Modelling the role of graphite in development of a mineralised mid-crustal shear zone, Macraes mine, New Zealand

Earth and Planetary Science Letters

Volumn 266, Issue 3-4, 2008, Pages 245-255

  Upton, Phaedra ^a   Craw, Dave ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OTAGO   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

gold; graphite; numerical model; reaction softening; schist; shear; structure

Indexed keywords

REACTION-SOFTENING; SCHIST;

GOLD; GRAIN BOUNDARIES; GRAPHITE; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; SHEAR BANDS;

MINERALOGY;

CRUSTAL STRUCTURE; FLUID PRESSURE; GOLD; GRAPHITE; GREENSCHIST; NUMERICAL MODEL; SHEAR BAND; SHEAR ZONE; SOFTENING;

AUSTRALASIA; NEW ZEALAND;

EID: 39049161422     PISSN: 0012821X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.epsl.2007.10.048     Document Type: Article

References (31)

1. Bierlein F.P., and Crowe D. Phanerozoic orogenic lode gold deposits. In: Hagemann S.G., and Brown P.E. (Eds). Gold in 2000. Rev. Econ. Geol. vol. 13 (2000) 103-140
2. Binu L.S.S., Kehelpannala K.V.W., Satish K.M., and Wada H. Multistage graphite precipitation through protracted fluid flow in sheared metagranitoid, Digana, Sri Lanka: evidence from stable isotopes. Chem. Geol. 197 (2003) 253-270
3. Bouchot V., Gros Y., and Bonnemaison M. Structural controls on the auriferous shear zones of the Saint-Trieix district, Massif Central, France: evidence from the Le Bourneix and Laurieras gold deposits. Econ. Geol. 84 (1989) 1315-1327
4. Craw D. Geochemistry of late metamorphic hydrothermal alteration and graphitisation of host rock, Macraes gold mine, Otago Schist, New Zealand. Chem. Geol. 191 (2002) 257-275
5. Craw D., and Norris R.J. Metamorphogenic Au-W veins and regional tectonics: mineralisation throughout the uplift history of the Haast Schist. N.Z. J. Geol. Geophys. 34 (1991) 373-383
6. Craw D., Windle S.J., and Angus P.V. Gold mineralization without quartz veins in a ductile-brittle shear zone, Macraes Mine, Otago Schist, New Zealand. Miner. Depos. 34 (1999) 382-394
7. Cox S.F. Coupling between deformation, fluid pressures and fluid flow in ore-producing hydrothermal systems at depth in the crust. In: Hedenquist J.W., Thompson J.F.H., Goldfarb R.J., and Richards J.P. (Eds). Economic Geology 100th Anniversary Volume (2005) 39-76
8. Cox S.F., Sun S.-S., Etheridge M.A., Wall V.J., and Potter T.F. Structural and geochemical controls on the development of turbidite-hosted gold quartz vein deposits, Wattle Gully mine, central Victoria, Australia. Econ. Geol. 90 (1995) 1722-1746
9. Cundall P., and Board M. A microcomputer program for modelling of large-strain plasticity problems: Numerical Methods. Geomechanics. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Numerical Methods in Geomechanics (1988) 101-108
10. Goldfarb R.J., Baker T., Dube B., Groves D.I., Hart C.J., and Gosselin P. Distribution, character and genesis of gold deposits in metamorphic terranes. In: Hedenquist J.W., Thompson J.F.H., Goldfarb R.J., and Richards J.P. (Eds). Economic Geology 100th Anniversary Volume (2005) 407-450
11. Herwegh M., and Pfiffner O.A. Tectono-metamorphic evolution of a nappe stack: a case study of the Swiss Alps. Tectonophys 404 (2005) 55-76
12. Hodgson C.J. The structure of shear-related vein-type gold deposits: a review. Ore Geol. Rev. 4 (1989) 231-273
13. ITASCA, (1997) FLAC3D (Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua in 3 Dimensions), Minneapolis.
