메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 36, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 577-594

Current concepts review: Comprehensive physical examination for instability of the knee

Author keywords

Anatomy; Biomechanics; Diagnosis; Examination; Instability; Knee

Indexed keywords

ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT; ANTERIOR DRAWER TEST; ARTHROMETRY; BIOMECHANICS; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; EXTERNAL ROTATION RECURVATUM TEST; FLEXION ROTATION DRAWER TEST; HUGHSTON JERK TEST; HUMAN; KNEE; KNEE INSTABILITY; KNEE LIGAMENT INJURY; LACHMAN TEST; LOSEE TEST; MANUAL TRANSLATION TEST; MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM EXAMINATION; PATELLA; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; PIVOT SHIFT TEST; POSTERIOR DRAWER TEST; POSTERIOR LACHMAN TEST; POSTERIOR SAG TEST; POSTEROLATERAL DRAWER TEST; POSTEROLATERAL EXTERNAL ROTATION TEST; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PRONE EXTERNAL ROTATION TEST; Q ANGLE; QUADRICEPS ACTIVE TEST; REVIEW; SLOCUM TEST; VALGUS STRESS TEST; VARUS STRESS TEST;

EID: 39149089318     PISSN: 03635465     EISSN: 15523365     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0363546507312641     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (115)

References (113)
  • 1
    • 0024217555 scopus 로고
    • The pivot shift phenomenon: Results and description of a modified clinical test for anterior cruciate ligament insufficiency
    • Bach BR, Russell WF, Wickiewicz TL The pivot shift phenomenon: results and description of a modified clinical test for anterior cruciate ligament insufficiency. Am J Sports Med. 1988 ; 16: 571-576.
    • (1988) Am J Sports Med , vol.16 , pp. 571-576
    • Bach, B.R.1    Russell, W.F.2    Wickiewicz, T.L.3
  • 3
    • 0021674065 scopus 로고
    • Posterior cruciate ligament insufficiency: A review of the literature
    • Barton TM, Torg JS, Das M. Posterior cruciate ligament insufficiency: a review of the literature. Sports Med. 1984 ; 1: 419-430.
    • (1984) Sports Med , vol.1 , pp. 419-430
    • Barton, T.M.1    Torg, J.S.2    Das, M.3
  • 7
    • 0024159799 scopus 로고
    • Determination of graft tension before fixation in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction
    • Burks RT, Leland R. Determination of graft tension before fixation in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy. 1988 ; 4: 260-266.
    • (1988) Arthroscopy , vol.4 , pp. 260-266
    • Burks, R.T.1    Leland, R.2
  • 8
    • 0018862729 scopus 로고
    • Ligamentous restraints to anterior-posterior drawer in the human knee
    • Butler DL, Noyes FR, Grood ES Ligamentous restraints to anterior-posterior drawer in the human knee. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1980 ; 62: 259-270.
    • (1980) J Bone Joint Surg Am , vol.62 , pp. 259-270
    • Butler, D.L.1    Noyes, F.R.2    Grood, E.S.3
  • 10
    • 0034151625 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute and chronic posterolateral rotatory instability of the knee
    • Chen FS, Rokito AS, Pitman MI Acute and chronic posterolateral rotatory instability of the knee. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2000 ; 8: 97-110.
    • (2000) J Am Acad Orthop Surg , vol.8 , pp. 97-110
    • Chen, F.S.1    Rokito, A.S.2    Pitman, M.I.3
  • 13
    • 0003436013 scopus 로고
    • Committee on the Medical Aspects of Sports. Chicago, Ill: American Medical Association;
    • Committee on the Medical Aspects of Sports. Standard Nomenclature of Athletic Injuries. Chicago, Ill: American Medical Association ; 1968: 99-101.
    • (1968) Standard Nomenclature of Athletic Injuries , pp. 99-101
  • 15
    • 0000966475 scopus 로고
    • The posterior cruciate ligament and posterolateral structures of the knee: Anatomy, function, and patterns of injury
    • Cooper DE, Warren RF, Warner JP The posterior cruciate ligament and posterolateral structures of the knee: anatomy, function, and patterns of injury. Inst Course Lect. 1991 ; 40: 249-270.
    • (1991) Inst Course Lect , vol.40 , pp. 249-270
    • De, C.1    Warren, R.F.2    Warner, J.P.3
  • 16
    • 0035459989 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Posterior cruciate ligament injuries: Evaluation and management
    • Cosgarea AJ, Jay PR Posterior cruciate ligament injuries: evaluation and management. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2001 ; 9: 297-307.
    • (2001) J Am Acad Orthop Surg , vol.9 , pp. 297-307
    • Cosgarea, A.J.1    Jay, P.R.2
  • 17
    • 0027426317 scopus 로고
    • Current concepts review: Injuries to the posterior cruciate ligament
    • Covey DC, Sapega AA Current concepts review: injuries to the posterior cruciate ligament. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1993 ; 75: 1376-1386.
