coronary heart disease statistics. British Heart Foundation: London. Available at http://www. heartstats.org/temp/2006spwholespdocumenths2hs.pdf. Accessed July 28, 2007.
2. Lyratzopoulos G., Heller RF, McElduff P., Hanily M., Lewis P. Deprivation and trends in blood pressure, cholesterol, body mass index, and smoking among participants of a UK primary care-based cardiovascular risk factor screening programme: both narrowing and widening in cardiovascular risk factor inequalities. Heart. 2006 ; 92: 1198-1206.
3. Jacobs D., Blackburn H., Higgins M., et al. Report of the conference on low blood cholesterol: mortality associations. Circulation. 1992 ; 86: 1046-1060.
4. Chen Z., Peto R., Collins R., MacMahon S., Lu J., Li W. Serum cholesterol concentration and coronary heart disease in population with low cholesterol concentrations. BMJ. 1991 ; 303: 276-282.
5. Law MR, Wald NJ, Rudnicka AR Quantifying effect of statins on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, ischaemic heart disease, and stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2003 ; 326: 1423-1427.
6. Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' (CTT) Collaborators. Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90 056 participants in 14 randomized trails of statins. Lancet. 2005 ; 366: 1267-1278.
7. British Cardiac Society, British Hypertension Society, Diabetes UK, HEART UK, Primary Care Cardiology Society, The Stroke Association. Joint British Societies Guidelines 2: Joint British Societies' guidelines on prevention of cardiovascular disease in clinical practice. Heart. 2005 ; 91: 1-52.
8. Department of Health. General medical services: investing in general practice-the GMS contract. Annex A: quality indicators: page 1. Available at http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Policyandguidance/Organisationpolicy/Primarycare/ Primarycarecontracting/GMS/DH_4125637. Accessed August 6, 2007.
9. Smith SC Jr, Allen J., Blair SN,, et al. AHA/ACC; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. AHA/ACC guidelines for secondary prevention of patients with coronary and other atherosclerotic vascular disease: 2006 update. Circulation. 2006 ; 113: 2363-2372.
10. Van Ganse E., Souchet T., Laforest L., et al. Ineffectiveness of lipid-lowering therapy in primary care. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2005 ; 59: 456-463.
11. Gaw A. A new reality: achieving cholesterol-lowering goals in clinical practice. Atherosclerosis Suppl. 2002 ; 2: 5-8.
12. Erhardt LR, Hobbs FDR. A global survey of physicians' perceptions on cholesterol management: the From The Heart study. Int J Clin Pract. 2007 ; 61: 1078-1085.
13. Pearson TA, Laurora I., Chu H., Kafonek S. The lipid treatment assessment project (L-TAP): a multicenter survey to evaluate the percentages of dyslipidaemia patients receiving lipid-lowering therapy and achieving low-density lipoprotein cholesterol targets. Arch Intern Med. 2000 ; 160: 459-467.
14. Schwandt P., Brady AJ Achieving lipid goals in Europe: how large is the treatment gap? Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2004 ; 2: 431-449.
15. Van Ganse E., Laforest L., Alemao E., Davies G., Gutkin S., Yin D. Lipid-modifying therapy and attainment of cholesterol goals in Europe: the Return non-Expenditure Achieved for Lipid Therapy (REALITY) study. Curr Med Res Opin. 2005 ; 21: 1389-1399.
16. McKenney JM, Davidson MH, Jacobson TA, Guyton JR ; National Lipid Association Statin Safety Assessment Task Force. Final conclusions and recommendations of the National Lipid Association Statin Safety Assessment Task Force. Am J Cardiol. 2006 ; 97: 89C - 94C.
17. Friday KE Aggressive lipid management for cardiovascular prevention: evidence from clinical trials. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2003 ; 228: 769-778.
18. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Cardiovascular risk assessment: the modification of blood lipids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease-Scope. Available at http://www.nice.org.uk/ download.aspx?o=269597&template=download.aspx. Accessed October 27, 2006.
19. Department of Health. Coronary heart disease: national service framework for coronary heart disease-modern standards and service models. Chapter 2. Available at http://www.dh.gov.uk/assetRoot/04/05/75/19/04057519.pdf. Accessed November 11, 2006.
20. Minhas R. Eminence-based guidelines: a quality assessment of the second Joint British Societies' guidelines on the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Int J Clin Pract. 2007 ; 61: 1137-1144.
21. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Clinical guidelines under development: lipid modification. Cardiovascular risk assessment: the modification of blood lipids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Available at http://www.nice.org.uk/page. aspx?o=guidelines.inprogress.hyperlipidaemiacardiovascular. Accessed August 6, 2007.
22. Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA. 2001 ; 285: 2486-2497.
23. De Backer G., Ambrosini E., Borch-Johnsen K.,, et al. European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines. European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: third joint task force of European and other societies on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (constituted by representatives of 8 societies and by invited experts). Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2003 ; 10: S1 - S10.
24. Foley KA, Simpson RJ Jr, Crouse JR III, Weiss TW, Markson LE, Alexander CM Effectiveness of statin titration on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol goal attainment in patients at high risk of athergonic events. Am J Cardiol. 2003 ; 92: 79-81.
25. Pedersen TR, Faergeman O., Kastelein JJ,, et al. Incremental Decrease in End Points Through Aggressive Lipid Lowering (IDEAL) Study Group. High-dose atorvastatin vs usual-dose simvastatin for secondary prevention after myocardial infarction: the IDEAL study. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2005 ; 294: 2437-2445.
26. McKenney JM, Davidson MH, Saponaro J., Thompson PD, Bays HE. Use of a treatment algorithm to achieve NCEP ATP III goals with atorvastatin. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2005 ; 46: 594-599.
27. Genest J. Combination of statin and ezetimibe for the treatment of dyslipidemias and the prevention of coronary artery disease. Can J Cardiol. 2006 ; 22: 863-868.
28. Nambi V., Ballantyne CM Combination therapy with statins and omega-3 fatty acids. Am J Cardiol. 2006 ; 98: 34i - 38i.
29. Daskalopoulou SS, Mikhailidis DP Reaching goal in hypercholesterolemia: dual inhibition of cholesterol synthesis and absorption with simvastatin plus ezetimibe. Curr Med Res Opin. 2006 ; 22: 511-528.
30. Ballantyne CM, Blazing MA, King TR, Brady WE, Palmisano J. Efficacy and safety of ezetimibe coadministered with simvastatin compared with atorvastatin in adults with hypercholesterolemia. Am J Cardiol. 2004 ; 93: 1487-1494.
31. Pearson TA, Denke MA, McBride PE, Battisti WP, Brady WE, Palmisano J. A community-based, randomized trial of ezetimibe added to statin therapy to attain NCEP ATP III goals for LDL cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic patients: the ezetimibe add-on to statin for effectiveness (EASE) trial. Mayo Clin Proc. 2005 ; 80: 587-595.
32. Robinson JG, Davidson MH Combination therapy with ezetimibe and simvastatin to achieve aggressive LDL reduction. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2006 ; 4: 461-466.
33. Mikhailidis DP, Sibbring GC, Ballantyne CM, Davies GM, Catapano AL Meta-analysis of the cholesterol-lowering effect of ezetimibe added to ongoing statin therapy. Curr Med Res Opin. 2007 ; 23: 2009-2026.
34. Kohli M., Attard C., Lam A., et al. Cost-effectiveness of adding ezetimibe to atorvastatin therapy in patients not at cholesterol treatment goal in Canada. Pharmacoeconomics. 2006 ; 24: 815-830.
35. Nash IS, Mosca L., Blumenthal RS, Davidson MH, Smith SC Jr, Pasternak RC Contemporary awareness and understanding of cholesterol as a risk factor: results of an American Heart Association national survey. Arch Intern Med. 2003 ; 163: 1597-1600.
36. Cheng S., Lichtman JH, Amatruda JM, et al. Knowledge of cholesterol levels and targets in patients with coronary artery disease. Prev Cardiol. 2005 ; 8: 11-17.
37. Vale MJ, Jelinek MV, Best JD, Santamaria JD Coaching patients with coronary heart disease to achieve the target cholesterol: a method to bridge the gap between evidence-based medicine and the "real world "- randomized controlled trial. J Clin Epidemiol. 2002 ; 55: 245-252.
38. Paulós CP, Nygren CE, Celedón C., Cárcamo CA Impact of a pharmaceutical care program in a community pharmacy on patients with dyslipidemia. Ann Pharmacother. 2005 ; 39: 939-943.
39. Nola KM, Gourley DR, Portner TS, et al. Clinical and humanistic outcomes of a lipid management program in the community pharmacy setting. J Am Pharm Assoc (Wash). 2000 ; 40: 166-173.
