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Volumn 63, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 103-113

Inclusion and exclusion: The politics of history, difference, and medical research

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; HEALTH STATUS; HUMAN; MEDICAL RESEARCH; POLITICS; RACE; SOCIAL JUSTICE; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; UNITED STATES;

EID: 39049129329     PISSN: 00225045     EISSN: 14684373     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/jhmas/jrm030     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (9)

References (45)
  • 1
    • 39049103730 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See for example the work by Todd. Savitt, James H. Jones, Edward Beardsley, Evelynn M. Hammonds, Darlene Clark Hine, Vanessa Northington Gamble, Susan Smith, Johanna Schoen, David McBride, Lundy Braun, and Keith Wailoo among others
    • See for example the work by Todd. Savitt, James H. Jones, Edward Beardsley, Evelynn M. Hammonds, Darlene Clark Hine, Vanessa Northington Gamble, Susan Smith, Johanna Schoen, David McBride, Lundy Braun, and Keith Wailoo among others.
  • 2
    • 39049157647 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Origins of the New South and the Negro Question
    • Barbara J. Fields, "Origins of the New South and the Negro Question," J. Southern Hist., 2001, 67, 811.
    • (2001) J. Southern Hist , vol.67 , pp. 811
    • Fields, B.J.1
  • 3
    • 0000310856 scopus 로고
    • Gender: A Useful Category of Analysis
    • Joan C. Scott, "Gender: A Useful Category of Analysis," Am. Hist. Rev., 1986, 91, 1053-75.
    • (1986) Am. Hist. Rev , vol.91 , pp. 1053-1075
    • Scott, J.C.1
  • 6
    • 39049108577 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Piece de Resistance
    • forthcoming
    • Jeffrey Ferguson, "Piece de Resistance," Raritan, forthcoming.
    • Raritan
    • Ferguson, J.1
  • 7
    • 39049141044 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Introduction: Is there a 'Real' Crisis?
    • On the parallel, crisis of the real in feminist discourse, see, ed, and, Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 200I, I-12
    • On the parallel, crisis of the "real" in feminist discourse, see Wendy S. Hesford and Wendy Kozol, "Introduction: Is there a 'Real' Crisis?" in. Haunting Violations: Feminist Criticism and the Crisis of the "Real," ed. Hersford and Kozol (Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 200I), I-12.
    • Haunting Violations: Feminist Criticism and the Crisis of the "Real,"
    • Hesford, W.S.1    Kozol, W.2
  • 8
    • 33947250347 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rasing the Ivory Tower: The Production of Knowledge and. Distrust of Medicine among African Americans
    • See
    • See J. Wasserman, M. A. Flannery and J. M. Clair, "Rasing the Ivory Tower: The Production of Knowledge and. Distrust of Medicine among African Americans," J. Med. Ethics Online, 2007, 33, 177-80, http://jme.bmj.com/;
    • (2007) J. Med. Ethics Online , vol.33 , pp. 177-180
    • Wasserman, J.1    Flannery, M.A.2    Clair, J.M.3
  • 9
    • 55349147138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trust, Medical Care, and Racial and Ethnic Minorities
    • ed. David Satcher and Rubens J. Pamies New York: McGraw Hill
    • Vanessa Northington Gamble, "Trust, Medical Care, and Racial and Ethnic Minorities," in Multicultural Medicine and Health Disparities, ed. David Satcher and Rubens J. Pamies (New York: McGraw Hill, 2006), 437-48.
    • (2006) Multicultural Medicine and Health Disparities , pp. 437-448
    • Northington Gamble, V.1
  • 10
    • 0010351312 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
    • Linda Williams, Playing the Race Card (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001), 4.
    • (2001) Playing the Race Card , pp. 4
    • Williams, L.1
  • 11
    • 0033278253 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For examples of this kind of argumentation, see Thomas Benedek. and Jonathan Erlen, The Scientific Environment of the Tuskegee Study of Syphilis, 1920-1960, Perspect. Biol. Med, 1999, 43, I_30;
    • For examples of this kind of argumentation, see Thomas Benedek. and Jonathan Erlen, "The Scientific Environment of the Tuskegee Study of Syphilis, 1920-1960," Perspect. Biol. Med., 1999, 43, I_30;
  • 12
    • 39049141976 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 34A.htm;