    • (1993) J Bone Joint Surg Am , vol.75 , pp. 1376-1386
    • Covey, D.C.1    Sapega, A.A.2
  • 20
    • 0023896770 scopus 로고
    • Use of the quadriceps active test to diagnose posterior cruciate ligament disruption and measure posterior laxity of the knee
    • Daniel DM, Stone JL, Barnett P., Sachs R. Use of the quadriceps active test to diagnose posterior cruciate ligament disruption and measure posterior laxity of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1988 ; 70: 386-391.
    • (1988) J Bone Joint Surg Am , vol.70 , pp. 386-391
    • Daniel, D.M.1    Stone, J.L.2    Barnett, P.3    Sachs, R.4
  • 21
    • 0019190129 scopus 로고
    • Diagnosis of acute knee injuries with hemarthrosis
    • DeHaven KE Diagnosis of acute knee injuries with hemarthrosis. Am J Sports Med. 1980 ; 8: 9-14.
    • (1980) Am J Sports Med , vol.8 , pp. 9-14
    • Dehaven, K.E.1
  • 23
    • 0021933091 scopus 로고
    • A comparison of acute anterior cruciate ligament examination. Initial versus examination under anesthesia
    • Donaldson WF III, Warren RF, Wickiewicz T. A comparison of acute anterior cruciate ligament examination. Initial versus examination under anesthesia. Am J Sports Med. 1985 ; 13: 5-10.
    • (1985) Am J Sports Med. , vol.13 , pp. 5-10
    • Donaldson III, W.F.1    Warren, R.F.2    Wickiewicz, T.3
  • 24
    • 0025264610 scopus 로고
    • A comparison of stress tests used to evaluate the anterior cruciate ligament
    • Draper DO A comparison of stress tests used to evaluate the anterior cruciate ligament. Phys Sportsmed. 1990 ; 18: 89-96.
    • (1990) Phys Sportsmed , vol.18 , pp. 89-96
    • Draper, D.O.1
  • 25
    • 0028880481 scopus 로고
    • Examiner proficiency in performing the anterior drawer and Lachman tests
    • Draper DO, Schulthies SS Examiner proficiency in performing the anterior drawer and Lachman tests. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1995 ; 22: 263-266.
    • (1995) J Orthop Sports Phys Ther , vol.22 , pp. 263-266
    • Draper, D.O.1    Schulthies, S.S.2
  • 26
    • 0000333442 scopus 로고
    • A test for eliminating false positive anterior cruciate ligament injury diagnoses
    • Draper DO, Schulthies SS A test for eliminating false positive anterior cruciate ligament injury diagnoses. J Athl Train. 1993 ; 28: 355-357.
    • (1993) J Athl Train , vol.28 , pp. 355-357
    • Draper, D.O.1    Schulthies, S.S.2
  • 27
    • 0031908840 scopus 로고
    • Arthrometric evaluation of posterior cruciate ligament injuries
    • Eakin CL, Cannon WD Arthrometric evaluation of posterior cruciate ligament injuries. Am J Sports Med. 1988 ; 26: 96-102.
    • (1988) Am J Sports Med , vol.26 , pp. 96-102
    • Eakin, C.L.1    Cannon, W.D.2
  • 28
    • 0018820893 scopus 로고
    • The pathogenesis and treatment of anterolateral rotatory instability
    • Ellison AE The pathogenesis and treatment of anterolateral rotatory instability. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1980 ; 147: 51-55.
    • (1980) Clin Orthop Relat Res , vol.147 , pp. 51-55
    • Ellison, A.E.1
  • 29
    • 84964141865 scopus 로고
    • Internal derangement of the knee in adolescents and children
    • Fairbank HA Internal derangement of the knee in adolescents and children. Proc R Soc Med. 1936 ; 30: 427-432.
    • (1936) Proc R Soc Med , vol.30 , pp. 427-432
    • Fairbank, H.A.1
  • 30
    • 0028832214 scopus 로고
    • Posterior cruciate ligament injuries in trauma patients: Part 2
    • Fanelli GC, Edson CJ Posterior cruciate ligament injuries in trauma patients: part 2. Arthroscopy. 1995 ; 11: 526-529.
    • (1995) Arthroscopy , vol.11 , pp. 526-529
    • Fanelli, G.C.1    Edson, C.J.2
  • 31
    • 0028091832 scopus 로고
    • The posterior cruciate ligament: Arthroscopic evaluation and treatment
    • Fanelli GC, Giannotti BF, Edson CJ The posterior cruciate ligament: arthroscopic evaluation and treatment. Arthroscopy. 1994 ; 10: 673-688.
    • (1994) Arthroscopy , vol.10 , pp. 673-688
    • Fanelli, G.C.1    Giannotti, B.F.2    Edson, C.J.3
  • 32
    • 0035145412 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of weight-bearing and external loading on anterior cruciate ligament strain
    • Fleming BC, Renstrom PA, Beynnon BD, et al. The effect of weight-bearing and external loading on anterior cruciate ligament strain. J Biomech. 2001 ; 34: 163-170.
