Beyond Schiavo

Journal of Clinical Ethics

Volumn 18, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 340-345

  Caplan, Arthur L ^a,b   Bergman, Edward J ^b,c  

^a Center for Bioethics

^b UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CONFIDENTIALITY; CONFLICT; DOCTOR PATIENT RELATION; ETHICS; FAMILY; HUMAN; INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION; PERSISTENT VEGETATIVE STATE; PROFESSIONAL STANDARD; TERMINAL CARE; TREATMENT REFUSAL; TREATMENT WITHDRAWAL;

CONFIDENTIALITY; DISSENT AND DISPUTES; ETHICS COMMITTEES, CLINICAL; ETHICS CONSULTATION; FAMILY; HUMANS; NEGOTIATING; PERSISTENT VEGETATIVE STATE; PHYSICIAN-PATIENT RELATIONS; TERMINAL CARE; TREATMENT REFUSAL; WITHHOLDING TREATMENT;

EID: 39149094604     PISSN: 10467890     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. A.L. Caplan, J.J. McCartney, and D.A. Sisti, ed., The Case of Terri Schiavo: Ethics at the End of Life (New York: Prometheus Books, 2006).
2. N.N. Dubler, "Mediation & Managed Care," Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 46, no. 359 (1998) (proposing a bioethics mediation model in the managed-care context);
3. see also R.J. Wagener, "Introducing Medication to Hospital Ethics," California Law (December 1992): 69 (noting the formation of a center specializing in bioethics mediation);
4. see also M.B. West and J.M. Gibson, "Facilitating Medical Ethics Case Review, What Ethics Committees Can Learn from Mediation and Facilitation Techniques," in Bioethics: An Introduction to the History, Methods, and Practice, ed. N. Jecker, A.R. Jonsen, and R.A. Pearlman (Sudbury, Mass.: Jones & Bartlett, 1999), 293-99;
5. see also Y. Craig, "Patient Decision-making: Medical Ethics and Mediation," Journal of Medical Ethics 22 (1996): 164-7;
6. see also J.M. Gibson, "Mediation for Ethics Committees: A Promising Process," Generations 18, no. 4 (1994): 58-60.
7. B. Gray, Collaboration: Finding Common Ground for Multiparty Problems (San Francisco, Calif.: Jossey-Bass, 1989), 5, 14-5, 62-6, 168-9, 261-64.
8. T.L. Beachamp and J.F. Childress, Principles of Biomedical Ethics, 5th ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001).
9. Beauchamp and Childress, see note 4 above.
10. Beauchamp and Childress, see note 4 above.
11. A.R. Jonsen, M. Siegler, and W.J. Winslade, "Introduction," in Clinical Ethics, 5th ed. (New York: McGraw Hill, 2002), 2-11.
12. K.D. Clouser and B. Gert, "A Critique of Principlism," in Jecker, Jonsen, and Pearlman, Bioethics: An Introduction to the History, Methods, and Practice, see note 2 above, pp. 147-57.
13. See, e.g., R. Charon and M. Montello, ed., Stories Matter: The Role of Narrative in Medical Ethics (New York: Routledge, 2002).
14. D.E. Hoffman, "Mediating Life and Death Decisions," Arizona Law Review 36 (1994): 821, 822-3, 842-8 (explaining how ethics committees arose to provide a multi-disciplinary approach to assist families with difficult cases);
15. see also J. McIver, "Mediation for Ethics Committees: A Promising Process," Generations 94 (1994): 58.
16. See E. Fox and R.A. Pearlman, "Ethics Consultation in United States Hospitals: A National Survey," American Journal of Bioethics 7, no. 2 (2007): 13-25;
17. Hoffman, "Mediating Life & Death Decisions, see note 10 above (naming structural, process, and substantive concerns associated with ethics committees);
18. A. Fiester, "The Failure of the Consult Model: Why 'Mediation' Should Replace 'Consultation'," American Journal of Bioethics 7, no. 2 (2007): 31-2.
19. Fox and Pearlman, see note 11 above.
20. See e.g. D. Franklin, "Come Again? Good Medicine Requires Clarity," New York Times, 24 January 2006 (discussing problems of providing enough information to obtain patients' informed consent, particularly for those with low levels of literacy).
21. Hoffman, "Mediating Life & Death Decisions," see note 10 above (stating some ethics committees appear uncomfortable with trying to determine one ethical answer, believing a range of options are acceptable);