    • 34A.htm;
  • 13
    • 34548412666 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Did J. Marion Sims Deliberately Addict his First Fistula Patients to Opium?
    • L. Lewis Wall, "Did J. Marion Sims Deliberately Addict his First Fistula Patients to Opium?"J. Hist. Med. Allied Sci., 2007, 62, 336-56.
    • (2007) J. Hist. Med. Allied Sci , vol.62 , pp. 336-356
    • Lewis Wall, L.1
  • 14
    • 39049113969 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • This theme is clear in Washington's book and is repeated, in her op ed on African fears; see Harriet Washington, Why Africa Fears Western Medicine, N. Y. Times, 31 July 2007, A23
    • This theme is clear in Washington's book and is repeated, in her op ed on African fears; see Harriet Washington, "Why Africa Fears Western Medicine," N. Y. Times, 31 July 2007, A23.
  • 15
    • 0020167598 scopus 로고
    • The Use of Blacks for Medical Experimentation and. Demonstration in the Old South
    • For articles that shaped the understandings of this field see, August
    • For articles that shaped the understandings of this field see, Todd L. Savitt, "The Use of Blacks for Medical Experimentation and. Demonstration in the Old South," J, Southern Hist., August 1982, 48, 331-48;
    • (1982) J, Southern Hist , vol.48 , pp. 331-348
    • Savitt, T.L.1
  • 16
    • 33947213617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Under the Shadow of Tuskegee
    • ed. Susan M. Reverby Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press
    • Vanessa Northington Gamble, "Under the Shadow of Tuskegee," in Tuskegee's Truths, ed. Susan M. Reverby (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000), 431-42.
    • (2000) Tuskegee's Truths , pp. 431-442
    • Northington Gamble, V.1
  • 17
    • 77955958274 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Letter to the Editor
    • See, 18 March, Section 7
    • See Bert Hansen, "Letter to the Editor," N. Y. Times, 18 March 2007, Section 7, 6;
    • (2007) N. Y. Times , pp. 6
    • Hansen, B.1
  • 18
    • 39049087490 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unequal Treatment
    • 7 January, BW II
    • Alondra Nelson, "Unequal Treatment," Wash. Post, 7 January 2007, BW II.
    • (2007) Wash. Post
    • Nelson, A.1
  • 19
    • 39049124028 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unequal Treatment
    • 18 February, Section 7
    • Ezekiel Emanuel, "Unequal Treatment," N. Y. Times, 18 February 2007, Section 7, 18.
    • (2007) N. Y. Times , pp. 18
    • Emanuel, E.1
  • 20
    • 0000112892 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mapping the Margins
    • For the classic statement on intersectionality, see, ed. Crenshaw et al, New York: The New Press
    • For the classic statement on intersectionality, see Kimberle Crenshaw, "Mapping the Margins," in Critical Race Theory, ed. Crenshaw et al. (New York: The New Press, 1996), 357-83.
    • (1996) Critical Race Theory , pp. 357-383
    • Crenshaw, K.1
  • 23
    • 39049105949 scopus 로고
    • Bombing Victim's Family Eager to Locate Site of Grave
    • January 1998
    • Chandra Temple, "1963 Bombing Victim's Family Eager to Locate Site of Grave," The. Guardian, January 1998, http://www.useekufind.com/ peace/grave.htm.
    • (1963) The. Guardian
    • Temple, C.1
  • 24
    • 39049110970 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Addie Mae Collins story is repeated in the first customer review of Washington's book on Amazon, http://www.amazon.com/Medical-Apartheid.
    • The Addie Mae Collins story is repeated in the first customer review of Washington's book on Amazon, http://www.amazon.com/Medical-Apartheid.
  • 25
    • 0014877113 scopus 로고
    • Non-Venereal Treponematosis in Colonial North America
    • On yaws in the sixteenth-eighteenth centuries, see
    • On yaws in the sixteenth-eighteenth centuries, see Thomas C. Parramore, "Non-Venereal Treponematosis in Colonial North America," Bull. Hist. Med., 1970, 44, 571-81,
    • (1970) Bull. Hist. Med , vol.44 , pp. 571-581
    • Parramore, T.C.1
  • 27
    • 39049134247 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Medical Apartheid, I6I; Racism and Research
    • Reverby, ed
    • Washington, Medical Apartheid, I6I; "Racism and Research," in Reverby, ed., Tuskegee's Truths, 15-33;
    • Tuskegee's Truths , pp. 15-33
    • Washington1
  • 28