    • (2001) J Biomech , vol.34 , pp. 163-170
    • Fleming, B.C.1    Renstrom, P.A.2    Beynnon, B.D.3
  • 33
    • 0023578607 scopus 로고
    • Isolated posterior cruciate injuires in athletes
    • Fowler JP, Messieh SS Isolated posterior cruciate injuires in athletes. Am J Sports Med. 1987 ; 15: 553-557.
    • (1987) Am J Sports Med , vol.15 , pp. 553-557
    • Fowler, J.P.1    Messieh, S.S.2
  • 35
    • 0001735040 scopus 로고
    • Patellofemoral pain disorders. Evaluation and management
    • Fulkerson JP Patellofemoral pain disorders. Evaluation and management. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 1994 ; 2: 124-132.
    • (1994) J Am Acad Orthop Surg. , vol.2 , pp. 124-132
    • Fulkerson, J.P.1
  • 36
    • 0025175739 scopus 로고
    • Disorders of patellofemoral alignment
    • Fulkerson JP, Shea KP Disorders of patellofemoral alignment. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1990 ; 72: 1424-1429.
    • (1990) J Bone Joint Surg Am , vol.72 , pp. 1424-1429
    • Fulkerson, J.P.1    Kp, S.2
  • 37
    • 0025244167 scopus 로고
    • An anatomical and radio-logic study of the femoropatellar articulation
    • Galland O., Walch G., Dejour H., Carrett JP An anatomical and radio-logic study of the femoropatellar articulation. Surg Radiol Anat. 1990 ; 12: 119-125.
    • (1990) Surg Radiol Anat , vol.12 , pp. 119-125
    • Galland, O.1    Walch, G.2    Dejour, H.3    Carrett, J.P.4
  • 38
    • 0018820892 scopus 로고
    • The lateral pivot shift: A symptom and sign of anterior cruciate ligament insufficiency
    • Galway HR, MacIntosh DL The lateral pivot shift: a symptom and sign of anterior cruciate ligament insufficiency. Clin Orthop. 1980 ; 147: 45-50.
    • (1980) Clin Orthop , vol.147 , pp. 45-50
    • Galway, H.R.1    MacIntosh, D.L.2
  • 39
    • 0023096470 scopus 로고
    • The role of the posterolateral and cruciate ligaments in the stability of the human knee
    • Gollehon DL, Torzilli PA, Warren RF The role of the posterolateral and cruciate ligaments in the stability of the human knee. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1987 ; 69: 233-242.
    • (1987) J Bone Joint Surg Am , vol.69 , pp. 233-242
    • Gollehon, D.L.1    Torzilli, P.A.2    Warren, R.F.3
  • 40
    • 0019785993 scopus 로고
    • Ligamentous and capsular restraint preventing straight medial and lateral laxity in intact human cadaver knees
    • Grood ES, Noyes FR, Butler DL, Suntay WJ Ligamentous and capsular restraint preventing straight medial and lateral laxity in intact human cadaver knees. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1981 ; 63: 1257-1269.
    • (1981) J Bone Joint Surg Am , vol.63 , pp. 1257-1269
    • Grood, E.S.1    Noyes, F.R.2    Butler, D.L.3    Suntay, W.J.4
  • 41
    • 0023837479 scopus 로고
    • Limits of movements in the human knee. Effect of sectioning the posterior cruciate ligament and posterolateral structures
    • Grood ES, Stowers SF, Noyes FR Limits of movements in the human knee. Effect of sectioning the posterior cruciate ligament and posterolateral structures. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1988 ; 70: 88-97.
    • (1988) J Bone Joint Surg Am , vol.70 , pp. 88-97
    • Grood, E.S.1    Stowers, S.F.2    Noyes, F.R.3
  • 42
    • 0028341497 scopus 로고
    • Role of the medial structures in the intact and anterior cruciate ligament-deficient knee: Limits of motion in the human knee
    • Haimes JL, Wroble RR, Grood ES, Noyes FR Role of the medial structures in the intact and anterior cruciate ligament-deficient knee: limits of motion in the human knee. Am J Sports Med. 1994 ; 22: 402-409.
    • (1994) Am J Sports Med , vol.22 , pp. 402-409
    • Haimes, J.L.1    Wroble, R.R.2    Grood, E.S.3    Noyes, F.R.4
  • 43
    • 0023489419 scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of knee instability in acute ligamentous injuries
    • Harilainen A. Evaluation of knee instability in acute ligamentous injuries. Ann Chir Gynaecol. 1987 ; 76: 269-273.
    • (1987) Ann Chir Gynaecol. , vol.76 , pp. 269-273
    • Harilainen, A.1
  • 44
    • 15944378216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anatomy and biomechanics of the posterior cruciate ligament and posterolateral corner
    • Harner CD, Giffin JR, Vogrin TM, Woo SL-Y. Anatomy and biomechanics of the posterior cruciate ligament and posterolateral corner. Oper Tech Sports Med. 2001 ; 9: 1-7.