40. Hickling J., Rogers S., Nazareth I. Barriers to detecting and treating hypercholesterolemia in patients with ischemic heart disease: primary care perceptions. Br J Gen Pract. 2005 ; 55: 534-538.
41. Lalouschek W., Lang W., Greisnegger S., Müllner M. ; Vienna Stroke Study Group. Determination of lipid profiles and use of statins in patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack. Stroke. 2003 ; 34: 105-110.
42. Cutri BA, Hime NJ, Nicholls SJ High-density lipoproteins: an emerging target in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cell Res. 2006 ; 16: 799-808.
43. Krasuski RA, Doeppenschmidt D., Henry JS, et al. Conversion to atorvastatin in patients intolerant or refractory to simvastatin therapy: the CAPISH study. Mayo Clin Proc. 2005 ; 80: 1163-1168.
44. Wierzbicki AS, Doherty E., Lumb PJ, Chik G., Crook MA Efficacy of ezetimibe in patients with statin-resistant and statin-intolerant familial hyperlipidemias. Curr Med Res Opin. 2005 ; 21 (3). 333-338.
45. Gazi IF, Daskalopoulou SS, Nair DR, Mikhailidis DP Effect of ezetimibe in patients who cannot tolerate statins or cannot get to the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol target despite taking a statin. Curr Med Res Opin. 2007 ; 23 (9). 2183-2192.
46. Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20 536 high-risk individuals: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2002 ; 360: 7-22.
47. Jackevicius CA, Mamdani M., Tu JV Adherence with statin therapy in elderly patients with and without acute coronary syndromes. JAMA. 2002 ; 288: 462-467.
48. Benner JS, Glynn RJ, Mogun H., Neumann PJ, Weinstein MC, Avorn J. Long-term persistence in use of statin therapy in elderly patients. JAMA. 2002 ; 288: 455-461.
49. Durack-Bown I., Giral P., d'Ivernois JF, et al. Patients' and physicians' perceptions and experience of hypercholesterolemia: a qualitative study. Br J Gen Pract. 2003 ; 53: 851-857.
50. Schedlbauer A., Schroeder K., Peters TJ, Fahey T. Interventions to improve adherence to lipid-lowering medication. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004 ;(4). CD004371.
51. Laker MF, Joint British Societies. Cardiovascular disease prevention: the new Joint British Societies' guidelines. Ann Clin Biochem. 2006 ; 43: 335-339.
52. Hippisley-Cox J., Cater R., Pringle M., Coupland C. Cross-sectional survey of effectiveness of lipid-lowering drugs in reducing serum cholesterol concentration in 17 general practices. BMJ. 2003 ; 326: 689-794.
53. Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Group. Randomized trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Study (4S). Lancet. 1994 ; 344: 1383-1389.
54. Collins R., Armitage J., Parish S., Sleigh P., Peto R. ; Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin in 5963 people with diabetes: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2003 ; 361: 2005-2016.
55. Lindeman RD, Tobin J., Shock NW Longitudinal studies on the rate of decline in renal function with age. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1985 ; 33: 278-285.
56. Athyros VG, Mikhailidis DP, Papageorgiou AA, et al. The effect of statins versus untreated dyslipidemia on renal function in patients with coronary heart disease. A subgroup analysis of the Greek atorvastatin and coronary heart disease evaluation (GREACE) study. J Clin Pathol. 2004 ; 57: 728-734.
57. Athyros VG, Karagiannis A., Liberopoulos EN, Elisaf M., Mikhailidis DP Statin treatment may be beneficial to both the kidneys and the heart. Perit Dial Int. 2007 ; 27: 215-216.
58. Rajagopalan S., Alemao E., Finch L., Yin D. Impact of new Joint British Societies' (JBS2) guidelines on prevention of cardiovascular disease: evaluation of serum total cholesterol goal achievement in UK clinical practice. Curr Med Res Opin. 2007 ; 23: 2027-2034.
59. Fraser CG, Cummings ST, Wilkinson SP, et al. Biological variability of 26 clinical chemistry analytes in elderly people. Clin Chem. 1989 ; 35: 783-786.
60. Benner JS, Tierce JC, Ballantyne CM, et al. Follow-up lipid tests and physician visits are associated with improved adherence to statin therapy. Pharmacoeconomics. 2004 ; 22 (Suppl 3). 13-23.