The implications of low-speed fixed-wing aerofoil measurements on the analysis and performance of flapping bird wings

Journal of Experimental Biology

Volumn 211, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 215-223

  Spedding, G R ^a   Hedenstrom A H ^b   McArthur, J ^a   Rosen M ^b  

^a University of Southern California ^*  (United States)

^b LUND UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Aerofoil; Animal flight; Lift drag polar; Reynolds number; Wake analysis

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; BIOMECHANICS; BIRD; CONFERENCE PAPER; FLYING; FORELIMB; PHYSIOLOGY;

ANIMALS; BIOMECHANICS; BIRDS; FLIGHT, ANIMAL; WING;

ANIMALIA; AVES;

EID: 39049149132     PISSN: 00220949     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1242/jeb.007823     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (31)

1. Althaus, D. (1980). Profilpolaren für den Modellflug. Karlsruhe: NeckarVerlag.
2. Anderson, J. D. (1984). Fundamentals of Aerodynamics. New York: McGraw-Hill.
3. Dickson, W. B. and Dickinson, M. H. (2004). The effect of advance ratio on the aerodynamics of revolving wings. J. Exp. Biol. 207, 4269-4281.
4. Ellington, C. P. (1984a). The aerodynamics of hovering insect flight. I. The quasi-steady analysis. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 305, 1-15.
5. Ellington, C. P. (1984b). The aerodynamics of hovering insect flight. IV. Aerodynamic mechanisms. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 305, 79-113.
6. Fincham, A. M. and Delerce, G. (2000). Advanced optimization of correlation imaging velocimetry algorithms. Exp. Fluids 29, 13-22.
7. Fincham, A. M. and Spedding, G. R. (1997). Low-cost, high resolution DPIV for measurement of turbulent fluid flow. Exp. Fluids 23, 449-462.
8. Hall, K. C. and Hall, S. R. (1996). Minimum induced power requirements for flapping flight. J. Fluid Mech. 323, 285-315.
9. Hedenström, A., Rosén, M. and Spedding, G. R. (2006a). Vortex wakes generated by robins Erithacus rubecula during free flight in a wind tunnel. J. R. Soc. Lond. Interface 3, 263-276.
10. Hedenström, A., Griethuijsen, L., Rosén, M. and Spedding, G. R. (2006b). Vortex wakes of birds: recent results using particle imaging velocimetry. Anim. Biol. 56, 535-549.
11. Hoerner, S. F. (1965). Fluid-Dynamic Drag. New Jersey: Hoerner Fluid Dynamics.
12. Karpouzian, G., Spedding, G. R. and Cheng, H. K. (1990). Lunate-tail swimming propulsion. Part 2. Performance analysis. J. Fluid Mech. 210, 329-351.
13. Laitone, E. V. (1997). Wind tunnel tests of wings at Reynolds numbers below 70 000. Exp. Fluids 23, 405-409.
14. Lighthill, M. J. (1969). Hydromechanics of aquatic animal propulsion. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 1, 413-446.
15. Lighthill, M. J. (1970). Aquatic animal propulsion of high hydromechanical efficiency. J. Fluid Mech. 44, 265-301.
16. Lyon, C. A., Broeren, A. P., Giguere, P., Gopalarathnam, A. and Selig, M. S. (1997). Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data, Vol. 3. Virginai Beach, VA: Soartech.
17. Norberg, U. M. (1976). Kinematics, aerodynamics and energetics of horizontal flapping flight in the long-eared bat (Plecotus auritus). J. Exp. Biol. 65, 179-212.
18. Pennycuick, C. J. (1989). Bird Flight Performance: A Practical Calculation Manual. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
19. Pennycuick, C. J., Alterstam, T. and Hedenström, A. (1997). A new low-turbulence wind tunnel for bird flight experiments at Lund University, Sweden. J. Exp. Biol. 200, 1441-1449.
20. Phlips, P. J., East, R. A. and Pratt, N. H. (1981). An unsteady lifting line theory of flapping wings with application to the forward flight of birds. J. Fluid Mech. 112, 97-125.
21. Rayner, J. M. V. (1979). A vortex theory of animal flight. II. The forward flight of birds. J. Fluid Mech. 91, 731-763.
22. Rosén, M., Spedding, G. R. and Hedenström, A. (2004). The relationship between wingbeat kinematics and vortex wake of a thrush nightingale. J. Exp. Biol. 207, 4255-4268.
23. Rosén, M, Spedding, G. R. and Hedenström, A. (2007). Wake structure and wingbeat kinematics of a house-martin Delichon urbica. J. R. Soc. Interface 4, 659-668.
24. Sane, S. P. and Dickinson, M. H. (2002). The aerodynamic effects of wing rotation and a revised quasi-steady model of flapping flight. J. Exp. Biol. 205, 1087-1096.
25. Sato, H. and Kuriki, K. (1961). The mechanism of transition in the wake of a thin flat plate placed parallel to a uniform flow. J. Fluid Mech. 3, 321-352.
26. Schmitz, F. W. (1945). Aerodynamik des Flugmodells. Duisberg: Karl Lange.
27. Spedding, G. R., Hedenström, A. and Rosén, M. (2003a). Quantitative studies of the wakes of freely-flying birds in a low-turbulence wind tunnel. Exp. Fluids 34, 291-303.
28. Spedding, G. R., Rosén, M. and Hedenström, A. (2003b). A family of vortex wakes generated by a thrush nightingale in free flight in a wind tunnel over its entire natural range of flight speeds. J. Exp. Biol. 206, 2313-2344.
29. Spedding, G. R., McArthur, J., Rosén, M. and Hedenström, A. (2006). Deducing aerodynamic mechanisms from near- and far-wake measurements of fixed and flapping wings at moderate Reynolds number. AIAA Paper 7783.
30. Taylor, G. K., Nudds, R. L. and Thomas, A. L. R. (2003). Flying and swimming animals cruise at a Strouhal number tuned for high power efficiency. Nature 425, 707-711.
31. Wang, J. Z. (2000). Vortex shedding and frequency selection in flapping flight. J. Fluid Mech. 410, 323-341.