    • (2001) Oper Tech Sports Med , vol.9 , pp. 1-7
    • Harner, C.D.1    Giffin, J.R.2    Vogrin, T.M.3    Woo, S.L.-Y.4
  • 45
    • 0028784768 scopus 로고
    • The human posterior cruciate ligament complex: An interdisciplinary study-ligament morphology and biomechanical evaluation
    • Harner CD, Xerogeanes JW, Livesay GA, et al. The human posterior cruciate ligament complex: an interdisciplinary study-ligament morphology and biomechanical evaluation. Am J Sports Med. 1995 ; 23: 736-745.
    • (1995) Am J Sports Med , vol.23 , pp. 736-745
    • Harner, C.D.1    Xerogeanes, J.W.2    Livesay, G.A.3
  • 46
    • 84979108085 scopus 로고
    • The crucial ligaments of the knee joint, their function, rupture, and operative treatments of the same
    • Hey Groves EW The crucial ligaments of the knee joint, their function, rupture, and operative treatments of the same. Br J Surg. 1920 ; 7: 505-515.
    • (1920) Br J Surg , vol.7 , pp. 505-515
    • Hey Groves, E.W.1
  • 47
    • 0017259329 scopus 로고
    • Stabilizing mechanisms of the loaded and unloaded knee joint
    • Hsieh H-H., Walker PS Stabilizing mechanisms of the loaded and unloaded knee joint. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1976 ; 58: 87-93.
    • (1976) J Bone Joint Surg Am , vol.58 , pp. 87-93
    • Hsieh, H.-H.1    Walker, P.S.2
  • 48
    • 0023874224 scopus 로고
    • The absent posterior drawer test in some acute posterior cruciate ligament tears of the knee
    • Hughston JC The absent posterior drawer test in some acute posterior cruciate ligament tears of the knee. Am J Sports Med. 1988 ; 16: 39-43.
    • (1988) Am J Sports Med , vol.16 , pp. 39-43
    • Hughston, J.C.1
  • 49
    • 0014303060 scopus 로고
    • Subluxation of the patella
    • Hughston JC Subluxation of the patella. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1968 ; 50: 1003-1026.
    • (1968) J Bone Joint Surg Am , vol.50 , pp. 1003-1026
    • Hughston, J.C.1
  • 50
    • 0017281135 scopus 로고
    • Classification of knee ligament instabilities. Part I. the medial compartment and cruciate ligaments
    • Hughston JC, Andrews JR, Cross MJ, Moschi A. Classification of knee ligament instabilities. Part I. The medial compartment and cruciate ligaments. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1976 ; 58: 159-172.
    • (1976) J Bone Joint Surg Am , vol.58 , pp. 159-172
    • Hughston, J.C.1    Andrews, J.R.2    Cross, M.J.3    Moschi, A.4
  • 52
    • 0018820153 scopus 로고
    • The posterolateral drawer test and the external rotation recurvatum test for posterolateral rotary instability of the knee
    • Hughston JC, Norwood LA The posterolateral drawer test and the external rotation recurvatum test for posterolateral rotary instability of the knee. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1980 ; 147: 82-87.
    • (1980) Clin Orthop Relat Res , vol.147 , pp. 82-87
    • Hughston, J.C.1    Norwood, L.A.2
  • 54
    • 0023101788 scopus 로고
    • Treatment of the medial collateral ligament injury. I: The importance of anterior cruciate ligament on the varus-valgus knee laxity
    • Inoue M., McGurk-Burleson E., Hollis JM, Woo SL Treatment of the medial collateral ligament injury. I: The importance of anterior cruciate ligament on the varus-valgus knee laxity. Am J Sports Med. 1987 ; 15: 15-21.
    • (1987) Am J Sports Med , vol.15 , pp. 15-21
    • Inoue, M.1    McGurk-Burleson, E.2    Hollis, J.M.3    Woo, S.L.4
  • 55
    • 0019363327 scopus 로고
    • Observations on rotary instability of the lateral compartment of the knee: Experimental studies on the functional anatomy and pathomechanism of the true and reverse pivot-shift sign
    • Jakob RP, Hassler H., Staubli HU Observations on rotary instability of the lateral compartment of the knee: experimental studies on the functional anatomy and pathomechanism of the true and reverse pivot-shift sign. Acta Orthop Scand Suppl. 1981 ; 52: 1-32.
    • (1981) Acta Orthop Scand Suppl , vol.52 , pp. 1-32
    • Jakob, R.P.1    Hassler, H.2    Staubli, H.U.3
  • 56
    • 0023185706 scopus 로고
    • Grading the pivot shift: Objective test with implications for treatment
    • Jakob RP, Staubli HU, Deland JT Grading the pivot shift: objective test with implications for treatment. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1987 ; 69: 294-299.
    • (1987) J Bone Joint Surg Br , vol.69 , pp. 294-299
    • Jakob, R.P.1    Staubli, H.U.2    Deland, J.T.3
  • 57
    • 0036873951 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PCL 2002: Indications, double bundle versus inlay technique, and revision surgery
    • Johnson DH, Fanelli GC, Miller MD PCL 2002: indications, double bundle versus inlay technique, and revision surgery. Arthroscopy. 2002 ; 18: 40-52.