14. Johnson S.E., Vernon R.H., and Upton P. Foliation development and progressive strain-rate partitioning in the crystallizing carapace of a tonalite pluton: microstructural evidence and numerical modeling. J. Struct. Geol. 26 (2004) 1845-1865
15. Koons P.O., Craw D., Cox S.C., Upton P., Templeton A.S., and Chamberlain C.P. Fluid flow during active oblique convergence: a Southern Alps model from mechanical and geochemical observations. Geol. 26 (1998) 159-162
16. Krabbendam M., Urai J.L., and van Vliet L.J. Grain size stabilisation by dispersed graphite in a high grade quartz mylonite: an example from Naxos (Greece). J. Struct. Geol. 25 (2003) 855-866
17. McCuaig T.C., and Kerrich R. P-T-t-deformation-fluid characteristics of lode gold deposits: evidence from alteration systematics. Ore Geol. Rev. 12 (1998) 381-453
18. Manning C.E., and Ingebritsen S.E. Permeability of the continental crust: implications of geothermal data and metamorphic systems. Rev. Geophys. 37 (1999) 127-150
19. Mitchell M., Maw L., Angus P.V., and Craw D. The Macraes gold deposit in east Otago. In: Christie A.B., and Brathwaite R. (Eds). Geology and Exploration of New Zealand Mineral Deposits. AIMM Monogr vol. 25 (2006) 313-318
20. Passchier C.W., and Druguet E. Numerical modelling of asymmetric boudinage. J. Struct. Geol. 24 (2002) 1789-1803
21. Petrie B.S., and Craw D. Lithological controls on structural evolution of mineralised schist, Macraes gold mine, Otago, New Zealand. N.Z. J. Geol. Geophys. 48 (2005) 435-446
22. Petrie B.S., Craw D., and Ryan C.G. Geological controls on refractory ore in an orogenic gold deposit, Macraes mine, New Zealand. Miner. Depos. 40 (2005) 45-58
23. Pitcairn I.K., Roberts S., Teagle D.A.H., and Craw D. Detecting hydrothermal graphite deposition during metamorphism and gold mineralisation. J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 162 (2005) 429-432
24. Pous J., Munoz G., Heise W., Melgarej J.C., and Quesada C. Electromagnetic imagining of Variscan crustal structures in SW Iberia: the role of interconnected graphite. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 217 (2004) 435-450
25. Ranalli G. Rheology of the Earth. second ed (1995), Chapman and Hall, London
26. Sibson R.H. Au-quartz mineralization near the base of the continental seismogenic zone. Geol. Soc. Lond. Spec. Publ. 272 (2007) 519-532
27. Teagle D.A.H., Norris R.J., and Craw D. Structural controls on gold-bearing quartz mineralisation in a duplex thrust system, Hyde Macraes shear zone, Otago Schist, New Zealand. Econ. Geol. 85 (1990) 1711-1719
28. Upton P., and Koons P.O. Three-dimensional geodynamic framework for the Central Southern Alps, New Zealand: Integrating geology, geophysics and mechanical observations. In: Okaya D., Stern T., and Davey F. (Eds). AGU volume, Geotectonic Investigation of a Modern Continent-Continent Collisional Orogen: Southern Alps, NZ (2007) 253-270
29. Vermeer P.A., and de Borst R. Non-associated plasticity for soils, concrete and rock. Heron 29 (1984) 1-64
30. Witt W.K., and Vanderhor F. Diversity within a unified model for Archean gold mineralization in the Yilgarn Craton of Western Australia: an overview of the late-orogenic structurally controlled gold deposits. Ore Geol. Rev. 13 (1998) 29-64
31. Zulauf G., Palm S., Petschick R., and Spies O. Element mobility and volumetric strain in brittle and brittle-viscous shear zones of the superdeep well KTB (Germany). Chem. Geol. 156 (1999) 135-149