22. Society for Health and Human Values -Society for Bioethics Consultation Task Force on Standards for Bioethics Consultation, Core Competencies for Health Care Ethics Consultation (Glenview, Ill.: American Society for Bioethics and Humanities, 1998), 7 (discussing the ethicist's role in helping families choose between more than one morally acceptable option).
23. See e.g. C.W. Moore, The Mediation Process; Practical Strategies for Resolving Conflict, chaps. 9 and 10 (San Francisco, Calif.: Jossey- Bass, 1996), 213-43;
24. D. Golann, Mediating Legal Disputes: Effective Strategies for Lawyers and Mediators, chap. 2 (Boston: Little Brown, 1996), 39-59;
25. Hoffman, "Mediating Life & Death Decisions," see note 10 above (noting this has led some to "refer to mediation as a more feminine approach to conflict resolution").
26. A. Lazare, On Apology (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), 204;
27. A. Lazare, The Interviewas a Clinical Negotiation, in The Medical Interview: Clinical Care, Education and Research, ed. M. Lipkin, Jr., et al. (New York: Springer-Verlag, 1995), 60-2;
28. see also J. Groopman, "Introduction," in How Doctors Think (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2007), 1-26 (arguing that effective medical diagnosis is dependent on the artful employment of negotiation skills, e.g. "open-ended questioning" and "active listening");
29. see also P.W Chen, Final Exam, chap. 8 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2007), 166-8 (discussing important patient interview techniques).
30. See generally, J. Menikoff, Law and Bioethics: An Introduction, chaps. 10 and 11 (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 2001), 241-355.
31. Core Competencies for Health Care Ethics Consultation, see note 14 above (asserting that ethicists need ethical assessment, processing, and interpersonal skills);
32. see generally, N. Dubler and C Liebman, Bioethics Mediation (New York: United Hospital Fund, 2004).
33. Dubler and Liebman, Bioethics Mediation, see note 18 above, pp. 16-21 (highlighting the areas in which an ethicist must be knowledgeable).
34. See generally L.J. Marcus et al., Renegotiating Health Care (San Francisco, Calif.: Josey-Bass, 1995), 327-8 (providing examples of neutrality issues associated with informal mediation by an employee of an institution);
35. K. Gibson, "Mediation in the Medical Field: Is Neutral Intervention Possible?" Hastings Center Report 29, no. 5 (1999): 6-13;
36. Core Competencies for Health Care Ethics Consultation, see note 14 above, p. 7 (discussing the importance and difficulty of maintaining constituent neutrality).
37. D. Perlman, "Mediation and Ethics Consultation: Towards a New Understanding of Impartiality," 2001, http://www.abanet.org/dispute/ essay/perlman.doc (arguing that ethicists should not remain neutral in regards to moral norms, but only in regards to the parties); Hoffman, "Mediating Life and Death Decisions," see note 10 above, p. 821.
38. Gibson, "Mediation in the Medical Field," see note 20 above, p. 6 (explaining a working assumption for many mediators is that the mediation must remain confidential).
39. See e.g., Dubler and Liebman, Bioethics Mediation, note 18 above, pp. 26-7.
40. The discoverability of a patient's chart note containing references to a mediation process requires an analysis of each state's mediation statutes and court rules and the state's case law interpreting those sources.
41. See generally, E.J. Bergman and J.G. Bickerman, Court-Annexed Mediation: Critical Perspectives on Selected State and Federal Programs (Bethesda, Md.: Pike & Fischer, 1998).
42. See e.g. B. Starkey, M.A. Boyer, and J. Wilkenfield, Negotiating a Complex World (Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 1999), 83-5.
43. T.A. Shannon, "The Legacy of the Schiavo Case," in The Case of Terri Schiavo: Ethics at the End of Life, ed. Caplan, McCartney, and Sisti, see note 1 above, pp. 260-3.