    • (2002) Arthroscopy. , vol.18 , pp. 40-52
    • Johnson, D.H.1    Fanelli, G.C.2    Miller, M.D.3
  • 58
    • 85027475211 scopus 로고
    • On rupture of crucial ligaments of the knee and on fracture of the spine of the tibia
    • Jones R., Smith SA On rupture of crucial ligaments of the knee and on fracture of the spine of the tibia. Br J Surg. 1913: 70-89.
    • (1913) Br J Surg. , pp. 70-89
    • Jones, R.1    Smith, S.A.2
  • 59
    • 0020084163 scopus 로고
    • Clinical diagnosis of ruptures of the anterior drawer ligament: A comparative study of the Lachman test and the anterior drawer sign
    • Jonsson T., Althoff B., Peterson L., Renstrom P. Clinical diagnosis of ruptures of the anterior drawer ligament: a comparative study of the Lachman test and the anterior drawer sign. Am J Sports Med. 1982 ; 10: 100-102.
    • (1982) Am J Sports Med , vol.10 , pp. 100-102
    • Jonsson, T.1    Althoff, B.2    Peterson, L.3    Renstrom, P.4
  • 60
    • 0033810925 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The forces in the anterior cruciate ligament and knee kinematics during a simulated pivot-shift test: A human cadaveric study using robotic technology
    • Kanamori A., Woo SL-Y, Ma CB, et al. The forces in the anterior cruciate ligament and knee kinematics during a simulated pivot-shift test: a human cadaveric study using robotic technology. Arthroscopy. 2000 ; 16: 633-639.
    • (2000) Arthroscopy , vol.16 , pp. 633-639
    • Kanamori, A.1    Sl-Y, W.2    Ma, C.B.3
  • 61
    • 0025873683 scopus 로고
    • Injuries to the posterior cruciate ligament of the knee
    • Kannus P., Bergfeld J., Jarvinen M., et al. Injuries to the posterior cruciate ligament of the knee. Sports Med. 1991 ; 12: 110-131.
    • (1991) Sports Med. , vol.12 , pp. 110-131
    • Kannus, P.1    Bergfeld, J.2    Jarvinen, M.3
  • 62
    • 0022498063 scopus 로고
    • The diagnostic accuracy of ruptures of the anterior cruciate ligament comparing the Lachman test, the anterior drawer sign, and the pivot-shift test in acute and chronic knee injuries
    • Katz JW, Fingeroth RJ The diagnostic accuracy of ruptures of the anterior cruciate ligament comparing the Lachman test, the anterior drawer sign, and the pivot-shift test in acute and chronic knee injuries. Am J Sports Med. 1986 ; 14: 88-91.
    • (1986) Am J Sports Med , vol.14 , pp. 88-91
    • Katz, J.W.1    Fingeroth, R.J.2
  • 63
    • 0015137767 scopus 로고
    • Medial and anterior instability of the knee- an anatomical and clinical study using stress machines
    • Kennedy JC, Fowler PJ Medial and anterior instability of the knee- an anatomical and clinical study using stress machines. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1971 ; 53: 1257-1270.
    • (1971) J Bone Joint Surg Am , vol.53 , pp. 1257-1270
    • Kennedy, J.C.1    Fowler, P.J.2
  • 64
    • 0029077316 scopus 로고
    • Reliability of the anterior drawer test, the pivot-shift test, and the Lachman test
    • Kim SJ, Kim HK Reliability of the anterior drawer test, the pivot-shift test, and the Lachman test. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1995 ; 317: 237-242.
    • (1995) Clin Orthop Relat Res , vol.317 , pp. 237-242
    • Kim, S.J.1    Kim, H.K.2
  • 65
    • 20344362651 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationship between subjective and objective assessment of outcomes after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction
    • Kocher MS, Tucker R., Briggs KK Relationship between subjective and objective assessment of outcomes after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Knee Surg. 2005 ; 18: 73-81.
    • (2005) J Knee Surg , vol.18 , pp. 73-81
    • Kocher, M.S.1    Tucker, R.2    Briggs, K.K.3
  • 66
    • 0025299571 scopus 로고
    • Lateral release of the patella: Indications and contraindications
    • Kolowich PA, Paulos LE, Rosenberg TD, Farnsworth S. Lateral release of the patella: indications and contraindications. Am J Sports Med. 1990 ; 18: 359-365.
    • (1990) Am J Sports Med , vol.18 , pp. 359-365
    • Kolowich, P.A.1    Le, P.2    Rosenberg, T.D.3    Farnsworth, S.4
  • 68
    • 0027321299 scopus 로고
    • Quantitative analysis of the measuring capabilities of the KT-1000 knee ligament arthrometer
    • Kowalk DL, Wojyts EM, Disher J., Loubert P. Quantitative analysis of the measuring capabilities of the KT-1000 knee ligament arthrometer. Am J Sports Med. 1993 ; 21: 744-747.