    • 39049141975 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • James H. Jones, Bad Blood (New York: Free Press, 1982 and 1993). For some strange reason, Washington has the author of Bad Blood listed incorrectly as both James H. Jones and Tuskegee Institute. I am grateful to Jim Jones for his help in finding this in his book. The patient records of the subjects and controls in the Study are now available at the National Archives in Morrow, Georgia,
    • James H. Jones, Bad Blood (New York: Free Press, 1982 and 1993). For some strange reason, Washington has the author of Bad Blood listed incorrectly as both James H. Jones and Tuskegee Institute. I am grateful to Jim Jones for his help in finding this in his book. The patient records of the subjects and controls in the Study are now available at the National Archives in Morrow, Georgia,
  • 30
    • 39049173400 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testimony by Four Survivors from the U.S. Senate Hearings on Human Experimentation, in Reverby, Tuskegee's Truths, 132-36.
    • "Testimony by Four Survivors from the U.S. Senate Hearings on Human Experimentation," in Reverby, Tuskegee's Truths, 132-36.
  • 31
    • 39049118249 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Indeed, history of medicine, she writes has been, written by medical, professionals and so reflects their point of view, a claim that will be news to those of us in the field with just Ph.D.'s, or the scores of M.D./Ph.D.s and R.N./Ph.D.s, and sensitive physicians who write carefully. Washington, Medical Apartheid, 8.
    • Indeed, history of medicine, she writes "has been, written by medical, professionals and so reflects their point of view," a claim that will be news to those of us in the field with just Ph.D.'s, or the scores of M.D./Ph.D.s and R.N./Ph.D.s, and sensitive physicians who write carefully. Washington, Medical Apartheid, 8.
  • 32
    • 39049097068 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 13 July 2007, http://www.browardtimes.com/index2.php?option=com_content
    • http://www.medicalapartheid.com; Al Calloway, "Al Calloway Says: All Praises Due the 'Queen of Truth,'" Broward Times, 13 July 2007, http://www.browardtimes.com/ index2.php?option=com_content.
    • Al Calloway Says: All Praises Due the 'Queen of Truth
    • Calloway, A.1
  • 33
    • 39049095004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Harriet Washington, Letter to the Editor, N. Y. Times, 18 March 2007, Section 7, 6; See also Patricia Williams, Letter to the Editor, ibid.
    • Harriet Washington, "Letter to the Editor," N. Y. Times, 18 March 2007, Section 7, 6; See also Patricia Williams, Letter to the Editor, ibid.
  • 34
    • 0141526146 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Walter Johnson, On Agency, J. Soc. Hist., 2003, 37, I I 3-24; Ferguson, Piece de Resistance.
    • Walter Johnson, "On Agency," J. Soc. Hist., 2003, 37, I I 3-24; Ferguson, "Piece de Resistance."
  • 37
    • 39049163255 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid., IO.
    • Ibid., IO.
  • 40
    • 33744461562 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See also Gamble, Trust, Medical Care, and Racial and Ethnic Minorities; Elizabeth Jacobs et al., Understanding African Americans' Views of the Trustworthiness of Physicians, J. Gen. Intern. Med., 2006, 21, 642-47;
    • See also Gamble, "Trust, Medical Care, and Racial and Ethnic Minorities;" Elizabeth Jacobs et al., "Understanding African Americans' Views of the Trustworthiness of Physicians," J. Gen. Intern. Med., 2006, 21, 642-47;
  • 41
    • 39049086126 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Notorious Study: Stories of Tuskegee, Syphilis, and American
    • for a similar argument, see, forthcoming
    • for a similar argument, see Susan. M. Reverby, The Notorious Study: Stories of Tuskegee, Syphilis, and American Culture, forthcoming.
    • Culture
    • Susan1    Reverby, M.2
  • 42
    • 39049123577 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patricia King, The Dangers of Difference, in Reverby, Tuskeegee's Truths, pp. 424-30.
    • Patricia King, "The Dangers of Difference," in Reverby, Tuskeegee's Truths, pp. 424-30.
  • 45
    • 33746123762 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
    • Jenny Reardon, Race to the Finish (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004).
    • (2004) Race to the Finish
    • Reardon, J.1


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