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1
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1642518012
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(a) Counsell, R. E.; Klimnstra, P. D.; Colton, F. B. J. Org. Chem. 1962, 27, 248.
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(1962)
J. Org. Chem
, vol.27
, pp. 248
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Counsell, R.E.1
Klimnstra, P.D.2
Colton, F.B.3
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3
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39049170641
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U.S. Patent 3,128,283
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(c) Pappo, R. U.S. Patent 3,128,283, 1964.
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(1964)
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Pappo, R.1
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4
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39049159102
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Approximate cost of 2 is ca. $1,300/kg.
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Approximate cost of 2 is ca. $1,300/kg.
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5
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1842588490
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For more recent syntheses of Oxandrolone, see
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For more recent syntheses of Oxandrolone, see: Ferraboschi, P.; Colombo, D.; Prestileo, P. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2003, 14, 2781.
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(2003)
Tetrahedron: Asymmetry
, vol.14
, pp. 2781
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Ferraboschi, P.1
Colombo, D.2
Prestileo, P.3
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7
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39049098967
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Sánta, C.; Tuba, Z.; Mahó, S.; Széles, J.; Ferenczi, K.; Horváth, P.; Láncos, K.; Mester, T.; Trompler, Á. World Patent, WO 00/77025 2000.
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Sánta, C.; Tuba, Z.; Mahó, S.; Széles, J.; Ferenczi, K.; Horváth, P.; Láncos, K.; Mester, T.; Trompler, Á. World Patent, WO 00/77025 2000.
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8
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0000248158
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For a discussion on the origin of the regioselectivity of the bromination, see
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For a discussion on the origin of the regioselectivity of the bromination, see: Djerasi, C.; Scholz, C. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1947, 69, 2404.
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(1947)
J. Am. Chem. Soc
, vol.69
, pp. 2404
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Djerasi, C.1
Scholz, C.R.2
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11
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39049143733
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Monneret, C.; Choay, P.; Khuong-Huu, Q.; Goutarel, R. Tetrahedron Lett. 1971, 19, 3223.
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(1971)
Tetrahedron Lett
, vol.19
, pp. 3223
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Monneret, C.1
Choay, P.2
Khuong-Huu, Q.3
Goutarel, R.4
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13
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33947450404
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Hershberg, E. B.; Gerold, C.; Oliveto, E. P. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1952, 74, 3849.
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(1952)
J. Am. Chem. Soc
, vol.74
, pp. 3849
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Hershberg, E.B.1
Gerold, C.2
Oliveto, E.P.3
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14
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0032481403
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LaCour, T. G.; Guo, C.; Bhanbaru, S.; Boyd, M. R.; Fuchs, P. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 692.
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(1998)
J. Am. Chem. Soc
, vol.120
, pp. 692
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LaCour, T.G.1
Guo, C.2
Bhanbaru, S.3
Boyd, M.R.4
Fuchs, P.L.5
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16
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21344492823
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Chodounská, H.; Slavivková, B.; Kasal, A. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1994, 59, 435.
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(1994)
Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun
, vol.59
, pp. 435
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Chodounská, H.1
Slavivková, B.2
Kasal, A.3
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17
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39049100826
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3, see: Kulkarni, S. U.; Patil, V. D.; Wetherill, R. B. Heterocycles 1982, 18, 163.
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3, see: Kulkarni, S. U.; Patil, V. D.; Wetherill, R. B. Heterocycles 1982, 18, 163.
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18
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39049138319
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2.
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2.
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19
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37049116706
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Hewett, C. L.; Gibson, S. G.; Redpath, J.; Savage, D. S. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1974, 12, 1432.
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(1974)
J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1
, vol.12
, pp. 1432
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Hewett, C.L.1
Gibson, S.G.2
Redpath, J.3
Savage, D.S.4
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20
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39049113765
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3 is $184/kg versus $370/kg for PTAB.
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3 is $184/kg versus $370/kg for PTAB.
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22
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39049131541
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We initially isolated 4 by water knockout from DMF; however, drying of the DMF wet cake was difficult, and recrystallization from ethyl acetate/heptane was typically needed to provide adequate product purity
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We initially isolated 4 by water knockout from DMF; however, drying of the DMF wet cake was difficult, and recrystallization from ethyl acetate/heptane was typically needed to provide adequate product purity.
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23
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39049140602
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The formation of 11 during this reaction is not well understood; however, Djerassi has shown that the rearrangement of 2,2-dibromoandrostan- 17α-ol-3-one to the 2,4-dibromo regioisomer is mediated by HBr Djerassi, C, Scholz, C. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1947, 69, 2404, In our system, it is conceivable that reaction of the liberated HBr with the Li 2CO3 is dependent on the degree of suspension of the base and ultimately to the particle size of the Li2CO3. The larger particle size Li2CO3 is most likely not as efficient at sequestering the HBr as material with a smaller particle size. Therefore, rearrangement to the 4-bromo regioisomer is more prevalent when larger particle size Li2CO3 is used. Elimination of HBr in the 4-bromo regioisomer would give 11. Also, the fact that this is a kinetic effect was proven when the 4/11 ratio of a sample of 4 did not cha
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3 is used. Elimination of HBr in the 4-bromo regioisomer would give 11. Also, the fact that this is a kinetic effect was proven when the 4/11 ratio of a sample of 4 did not change (98/2) upon re-exposure of the enone to the reaction conditions.
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25
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49549130554
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VanRheenen, V.; Kelly, R. C.; Cha, D. Y. Tetrahedron Lett. 1976, 24, 1973.
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(1976)
Tetrahedron Lett
, vol.24
, pp. 1973
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VanRheenen, V.1
Kelly, R.C.2
Cha, D.Y.3
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28
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39049114995
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For a review of production scale ozonolysis, see:, submitted for publication
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For a review of production scale ozonolysis, see: Van Ornum, S. G.; Champeau, R. M.; Pariza, R. Chem. Rev., submitted for publication.
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Chem. Rev
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Van Ornum, S.G.1
Champeau, R.M.2
Pariza, R.3
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29
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39049086171
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U.S. Patent 3,109,016
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Nysted, N.; Pappo R. U.S. Patent 3,109,016, 1963.
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(1963)
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Nysted, N.1
Pappo, R.2
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31
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39049101301
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U.S. Patent 3,281,431
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Soliman P. B. U.S. Patent 3,281,431, 1966.
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(1966)
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Soliman, P.B.1
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32
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39049137840
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In particular, when a sample of the reaction mixture was heated from 25 to 100°C at 2°C/min the internal temperature did not increase over the input temperature. Also, the internal pressure did not increase higher than the background pressure caused by the boiling of the methanol solvent.
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In particular, when a sample of the reaction mixture was heated from 25 to 100°C at 2°C/min the internal temperature did not increase over the input temperature. Also, the internal pressure did not increase higher than the background pressure caused by the boiling of the methanol solvent.
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