    • (1993) Am J Sports Med , vol.21 , pp. 744-747
    • Kowalk, D.L.1    Wojyts, E.M.2    Disher, J.3    Loubert, P.4
  • 69
    • 0030852627 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Injuries to the posterolateral aspect of the knee: Association of anatomic injury patterns with clinical instability
    • LaPrade RF, Terry GC Injuries to the posterolateral aspect of the knee: association of anatomic injury patterns with clinical instability. Am J Sports Med. 1997 ; 25: 433-438.
    • (1997) Am J Sports Med , vol.25 , pp. 433-438
    • Laprade, R.F.1    Terry, G.C.2
  • 70
    • 0036712727 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnosis and treatment of posterolateral knee injuries
    • LaPrade RF, Wentorf F. Diagnosis and treatment of posterolateral knee injuries. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2002 ; 402: 110-121.
    • (2002) Clin Orthop Relat Res , vol.402 , pp. 110-121
    • Laprade, R.F.1    Wentorf, F.2
  • 71
    • 0020686490 scopus 로고
    • Physical examination in the diagnosis of rotatory instability
    • Larson RL Physical examination in the diagnosis of rotatory instability. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1983 ; 172: 38-44.
    • (1983) Clin Orthop Relat Res , vol.172 , pp. 38-44
    • Larson, R.L.1
  • 72
    • 0024217555 scopus 로고
    • Response to Bach BR, Russell WF, Wickiewicz TL. the pivot-shift phenomenon: Results and description of a modified clinical test for anterior cruciate ligament insufficiency
    • Larson RL Response to Bach BR, Russell WF, Wickiewicz TL. The pivot-shift phenomenon: results and description of a modified clinical test for anterior cruciate ligament insufficiency. Am J Sports Med. 1988 ; 16: 571-576.
    • (1988) Am J Sports Med. , vol.16 , pp. 571-576
    • Larson, R.L.1
  • 73
    • 0026331564 scopus 로고
    • A test for knee posterolateral rotatory instability
    • Loomer RL A test for knee posterolateral rotatory instability. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1991 ; 264: 235-238.
    • (1991) Clin Orthop Relat Res , vol.264 , pp. 235-238
    • Loomer, R.L.1
  • 74
    • 0020654285 scopus 로고
    • Concepts of the pivot shift
    • Losee R. Concepts of the pivot shift. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1983 ; 172: 45-51.
    • (1983) Clin Orthop Relat Res. , vol.172 , pp. 45-51
    • Losee, R.1
  • 75
    • 0021911016 scopus 로고
    • Diagnosis of chronic injury to the anterior cruciate ligament
    • Losee RE Diagnosis of chronic injury to the anterior cruciate ligament. Orthop Clin North Am. 1985 ; 16: 83-97.
    • (1985) Orthop Clin North Am , vol.16 , pp. 83-97
    • Losee, R.E.1
  • 79
    • 0037387310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physical examination of the knee: A review of the original test description and scientific validity of common orthopedic tests
    • Malanga GA, Andrus S., Nadler SF, McLean J. Physical examination of the knee: a review of the original test description and scientific validity of common orthopedic tests. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2003 ; 84: 592-604.
    • (2003) Arch Phys Med Rehabil , vol.84 , pp. 592-604
    • Malanga, G.A.1    Andrus, S.2    Nadler, S.F.3    McLean, J.4
  • 81
    • 0027280337 scopus 로고
    • Direct in vitro measurement of forces in the cruciate ligaments: Part II. the effect of section of the posterolateral structures
    • Markolf KL, Wascher DC, Finerman GA Direct in vitro measurement of forces in the cruciate ligaments: part II. The effect of section of the posterolateral structures. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1993 ; 75: 387-394.
    • (1993) J Bone Joint Surg Am , vol.75 , pp. 387-394
    • Markolf, K.L.1    Wascher, D.C.2    Finerman, G.A.3
  • 82
    • 0018865819 scopus 로고
    • Stability examination of the knee: A simple anatomic approach
    • Marshall JL, Baugher WH Stability examination of the knee: a simple anatomic approach. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1980 ; 146: 78-83.
    • (1980) Clin Orthop Relat Res , vol.146 , pp. 78-83
    • Marshall, J.L.1    Baugher, W.H.2
  • 83
    • 0017508545 scopus 로고
    • Knee ligament injuries-a diagnostic and therapeutic approach
    • Marshall JL, Rubin RM Knee ligament injuries-a diagnostic and therapeutic approach. Orthop Clin North Am. 1977 ; 8: 641-668.
    • (1977) Orthop Clin North Am. , vol.8 , pp. 641-668
    • Marshall, J.L.1    Rubin, R.M.2
  • 84
    • 0024503774 scopus 로고
    • The role of radiography in the evaluation and treatment of common anarthrotic disorders of the patellofemoral joint
    • Minkoff J., Fein L. The role of radiography in the evaluation and treatment of common anarthrotic disorders of the patellofemoral joint. Clin Sports Med. 1989 ; 8: 203-260.
    • (1989) Clin Sports Med , vol.8 , pp. 203-260
    • Minkoff, J.1    Fein, L.2
  • 85
    • 0028507177 scopus 로고
    • MR imaging evaluation of knee collateral ligaments and related injuries: Comparison of T1-weighted, T2-weighted, and fat-saturated T2-weighted sequences-correlation with clinical findings
    • Mirowitz SA, Shu HH MR imaging evaluation of knee collateral ligaments and related injuries: comparison of T1-weighted, T2-weighted, and fat-saturated T2-weighted sequences-correlation with clinical findings. J Magn Reson Imaging. 1994 ; 4: 725-732.
    • (1994) J Magn Reson Imaging , vol.4 , pp. 725-732
    • Mirowitz, S.A.1    Shu, H.H.2
  • 86
    • 0024212424 scopus 로고
    • Clinical diagnosis of ruptures of the anterior cruciate ligament: A comparison between the Lachman test and the anterior drawer sign
    • Mitsou A., Vallianatos P. Clinical diagnosis of ruptures of the anterior cruciate ligament: a comparison between the Lachman test and the anterior drawer sign. Injury. 1988 ; 19: 427-428.
    • (1988) Injury , vol.19 , pp. 427-428
    • Mitsou, A.1    Vallianatos, P.2
  • 87
    • 0021670613 scopus 로고
    • In vivo strain patterns in the 4 major canine knee ligaments
    • Monahan JJ, Grigg P., Pappas AM, et al. In vivo strain patterns in the 4 major canine knee ligaments. J Orthop Res. 1984 ; 2: 408-418.
    • (1984) J Orthop Res , vol.2 , pp. 408-418
    • Monahan, J.J.1    Grigg, P.2    Pappas, A.M.3
  • 88
    • 0030058120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relative and absolute reliability of the KT-2000 arthrometer for uninjured knees
    • Myrer JW, Schulthies SS, Fellingham GW Relative and absolute reliability of the KT-2000 arthrometer for uninjured knees. Am J Sports Med. 1996 ; 24: 104-108.
    • (1996) Am J Sports Med , vol.24 , pp. 104-108
    • Myrer, J.W.1    Schulthies, S.S.2    Fellingham, G.W.3
  • 89
    • 0002558545 scopus 로고
    • Acute anterior cruciate ligament injuries
    • Fu FH, Harner CD, Vince KG, eds. Baltimore, Md: Williams & Wilkins;
    • Nogalski MP, Bach BR Jr. Acute anterior cruciate ligament injuries. In: Fu FH, Harner CD, Vince KG, eds. Knee Surgery. Baltimore, Md: Williams & Wilkins ; 1994: 679-730.
    • (1994) Knee Surgery , pp. 679-730
    • Nogalski, M.P.1    Bach Jr., B.R.2
  • 90
    • 0018348452 scopus 로고
    • Anterior cruciate ligament: Functional anatomy of its bundles in rotatory instabilities
    • Norwood LA, Cross MJ Anterior cruciate ligament: functional anatomy of its bundles in rotatory instabilities. Am J Sports Med. 1979 ; 7: 23-26.
    • (1979) Am J Sports Med. , vol.7 , pp. 23-26
    • Norwood, L.A.1    Cross, M.J.2
  • 92
    • 0018900957 scopus 로고
    • Clinical laxity tests and functional stability of the knee: Biomechanical concepts
    • Noyes FR, Grood ES, Butler DL, Malek M. Clinical laxity tests and functional stability of the knee: biomechanical concepts. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1980 ; 146: 84-89.
    • (1980) Clin Orthop Relat Res , vol.146 , pp. 84-89
    • Noyes, F.R.1    Grood, E.S.2    Butler, D.L.3    Malek, M.4
  • 93
    • 0020699784 scopus 로고
    • The symptomatic anterior cruciate-deficient knee. Part I: The long-term functional disability in athletically active individuals
    • Noyes FR, Matthews DS, Mooar PA, Grood ES The symptomatic anterior cruciate-deficient knee. Part I: the long-term functional disability in athletically active individuals. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1983 ; 65: 154-174.
    • (1983) J Bone Joint Surg Am , vol.65 , pp. 154-174
    • Noyes, F.R.1    Matthews, D.S.2    Mooar, P.A.3    Grood, E.S.4
  • 94
    • 0025879285 scopus 로고
    • Reconstruction of the chronically insufficient anterior cruciate ligament with the central third of the patellar ligament
    • O'Brien SJ, Warren RF, Pavlov H., Panariello R., Wickiewicz TL Reconstruction of the chronically insufficient anterior cruciate ligament with the central third of the patellar ligament. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1991 ; 73: 278-286.
    • (1991) J Bone Joint Surg Am. , vol.73 , pp. 278-286
    • O'Brien, S.J.1    Warren, R.F.2    Pavlov, H.3    Panariello, R.4    Wickiewicz, T.L.5
  • 96
  • 97
    • 2442744356 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation and management of the posterior cruciate injured knee
    • Petrie RS, Harner CD Evaluation and management of the posterior cruciate injured knee. Oper Tech Sports Med. 1999 ; 7: 93-103.
    • (1999) Oper Tech Sports Med , vol.7 , pp. 93-103
    • Petrie, R.S.1    Harner, C.D.2
  • 99
    • 0030070817 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute dislocation of the patella, a correlative pathoanatomic study
    • Sallay PT, Poggi J., Speer KP, Garrett WE Acute dislocation of the patella, a correlative pathoanatomic study. Am J Sports Med. 1996 ; 24: 52-60.
    • (1996) Am J Sports Med , vol.24 , pp. 52-60
    • Sallay, P.T.1    Poggi, J.2    Kp, S.3    Garrett, W.E.4
  • 100
    • 0033005923 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The natural history of acute, isolated, nonoperatively treated posterior cruciate ligament injuries
    • Shelbourne KD, Davis TJ, Patel DV The natural history of acute, isolated, nonoperatively treated posterior cruciate ligament injuries. Am J Sports Med. 1999 ; 27: 276-283.
    • (1999) Am J Sports Med , vol.27 , pp. 276-283
    • Shelbourne, K.D.1    Davis, T.J.2    Patel, D.V.3
  • 101
    • 0021971078 scopus 로고
    • Effects of joint load on the stiffness and laxity of ligament-deficient knees
    • Shoemaker SC, Markolf KL Effects of joint load on the stiffness and laxity of ligament-deficient knees. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1985 ; 67: 136-146.
    • (1985) J Bone Joint Surg Am , vol.67 , pp. 136-146
    • Shoemaker, S.C.1    Markolf, K.L.2
  • 102
    • 1242271306 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The posteromedial corner of the knee: Medial-sided injury patterns revisited
    • Sims WF, Jacobson KE The posteromedial corner of the knee: medial-sided injury patterns revisited. Am J Sports Med. 2004 ; 32: 337-345.
    • (2004) Am J Sports Med. , vol.32 , pp. 337-345
    • Sims, W.F.1    Jacobson, K.E.2
  • 104
    • 0016137609 scopus 로고
    • Late reconstruction of ligamentous injuries of the medial side of the knee
    • Slocum DB, Larson RL, James SL Late reconstruction of ligamentous injuries of the medial side of the knee. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1974 ; 100: 23-55.
    • (1974) Clin Orthop Relat Res , vol.100 , pp. 23-55
    • Slocum, D.B.1    Larson, R.L.2    James, S.L.3
  • 105
    • 0000148564 scopus 로고
    • Anterior cruciate ligament injury in the skeletally immature patient: Diagnosis and treatment
    • Stanitski CL Anterior cruciate ligament injury in the skeletally immature patient: diagnosis and treatment. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 1995 ; 3: 146-158.
    • (1995) J Am Acad Orthop Surg. , vol.3 , pp. 146-158
    • Stanitski, C.L.1
  • 106
    • 0017066289 scopus 로고
    • Clinical diagnosis of anterior cruciate ligament instability in the athlete
    • Torg JS, Conrad W., Kalen V. Clinical diagnosis of anterior cruciate ligament instability in the athlete. Am J Sports Med. 1976 ; 4: 84-93.
    • (1976) Am J Sports Med , vol.4 , pp. 84-93
    • Torg, J.S.1    Conrad, W.2    Kalen, V.3
  • 109
    • 0002445977 scopus 로고
    • Solated and combined posterior cruciate ligament injuries
    • Veltri DM, Warren RF I solated and combined posterior cruciate ligament injuries. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 1993 ; 1: 67-75.
    • (1993) J Am Acad Orthop Surg. , vol.1 , pp. 67-75
    • Veltri, D.M.1    Warren, R.F.2
  • 110
    • 0029174729 scopus 로고
    • Posterolateral instability of the knee
    • Veltri DM, Warren RF Posterolateral instability of the knee. Instr Course Lect. 1995 ; 44: 441-453.
    • (1995) Instr Course Lect , vol.44 , pp. 441-453
    • Veltri, D.M.1    Warren, R.F.2
  • 111
    • 0016073858 scopus 로고
    • The prime static stabilizer of the medial side of the knee
    • Warren LA, Marshall JL, Girgis F. The prime static stabilizer of the medial side of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1974 ; 56: 665-674.
    • (1974) J Bone Joint Surg Am , vol.56 , pp. 665-674
    • Warren, L.A.1    Marshall, J.L.2    Girgis, F.3
  • 113
    • 0028090502 scopus 로고
    • MR imaging of tibial collateral ligament injury: Comparison with clinical examination
    • Yao L., Dungan D., Seeger LL MR imaging of tibial collateral ligament injury: comparison with clinical examination. Skeletal Radiol. 1994 ; 23: 521-524.
    • (1994) Skeletal Radiol , vol.23 , pp. 521-524
    • Yao, L.1    Dungan, D.2    Seeger, L.L.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.